沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究赵羿,吴彦明（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）邓百祥（辽宁省水利水电勘测设计研究院,沈阳１１０００６）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆＬａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｉｎＤｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＺｈａｏＹｉ;ＷｕＹａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＤｅｎｇＢａｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎ－ｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＰｏｗｅｒＳｕｒｅｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：１－８。Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｌａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ,ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｎｄｐｒｉｃｅｌｅｓｓｐｏ－ｔｅｎｔｉａｌ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｏｔ     

Brine Shrimp致死率生物鉴定法对八种民间药活性成分的研究

采用ＴｈｅＢｒｉｎｅＳｈｒｉｍｐＬｃｔａｌｉｔｙＢｉｏａｓｓａｙ法对民间药翼蓼ＰｔｅｒｏｘｙｇｏｎｕｍｇｉｒａｌｄｉｉＤｕｍｍｅｒｅｔＤｉｅｌｓ）,金荞麦（Ｆａｇｏｐｙｒｕｍｄｉｂｏｔｒｙｓ（Ｄ．Ｄｏｎ）Ｈａｒａ）,齿果酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓＬ．）巴天酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｐａｔｉｅｎｔｉａＬ．）网果酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｄｉｃｔｙｏｃａｒｐｕｓＢｏｉｓｓｅｔＢｕｈｓｅ）、掌叶大黄（Ｒｈｅｕｍｐａｌ     

普通小麦基因组最可能的4个供体的ITS1和ITS2序列及其亲缘关系

对普通小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）基因组（ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）最可能的供体－Ｔ．ｕｒａｔｒｔｕＴｈｕｍ．（ＡＡ）、Ｔ．ｍｏｎｏｃｃｕｍｖａｒ．ｂｏｅｏｔｉｃｕｍ（Ｂｏｉｓｓ．）ＭＫ（ＡＡ）、ＡｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓＴａｕｓｃｈ．和Ａｅ．ｔａｕｓｃｈｉｉ（Ｃｏｓｓ．（ＤＤ）的核糖体ＲＮＡ基因ＩＴＳ区进行了ＰＣＲ扩增和克隆,并测定了ＩＴＳ１和ＩＴＳ２的ＤＮＡ序列,讨论和纠正了前人     

沈阳市东陵区丘陵坡地坡面太阳直射光的分布及其分析

沈阳市东陵区丘陵坡地坡面太阳直射光的分布及其分析郭林海（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＤｉｒｅｃｔＳｏｌａｒＲａｄｉａｔｉｏｎｏｎＨｉｌｌｙＳｌｏｐｅｓｏｆＤｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｉｔｙａｎｄＩｔｓＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ￥ＧｕｏＬｉｎｈａｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：５９－６１．Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｌａｔｅｓｔ１：５００００ｔｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｍａｐ,ｔｈｅ１：１０００００ｓｌｏｐｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｍａｐｉｓｄｒａｗｎｏｕｔａｎｄａｒｅａｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｓｍａｄｅ．Ｔｈｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｓｏｌａｒｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｙｐｉｃａｌｓｉｔｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｓｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄａｎｄｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｃｕｒｖｅｓｏｆａｎｎｕａｌｆｌｕｘｏｆｄｉｒｅｃｔｓｏｌａｒｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎｏｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｓｌｏｐｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｉ     

氮磷钾肥施用对蔬菜中硝酸盐积累的数学模型

氮磷钾肥施用对蔬菜中硝酸盐积累的数学模型段咏新付庭治（徐州师范学院生物系,２２１００９）（南京大学生物系,２１０００８）ＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌＭｏｄｅｌｏｎＮｉｔｒａｔｅＡｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎＶｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅａｆｔｅｒＡｐｐｌｙｉｎｇＮ,ＰａｎｄＫＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓ￥ＤｕａｎＹｏｎｇｘｉｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＸｕｚｈｏｕＴｅａｃｈｅｒ＇ｓＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,２２１００９）,ＦｕＴｉｎｇｚｈｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,２１０００８）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：３４－３６．ＩｎＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ,ａｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｗｏｄｅｌｏｎｎｉｔｒａｔｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｓｐｉｒａｃｈｉｓｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｅｄ,ｗｈｉｃｈｃａｎｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｔｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｎｉｔｒａｔｅｕｎｄｅｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｓｏｆＮ,ＰａｎｄＫｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓ。Ｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｍｏｄｅｌ,ｔｈｅｎｉｔｒａｔｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｎｓｐｉｒａｃｈｃａ     

