黄土高原4种植被类型的细根生物量和年生产量

细根(≤2 mm)在陆地生态系统净初级生产力的分配中占有重要地位,在碳循环和水土保持方面具有重要意义. 本文采用土钻法和内生长法,以黄土高原刺槐人工林、落叶灌木、退耕草地和沙蒿群落4种主要植被类型为对象,研究0～40 cm土层细根生物量、垂直分布和细根年生产量. 结果表明： 细根生物量与纬度呈线性负相关. 4种植被类型0～40 cm土层细根生物量的大小顺序为落叶灌木(220 g·m^-2)>刺槐人工林(163 g·m^-2)≈退耕草地(162 g·m^-2)>沙蒿群落(79 g·m^-2). 退耕草地直径≤1 mm细根生物量占直径≤2 mm总细根生物量的74.1%,在4种植被类型中最高;4种植被类型细根生物量随着土层深度的增加而减少,最大值均出现在0～10 cm土层. 退耕草地0～10 cm土层细根生物量占0～40 cm土层总细根生物量的44.1%,显著高于其他3种植被类型;细根年生产量与纬度呈线性负相关. 4种植被类型0～40 cm土层细根年生产量大小顺序为退耕草地(315 g·m^-2·a^-1)>落叶灌木(249 g·m^-2·a^-1)>刺槐人工林(219 g·m^-2·a^-1)>沙蒿群落(115 g·m^-2·a^-1),其中退耕草地显著高于其他3种植被类型. 退耕草地0～10 cm土层细根生产量占0～40 cm土层总细根生产量的40.4%,在4种植被类型中最高. 退耕草地细根周转时间为0.51 a,低于其他3种植被类型.     

人工和自然羊草种群的高生长及生物量季节动态的研究

 本文所研究的人工羊草草地是在内蒙古锡林河中游南岸羊草草原的基础上建成的。此项研究试就人工种植的羊草(Aneurolepidium chinensis)和原生群落建群种羊草在高生长和生物量增长方面作一比较。 （1）从返青后四十天开始,人工羊草种群的高生长表现为曲线 种群平均高度最大值达52.98cm,并在垂直结构上控制着群落的中层和上层;原生群落中羊草的高生长曲线为：种群平均高度最大值为40.61cm。(2) 人工羊草种群的生物量按方程增长,植物地上部分的干物质含量依直线CA=27.4874+0.2245t变化。生物量峰值(172.00g／m2)和干物质含量极值 (58.24%)都超过了天然生长的羊草。目前人工草地适于作为割草场使用,可获得优质高产的牧草。     

重牧退化草地的植被、土壤及其耦合特征

重牧退化的肃南高山草原和环县典型草原,群落的α多样性,Cody指数描述的β多样性,营养功能群多样性和生活型功能群多样性随牧压下降呈上洚趋势,固N功能群多样性和高山草原Bray-Curtis指数描述的β多样性呈相反变化趋势,2种草地0-40cm土壤全N,速效N,有机质含量和高山草原土壤速效P含量与牧压呈负相关,高山草原土壤全P含量与牧压呈正相关。典型草原土壤全N,速效N和速效P含量以及速效P/全P和C/N比值低于高山草原,但速效N/全N比值和全P含量高于后者,重牧草地土壤要素与群落活根生物量的垂直分布格局之间的灰色关联系数与牧压呈正相关,土壤要素与毒杂草和劣质牧草的关系密切,草地退化不仅是植被与土壤的衰退,也是2个子系统耦合关系的丧失和系统相悖的发展,可用耦合度与相悖度定量,综合分析,环县草原退化较肃南严重。     

山竹岩黄蓍固沙群落对土壤养分及生物活性的改良效应

以半流动沙丘为对照,对5、10和22年生山竹岩黄蓍人工固沙群落不同层次(0~10、10~20和20~30cm)土壤的养分状况、微生物生物量和土壤酶活性进行了对比研究.结果表明:采用山竹岩黄蓍固定流沙后,随着群落年龄的增长,土壤中C、N、P、K含量及生物活性均明显提高.其中,0~10cm土层的增长幅度显著高于10~30cm土层.0~30cm土层中C/N由7.3增加到8.5;土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量以及土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脱氢酶、硝酸还原酶和多酚氧化酶的活性均有所提高.其中,0~10cm土层中蔗糖酶的活性是对照的49.7~284.5倍.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷分别与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷以及微生物生物量与酶活性之间存在显著的正相关关系.     

皇甫川流域退化草地和恢复草地土壤微生物生物量的研究

土壤微生物生物量常被作为植物所需营养元素的转化因子和资源库,是表明土壤发育状况和生化强度的一项主要指标。在内蒙古伊盟准格尔旗皇甫川流域,对退化草地和恢复草地土壤微生物生物量进行了研究。结果表明,土壤微生物生物量的垂直分布依次为0～10>10～20>20～30>30～40>40～50cm,随土层加深而递减;0～10cm土层细菌和丝状微生物生物量超过其他土层;恢复草地各土层中的土壤微生物生物量均高于退化草地;恢复草地的土壤微生物生物量与土壤肥力密切相关。     

黄土高原地区不同草地退耕模式水分利用效率的比较

研究了半干旱黄土高原区不同退耕模式下植被恢复的比较,对3种不同人工豆科牧草多年生紫花苜蓿alfalfa(Medicago sativa)、多年生沙打旺erect milkvetch(Astragalus adsurgens)、2年生草木樨sweetclover(Melilotus officinalis))和一种自然撂荒(fallow)进行了实地种植比较。通过3a研究发现:紫花苜蓿是耗水最严重的牧草,水分利用效率仅高于撂荒;沙打旺具有最高的地上总生物量和水分利用效率。紫花苜蓿和沙打旺地块中杂草生物量逐年降低,物种数量最低且没有增加。2年生草木樨地物种数和地上生物量逐年增高,草木樨对暴雨的入渗贮存能力最大,显著高于自然撂荒。草木樨结束生活史后第1年地上总生物量(和撂荒一样全为杂草)是撂荒地的两倍,且略高于紫花苜蓿的地上总生物量,同时物种数量也和物种数目最多的撂荒地没有显著差异(p<0.05)。草木樨显著降低了10～40cm土壤剖面的容重,草木樨结束生活史后残留根系有助于深层土壤水分恢复,水分状况恢复良好且优于紫花苜蓿和沙打旺。可见短期的人工干扰下两年生草木樨的种植有利于促进自然植被的恢复,优于自然撂荒和其他牧草种植的方式,容易推广且实际可行。     

黄土高原半干旱区不同种植年限紫花苜蓿人工草地土壤微生物和线虫群落特征

建植紫花苜蓿人工草地是黄土高原植被恢复的重要措施之一。土壤微生物和线虫群落特征是评价和调控植被恢复的生态环境效应的重要依据。本研究在宁夏南部山区选取不同种植年限(1、2、6和12年)的紫花苜蓿人工草地为研究样地,以农田和天然草地作为对照,探索黄土高原人工草地植被恢复过程中土壤微生物和线虫群落的演变规律及其影响因素。结果表明: 1)种植苜蓿显著提高了土壤细菌群落的Chao1、ACE和Shannon多样性指数,并在种植苜蓿后第6年达到最高,但在种植6年和12年后真菌群落多样性降低;随着苜蓿种植年限的增加,真菌群落组成从农田逐渐向天然草地方向演变;2)土壤线虫数量与细菌群落多样性的变化趋势相同,在种植苜蓿后第6年出现峰值,该时期线虫群落结构组成与农田较相似,苜蓿12年样地则更接近天然草地;随着苜蓿种植年限的增加,食细菌线虫、植食性线虫比例总体呈上升趋势,食真菌线虫、杂食/捕食线虫比例呈下降趋势,土壤成熟度指数(MI)逐渐减小,植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)和线虫通路指数(NCR)则不断增大;3)在苜蓿人工草地植被恢复过程中,土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷对土壤微生物群落结构影响较大,并进一步影响线虫群落结构;细菌和真菌群落优势类群和多样性与线虫的不同营养类群及生态指数之间存在密切联系,表明微生物群落结构与多样性对线虫群落具有显著影响;在不同种植年限苜蓿草地中,植物的生物量与多样性的变化可能通过影响土壤微生物与线虫食物资源状况从而引起其群落特征的改变。     