薯蓣皂甙元分离工艺的研究及其综合利用

采用“分离法加工薯蓣植物”的工艺技术是将薯蓣根茎带水磨碎,在水中筛分,将各有用成分分开后,分别采用适宜的方法加工利用。本文报道利用薯蓣植物盾叶薯蓣（ＤｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｚｉｎｇｉｂｅｒｅｎｓｉｓＣ．Ｈ．Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ）和穿龙薯蓣（ＤｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｎｉｐｐｏｎｉｃａＭａｋｉｎｏ）制取薯蓣皂甙元（Ｄｉｏｓｇｅｎｉｎ）和药用酵母粉（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｓｉｃｃｕｍ）的方法。     

大连潮间带底栖海藻群落的数量特征和优势种的季节变化

大连潮间带底栖海藻群落的数量特征和优势种的季节变化熊韶峻,王献平,郭旭光（辽宁师范大学生物系,大连１１６０２２）ＳｅａｓｏｎａｌＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓａｎｄＤｏｍｉｎａｎｔＳｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆＢｅｎｔｈｉｃＳｅａｗｅｅｄＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎＩｎｔｅｒｔｉｄａｌｓｉｎＤａｌｉａｎ,Ｃｈｉｎａ￥．ＸｉｏｎｇＳｈａｏｊｕｎ,ＷａｎｇＸｉａｎｐｉｎｇ,ＧｕｏＸｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏ－ｇｙ,ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｕｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｄａｌｉａｎ１１６０２２）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：２７－２９．Ｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ,ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ,ｂｉｏｒｎａｓｓａｎｄｄｏｒｎｉｎａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆｂｅｎｔｈｉｃｓｅａｗｅｅｄｃｏｒｎｍｕｎｌｔｙｗｉｔｈｉｎｉｎｔｅｒｔｉｄａｌｉｎＤａｌｉａｎ,ＣｈｉｎａｗｅｒｅｍｏｎｔｈｌｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄｆｒｏｒｎＭａｒｃｈ１９９０ｔｏＭａｒｃｈ１９９１．Ｉｔｉｓｘｈｏｗｎｔｈａｔ１）．ｔｈｅｇｅｎ－ｅｒａｌｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｙｏｆｓｅａｓｏ     

关于灌木生物量建模方法的改进

关于灌木生物量建模方法的改进张峰,上官铁梁李素珍（山西大学生物系,太原０３０００６）（太原治金工业学校,０３０００２）ＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｎｔｈｅＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇＭｅｔｈｏｄｏｆＢｉｏｌｍａｓｓｏｆＢｒｕｓｈ￥ＺｈａｎｇＦｅｎｇ;ＳｈａｎｇｇｕａｎＴｉｅｌｉａｎｇ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔ－ｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＳｈａｎｘｉＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｔａｉｙｕａｎ０３０００６）,ＬｉＳｕｚｈｅｎ（ＴａｉｙｉｉａｎＭｅｔａｌｌｉｔｒｇｉｃａｌＳｃｈｏｏｌ,Ｔａｉｙｕａｎ０３０００２）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＶＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：６７－６９．ＤｕｒｉｎｇｍａｋｉｎｇｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｂｉｏｍａｓｓｏｆＥｌａｅａｇｎｕｓｍｏｌｌｉｓ,ｔｈｅｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｔｈｅｂｉｏｍａｓｓｉｓｂｕｉｌｔｂｙｒｅｐｌａｃｉｎｇＤ￣２ＨｗｉｔｈＣＨ,Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｈｏｗｓｔｈａｔｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｉｔｉｓｃｏｎｖｉｎｉｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｗｏｒｋ,ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｔｈｅｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｍｏｄｅｌｈａｓｍｏｒｅＤｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｗｈｅｎＣＨｉｓｕｓｅｄａｓｔｈｅｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄ     