科尔沁沙地四种固沙植物群落土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的季节动态

为探讨科尔沁沙地不同人工固沙植物群落土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性的季节动态规律,选取25年生小叶锦鸡儿、山竹岩黄蓍、差巴嘎蒿、樟子松群落为对象,研究了固沙植物群落0～30cm土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸单酯酶、多酚氧化酶、硝酸还原酶、脱氢酶7种酶活性和微生物生物量C、N、P不同季节的变化特征。结果表明,4种人工植物群落土壤7种酶活性有明显的季节性变化,均表现为春季开始逐渐升高,到夏季植物旺盛时逐渐达到最大值,秋冬季达到最低值。微生物生物量C、N的动态变化与土壤酶活性的变化规律相同,而土壤微生物量P的季节变化则表现为春季>夏季>秋季,这些变化在0～10cm土层更为显著。7种土壤酶活性和微生物生物量最高值均出现在土壤表层(0～10cm),随着土层的加深生物活性逐渐降低。小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤微生物生物量和7种酶活性均高于其他3种植物群落。     

黄土高原植被自然恢复和人工造林对土壤碳氮储量的影响

土地利用方式变化能对土壤碳氮储量产生重要影响.为了探讨不同土地利用方式对土壤碳氮的影响,研究了黄土高原子午岭林区自退耕还林(草)工程实施以来(15年)自然恢复草地和人工油松林地0～100 cm土层土壤碳氮储量、碳氮比以及根系生物量的差异.结果表明:自然恢复草地和人工油松林地土壤有机碳均表现出表聚效应,自然恢复草地0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量显著低于人工油松林,而其他土层差异均不显著.人工油松林0～100 cm土层土壤总碳储量为117.94 Mg·hm^-2,比自然恢复草地增加28.4%.两种植被类型土壤全氮储量在各土层间差异均不显著,但自然恢复草地0～100 cm土层土壤全氮总储量为7.69 Mg·hm^-2,比人工油松林高17.7%.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤铵态氮储量在各土层间差异均显著,自然恢复草地铵态氮储量显著高于人工油松林,且随土层增加表现为先增后降的趋势.而自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤硝态氮储量只在0～20 cm土层差异显著,且自然恢复草地高于人工油松林.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤碳氮比表现为0～20 cm土层差异不显著,随土层的加深表现为人工油松林碳氮比显著高于自然恢复草地,且差异逐渐增大.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤碳氮储量与根系生物量均呈显著正相关.因此,自然恢复草地土壤有利于氮储量的积累,人工油松林土壤有利于土壤碳储量的增加,且根系是影响土壤碳氮储量分布的重要因子.     

黄土高原小流域不同植物群落土壤生态化学计量的垂直变化特征

在黄土高原生态恢复重建过程中,土壤养分及化学计量特征是评价黄土区植被恢复效应的有效途径。该文以典型半干旱黄土小流域3种恢复方式下(天然荒草、自然恢复、人工恢复)的5种植物群落(长芒草群落、赖草群落、苜蓿群落、柠条群落、山杏群落)不同深度的土壤(0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm)为研究对象,利用方差分析及线性回归法分析土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)含量及化学计量比的垂直变化特征,并探讨各指标间的耦合关系。结果表明:(1)群落类型和土壤土层深度对土壤SOC、TN、TP含量均有显著影响,土层深度还显著影响土壤TK的分布,但两者交互作用只对TN含量有显著影响。0～20 cm土层中,土壤SOC、TN含量表现为柠条灌丛显著高于长芒草、赖草、苜蓿和山杏群落(P<0.05)。(2)在土壤垂直剖面上,除C:N随土层加深而增加外,其他土壤化学计量比均随土层加深而逐渐降低。在0～20 cm和20～40 cm的土层中,土壤C:N表现为赖草群落显著高于长芒草、苜蓿、柠条和山杏群落(P<0.05),而土壤C:P、N:P、N:K均表现为人工恢复柠条群落最高; 在40～60 cm的土层中,山杏土壤C:K显著低于长芒草、赖草、苜蓿和柠条群落(P<0.05)。(3)不同群落土壤SOC、TN、TP、TK含量彼此间呈正相关关系,其中,SOC含量与TN含量、TN含量与TP含量、SOC含量与TP含量、TN含量与TK含量在5种植物群落中均达到显著正相关(P<0.05)。土壤C:P与C:K、C:K与N:K、N:P与N:K间均具显著正相关关系(P<0.05),C:N与N:P、C:N与N:K、P:K与C:P、P:K与N:P间均呈负相关关系。综合来看,不同植物群落土壤SOC、TN、TP、TK含量均随土层加深而逐渐降低,人工恢复柠条生态化学计量特征综合更强,更有利于改善当地土壤质量。     

Microbial indices of soil fertility

AIMS: To find the new microbial parameters explaining the soil fertility from the microbial community viewpoint. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis were carried out using 16 differently treated plots from the same field that had been kept under different fertilizer management systems since 1984. It was found that organic fertilizer application had small impact, whereas chemical fertilizer application, especially ammonium-nitrogen fertilizer, had strong impact on microbial community structures. Principal component analysis was conducted based on soil chemical and physical parameters, crop yields, FAMEs and terminal-restriction fragments (T-RFs) to provide 10 FAMEs and 10 T-RFs showing strong relation with soil fertility. CONCLUSION: We defined these 10 FAMEs and 10 T-RFs as 'keystone' biological parameters explaining soil fertility in the soil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report on the FAMEs and T-RFs related to soil fertility. Both analyses are rapid, inexpensive and reproducible means. As field assessment needs precise and rapid analysis, FAME and T-RFLP analyses and these new parameters are very useful to analyse soil fertility at biological viewpoint.     

Relationships between Nutrient-Related Plant Traits and Combinations of Soil N and P Fertility Measures

Soil fertility and nutrient-related plant functional traits are in general only moderately related, hindering the progress in trait-based prediction models of vegetation patterns. Although the relationships may have been obscured by suboptimal choices in how soil fertility is expressed, there has never been a systematic investigation into the suitability of fertility measures. This study, therefore, examined the effect of different soil fertility measures on the strength of fertility–trait relationships in 134 natural plant communities. In particular, for eight plot-mean traits we examined (1) whether different elements (N or P) have contrasting or shared influences, (2) which timescale of fertility measures (e.g. mineralization rates for one or five years) has better predictive power, and (3) if integrated fertility measures explain trait variation better than individual fertility measures. Soil N and P had large mutual effects on leaf nutrient concentrations, whereas they had element-specific effects on traits related to species composition (e.g. Grime''s CSR strategy). The timescale of fertility measures only had a minor impact on fertility–trait relationships. Two integrated fertility measures (one reflecting overall fertility, another relative availability of soil N and P) were related significantly to most plant traits, but were not better in explaining trait variation than individual fertility measures. Using all fertility measures together, between-site variations of plant traits were explained only moderately for some traits (e.g. 33% for leaf N concentrations) but largely for others (e.g. 66% for whole-canopy P concentration). The moderate relationships were probably due to complex regulation mechanisms of fertility on traits, rather than to a wrong choice of fertility measures. We identified both mutual (i.e. shared) and divergent (i.e. element-specific and stoichiometric) effects of soil N and P on traits, implying the importance of explicitly considering the roles of different elements to properly interpret fertility–trait relationships.     

长三角典型区占补耕地土壤肥力的时段特征

基于1984、2000和2016年卫星遥感影像,分析了江苏省常熟市耕地占补时空变化特征;基于ArcGIS和土壤采样数据,利用隶属度函数综合法评价了1984和2000年耕地土壤肥力;采用叠加分析,揭示了1984-2000、2000-2016年间该地区占补耕地土壤肥力特征.结果表明: 1984-2016年间,常熟市耕地面积减少了1/3,1984-2000年被水域和居民点工矿用地分别占用了51.7%和41.4%,2000-2016年只居民点工矿用地就占用了80.8%.1984-2000年间,常熟市耕地土壤肥力上升的面积占65.5%,仅3.9%下降;南部地区土壤肥力均高于其他地区.研究期间耕地数量和质量占补不平衡,前时段“占多补少、占优补劣”形势严峻,后时段“占多补少、占劣补劣”特征明显.耕地减少的趋势并未扭转,异地补充明显,耕地占补平衡应当关注异地补充耕地质量和土壤肥力时段性特点.     