氧化修饰高密度脂蛋白对培养人动脉平滑肌细胞细胞周期蛋白D_1基因表达的影响

动脉平滑肌细胞（ｓｍ ｏｏｔｈ ｍ ｕｓｃｌｅ ｃｅｌｌ,ＳＭＣ）是动脉粥样硬化（ａｔｈｅｒｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ,ＡＳ）斑块中的主要细胞,它的增殖在ＡＳ形成过程中极其重要．利用体外培养的人主动脉ＳＭＣ,观察了天然高密度脂蛋白（ｎａｔｉｖｅ ｈｉｇｈ ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ ｌｉｐｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,Ｎ－ＨＤＬ）及氧化修饰ＨＤＬ（ｏｘｉｄｉｚｅｄ ＨＤＬ,ＯＸ－ＨＤＬ）对培养人主动脉ＳＭＣ ｃｙｃｌｉｎ Ｄ１（细胞周期蛋白Ｄ１）基因转录表达的影响．结果表明：（１）Ｎ－ＨＤＬ对ＳＭＣｃｙｃｌｉｎ Ｄ１基因表达无影响（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）;（２）ＯＸ－ＨＤＬ使ＳＭＣｃｙｃｌｉｎ Ｄ１基因表达显著增强（Ｐ＜０．０１）,其表达量随时间（２、１２、２４ ｈ）延长而增加．上述结果表明,ＯＸ－ＨＤＬ的致ＡＳ作用可能与其刺激ＳＭＣｃｙｃｌｉｎ Ｄ１基因表达增加有关．     

多荚草中的新三萜皂甙

从石竹科植物多荚草（Ｐｏｌｙｃａｒｐｏｎ ｐｒｏｓｔｒａｔｕｍ（Ｆｏｒｓｓｋ．）Ａｓｃｈｅｒｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｃｈｗｅｉｎ．ｅｘ Ａｓｃｈｅｒｓ）中分离得到３个新的柴胡皂甙类化合物：ｐｒｏｓｔｒａｔｏｓｉｄｅ Ａ￣Ｃ（１￣３）。它们的结构通过波谱方法分别鉴定为：３－Ｏ－｛β－Ｄ－ｘｙｌｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌ－（１→２）－β－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌ－（１→４）－「β－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙ     

Characteristics of digestive enzymes of calanoid copepod species from different latitudes in relation to temperature, pH and food

In calanoid copepods it is poorly understood how enzymatic activities and patterns are affected by abiotic and biotic factors. Such knowledge, however, is crucial to assess metabolic functioning and performance of organisms in different habitats. Therefore, our study focuses on digestive enzyme activities in relation to temperature, pH and food in the Arctic species Calanus glacialis and in Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis from the North Sea. Enzyme activities were measured over a range from 0 to 70 °C (lipases/esterases, proteinases) and pH 5 to 9 (proteinases). In all species, relative proteinases activity peaked at 40/50 °C and pH 6; relative lipases/esterases activity peaked at 30 °C. Between 0 and 20 °C, lipase activity of C. glacialis was higher (40-70% of maximum) than that of the boreal copepods (25-64%), which suggests thermal adaptation of the lipid metabolism in the polar species. Incubating C. glacialis with the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii showed (i) that enzyme activities increased especially in the alkaline range and (ii) that enzyme patterns, revealed by gel electrophoresis, differed from that of starving individuals, indicating that feeding induced enzyme expression. Such studies, linking abiotic and biotic conditions to enzyme functioning, can help elucidating the capacity of copepods to respond to environmental changes.     

Short-term variation of nutritive and metabolic parameters in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Temora longicornis</Emphasis> females (Crustacea,Copepoda) as a response to diet shift and starvation

Changes in fatty acid patterns, digestive and metabolic enzyme activities and egg production rates (EPR) were studied in the small calanoid copepod Temora longicornis. Female copepods were collected in spring 2005 off Helgoland (North Sea). In the laboratory one group of copepods was fed with the cryptophycean Rhodomonas baltica for a period of 3 days. Another group of copepods was maintained without food. According to the fatty acid patterns, animals from the field were feeding on a more detrital, animal-based and to a minor extent to a diatom-based diet. Under laboratory conditions, females rapidly accumulated fatty acids such as 18:4 (n-3), 18:3 (n-3) and 18:2 (n-6) which are specific of R. baltica. Diatom-specific fatty acids such as 16:1 (n-7) were strongly reduced. In fed animals the activities of digestive and metabolic enzymes remained constant and egg production rates were highest on day 2. Starving animals, in contrast, showed significantly reduced faecal pellet production and EPR. Proteolytic enzyme activity decreased rapidly within 24 h and remained at a low level until the end of the experiment. Citrate synthase decreased continuously as well. T. longicornis rapidly reacts to dietary changes and food depletion. It has limited energy stores and, thus, strongly depends on continuous food supply.     