Spatial patterns of herbivory by gall-forming insects: a test of the soil fertility hypothesis in a Mexican tropical dry forest

It has been proposed that fertile soils reduce the incidence of gall-forming insect (GFI) species in plant communities. This is known as the soil fertility hypothesis. The main objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of GFI species under different habitats in a tropical dry forest at the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Eight habitats which differ in soil type, topography, nutrient availability and vegetation were chosen. We found that 38 GFI species specialize on their host plant species. GFI species richness was negatively correlated with phosphorous and nitrogen availability. Using phosphorous as an indicator of soil fertility, we found low frequency and density of GFI on fertile soils. Our study indicates that soil fertility is one of the factors that negatively affects the patterns of spatial distribution of species richness, incidence and abundance of GFI at the community level in two different ways: i) indirectly affecting GFI species richness in plants adapted to infertile soils and ii) directly affecting GFI responses to plant traits of hosts found in a fertility gradient.     

不同施肥处理对丛枝菌根真菌生态分布的影响

研究了在东北海伦实验站长期定位培肥实验地不同施肥处理下丛枝菌根（Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM）真菌生长发育状况（包括侵染率、菌丝量和孢子数）,同时还分析了不同施肥处理下AM真菌群落生态分布和特征.结果表明施肥处理,尤其是磷肥（NP2K）处理显著降低AM真菌侵染玉米根系,而根外菌丝长度和孢子数并无显著变化,这和施肥处理下AM真菌的种群结构发生变化有关.随着土壤肥力的增高,土壤中AM真菌种的丰度和密度都有增加的趋势,而当肥力增高到一定程度后（磷肥和钾肥继续增加到NP2K和NPK2处理后）,土壤中AM真菌种的丰度和密度都有下降的趋势;从AM真菌属在不同肥力处理下出现的频度来看,Glomus属在7个处理中出现的频度最高,在每一个肥力处理中都有分布,Acaullospora属次之,Entrohospora属则只是出现在NK处理下;而Glomus属中出现频度最高的种是Glomus mosseae,其次是Glomus caledonium;再次是Glomus diaphanium,这说明施肥处理会影响到AM真菌种属的分布,进而影响到AM真菌的群落结构和生态分布.     

中国马尾松林土壤肥力特征

土壤肥力是各因素的综合作用和反映，也是林地生产力的基础。为了解马尾松分布区林下土壤肥力状况，利用499条文献数据、134条历史调查数据和131条当前调查数据中0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层的pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾，根据全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准和内梅罗指数法分别对土壤养分单一指标丰瘠水平和综合肥力状况进行评估，并分析马尾松天然林与人工林和纯林与混交林间土壤肥力特征的差异，为马尾松林可持续经营和生产力提高提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的平均值分别为4.79和4.91、33.78 g/kg和19.92 g/kg、1.82 g/kg和1.32 g/kg、0.46 g/kg和0.40 g/kg、14.49 g/kg和15.71 g/kg、88.00 mg/kg和59.41 mg/kg、4.94 mg/kg和2.38 mg/kg、71.72 mg/kg和52.99 mg/kg；（2）除土壤有机质、全氮和全钾含量外，两个土层其他土壤养分指标的丰瘠水平在"较缺"水平及其以下；（3）0-20 cm土层土壤肥力指数（0.97）大于20-40 cm土层（0.77），土壤有效磷含量的肥力指数均最小（0.60和0.33）；（4）除20-40 cm土层pH值、碱解氮和速效钾含量外，其他土壤养分指标和肥力指数均表现为混交林>纯林；这些指标在天然林与人工林间的差异因指标而异。总体来看，马尾松林土壤磷和钾养分的供给潜力和能力较弱，土壤综合肥力状况也偏"贫瘠"，其中土壤有效磷含量最低，肥力指数也最小；0-20 cm土层的土壤肥力状况优于20-40 cm土层，均受林分起源（天然林与人工林）和林分结构（纯林与混交林）的影响；但由于指标缺乏（如物理指标）和数据分布不均衡（天然林和混交林少），土壤肥力的估算以及林分特征对土壤养分和肥力的影响还有待于进一步研究。     