Digestive enzyme activity is present in mature copepods despite the absence of the corresponding substrates in the diet during development

Experiments with copepods raised on diets of diatoms, dinoflagellatesand a cryptophyte demonstrate that digestive enzyme activity(laminarinase and amylase) is present regardless of the presenceof the corresponding substrate during development.     

Influence of short-term nutritional variations on digestive enzyme and fatty acid patterns of the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis

Temora longicornis, a dominant calanoid copepod species in the North Sea, is characterised by low lipid reserves and high biomass turnover rates. To survive and reproduce successfully, this species needs continuous food supply and thus requires a highly flexible digestive system to exploit various food sources. Information on the capacity of digestive enzymes is scarce and therefore the aim of our study was to investigate the enzymatic capability to respond to quickly changing nutritional conditions. We conducted two feeding experiments with female T. longicornis from the southern North Sea off Helgoland. In the first experiment in 2005, we tested how digestive enzyme activities and enzyme patterns as revealed by substrate SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) responded to changes in food composition. Females were incubated for three days fed ad libitum with either the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina or the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, copepods were deep-frozen for analyses. The lipolytic enzyme activity did not change over the course of the experiment but the enzyme patterns did, indicating a distinct diet-induced response. In a second experiment in 2008, we therefore focused on the enzyme patterns, testing how fast changes occur and whether feeding on the same algal species leads to similar patterns. In this experiment, we kept the females for 4 days at surplus food while changing the algal food species daily. At day 1, copepods were offered O. marina. On day 2, females received the cryptophycean Rhodomonas baltica followed by T. weissflogii on day 3. On day 4 copepods were again fed with O. marina. Each day, copepods were frozen for analysis by means of substrate SDS-PAGE. This showed that within 24 h new digestive enzymes appeared on the electrophoresis gels while others disappeared with the introduction of a new food species, and that the patterns were similar on day 1 and 4, when females were fed with O. marina. In addition, we monitored the fatty acid compositions of the copepods, and this indicated that specific algal fatty acids were quickly incorporated. With such short time lags between substrate availability and enzyme response, T. longicornis can successfully exploit short-term food sources and is thus well adapted to changes in food availability, as they often occur in its natural environment due seasonal variations in phyto- and microzooplankton distribution.     

12a-羟基鱼藤酮对斜纹夜蛾生殖力的影响及其作用机理

为探讨12a-羟基鱼藤酮对斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura (Fabricius)生殖力的影响及其作用机理, 本文测定了该虫取食12a-羟基鱼藤酮后的产卵量。在用高效液相色谱仪确定其卵巢组织中存在12a-羟基鱼藤酮后, 通过MTT法测定该化合物对斜纹夜蛾卵巢细胞（PL细胞）的细胞毒性,并利用流式细胞仪检测该化合物对PL细胞细胞周期、膜电位、胞内钙离子浓度、线粒体膜电位的影响。结果表明:斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食12a-羟基鱼藤酮后产卵量下降80％以上, 并从卵巢组织中检测出该化合物。12a-羟基鱼藤酮对PL细胞增殖具有抑制活性, 其IC₅₀为6.6 mg/L。该化合物将PL细胞周期阻滞于S期, 导致PL细胞膜电位、线粒体膜电位和细胞内游离钙离子浓度均显著升高。该化合物导致斜纹夜蛾繁殖力降低。12a-羟基鱼藤酮将PL细胞增殖阻滞于细胞周期的S期。同时, 该化合物对卵巢细胞具有较弱的毒杀活性, 导致一些卵巢细胞死亡。由于上述原因, 卵巢细胞数量逐渐减少而导致卵巢管萎缩。卵巢管的萎缩使卵巢管内的卵母细胞不能发育成卵细胞, 故其生殖力下降。     

红螯螯虾胚胎发育期主要消化酶和同工酶的活性变化

采用生物化学方法测定了红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)胚胎发育各期主要消化酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶)的比活力及主要同工酶(乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和酯酶)的活力。结果显示,5种消化酶各自表现出不同的变化模式,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的比活力早期均逐渐上升,到发育后期胃蛋白酶出现快速下降,而胰蛋白酶却仍保持较高水平;淀粉酶比活力呈“V”字型变化趋势,晚期活性较高;纤维素酶和脂肪酶的比活力则均较低。4种同工酶酶谱随胚胎的发育渐趋复杂,酶活性也随之增强。结果表明,消化酶和同工酶活力的高低均受其基因的调控,并随胚胎发育适时表达,为胚胎组织、器官和系统的形成以及未来仔虾的开口摄食提供物质保证。     

Delayed effects of protein deficiency in nutrition of the pregnant rats on development of the enzymatic system in digestive and nondigestive organs of offspring

It has been found for the first time that protein deficit in female's nutrition during prenatal development of the offspring is accompanied by considerable changes in the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes and of the same hydrolases in the colon, liver and kidneys both in early and in late ontogenesis. It seems possible that changes of the small intestine enzyme functions and hydrolytic functions of other digestive and non-digestive organs in result of an unfavorable early "metabolic/nutritional programming" may be crucial in disorders of metabolic processes leading to development of diseases of risk in adult life.     

Changes in digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus

Changes in major digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages were studied for the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. There were significant positive relationships between specific activity of trypsin and amylase enzymes and lobster size, whereas esterase and lipase specific activities decreased as lobsters aged. No relationship was found between amylase/trypsin ratio and lobster size. Positive trends were found, however, for trypsin/lipase and amylase/lipase ratios. Results suggest that changes in enzyme activity respond to the lobsters' physiological needs for particular dietary components although multivariate analysis suggested that enzyme activities could be not totally independent of diet. On the other hand, the pattern of changes of major enzyme activities through molt cycle was similar for most enzymes studied. Following molt, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase activities gradually increased to maximal levels at late intermolt (C4) and premolt (D). There were no variations in the electrophoretic pattern of digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages and thus, it is demonstrated that regulation is exerted quantitatively rather than qualitatively. Further studies on the effect of other intrinsic and extrinsic factors on digestive enzyme activities are needed to fully understand digestive abilities and regulation mechanisms in spiny lobsters.     

Consequences of Lower Food Intake on the Digestive Enzymes Activities,the Energy Reserves and the Reproductive Outcome in Gammarus fossarum

Digestive enzyme activity is often used as a sensitive response to environmental pollution. However, only little is known about the negative effects of stress on digestive capacities and their consequences on energy reserves and reproduction, although these parameters are important for the maintenance of populations. To highlight if changes in biochemical responses (digestive enzymes and reserves) led to impairments at an individual level (fertility), Gammarus fossarum were submitted to a lower food intake throughout a complete female reproductive cycle (i.e. from ovogenesis to offspring production). For both males and females, amylase activity was inhibited by the diet stress, whereas trypsin activity was not influenced. These results underline similar sensitivity of males and females concerning their digestive capacity. Energy reserves decreased with food starvation in females, and remained stable in males. The number of embryos per female decreased with food starvation. Lower digestive activity in males and females therefore appears as an early response. These results underline the ecological relevance of digestive markers, as they make it possible to anticipate upcoming consequences on reproduction in females, a key biological variable for population dynamics.     

Influence des variations de la composition faunistique d'une population zooplanctonique sur l'expression des activités enzymatiques digestives au cours d'un cycle nycthéméral

Diel changes in the digestive enzyme activities of a Zooplankton population, captured with a Regent type net (700 μm mesh size) have been studied. During the period considered, the population was dominated by the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica Fol and several species of copepods. A clear rhythmicity was observed for most carbohydrases (laminarinase, amylase, cellulase, disaccharidases) but not for proteases. Changes in population composition explained a significant part of the enzymatic variability, although part of it still corresponded to nutritional rhythmicity. These results stress the importance of the physical and biological conditions of the environment when considering metabolic rhythmic changes at the population or the individual level.