有机物料在维持土壤微生物体氮库中的作用

采用室内和田间培养试验,研究了有机物料矿化过程中土壤微生物体氮的变化,测定结果表明,有机物料对矿化过程和微生物体氮的影响,既与有机物料本身性质和组成有关,也与土壤肥力水平和施氮与否有关。加入Ｃ／Ｎ比高的有机物料后,微生物对矿质氮的净固定持续时间长,而加入Ｃ／Ｎ比小的则固定时间短;高肥力土壤上的固定时间比低肥力土壤短。不同有机物料对土壤微生物体氮的影响不同。从加绿豆茎叶、小麦茎叶、未腐解马粪、腐熟马粪、腐熟猪粪到厩肥,土壤微生物体氮依次减小,提供的有效能源物质丰富（如绿豆茎叶）或Ｃ／Ｎ比较高（如小麦茎叶）时影响效果突出。土壤肥力不同,有机物料对微生物体的影响效果不同,在低肥力土壤的效果突出,约为高肥力土壤的４倍,因此,在评价有机物料对土壤微生物体氮的影响时,既考虑有有机物料的性质和组成,也考虑土壤力水平、矿质氮含量和培养时期。     

Evaluating second year cropping on jhum fallows in Mizoram, north-eastern India: Soil fertility

Changes in soil fertility were evaluated on young (6 year) and old (20 year) jhum fields in Mizoram, north-eastern India in response to various operations involved injhum such as slashing and burning of vegetation, cropping period, and intervening fallow period between first and second year cropping. The results demonstrate that the soil is richer in nutrients in old than young field prior to the start of jhum cultivation. Slash burning depletes soil acidity, carbon and nitrogen but elevates phosphorus and cations. Soil fertility declined during first cropping phase, and further declined during second cropping phase. After two cropping years, soil fertility of old field was almost at par with that of young field, signifying that the loss of soil fertility was more in old than young field. A short intervening fallow period between first and second year of cropping did not show any pronounced improvement in soil fertility, though it provided some biomass for second burning. Tilling caused maximum loss to soil fertility. The fertilizer treatments ended with comparable or better soil fertility in comparison to no-treatment plot. There seems to be none of the fertilizer treatments superior over others from the standpoint of ending soil fertility. The unifying conclusions of this series of investigations support the hypothesis that the second year cropping holds promise to reduce the demand for forested land for jhum, and lengthen the jhum cycle substantially.     

Bayesian Inference of Baseline Fertility and Treatment Effects via a Crop Yield-Fertility Model

To effectively manage soil fertility, knowledge is needed of how a crop uses nutrients from fertilizer applied to the soil. Soil quality is a combination of biological, chemical and physical properties and is hard to assess directly because of collective and multiple functional effects. In this paper, we focus on the application of these concepts to agriculture. We define the baseline fertility of soil as the level of fertility that a crop can acquire for growth from the soil. With this strict definition, we propose a new crop yield-fertility model that enables quantification of the process of improving baseline fertility and the effects of treatments solely from the time series of crop yields. The model was modified from Michaelis-Menten kinetics and measured the additional effects of the treatments given the baseline fertility. Using more than 30 years of experimental data, we used the Bayesian framework to estimate the improvements in baseline fertility and the effects of fertilizer and farmyard manure (FYM) on maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and soybean (Glycine max) yields. Fertilizer contributed the most to the barley yield and FYM contributed the most to the soybean yield among the three crops. The baseline fertility of the subsurface soil was very low for maize and barley prior to fertilization. In contrast, the baseline fertility in this soil approximated half-saturated fertility for the soybean crop. The long-term soil fertility was increased by adding FYM, but the effect of FYM addition was reduced by the addition of fertilizer. Our results provide evidence that long-term soil fertility under continuous farming was maintained, or increased, by the application of natural nutrients compared with the application of synthetic fertilizer.     

不同肥力棕壤全氮和微生物量氮对外源玉米残体氮的响应

以棕壤玉米长期连作定位试验(27a)形成的高低两种肥力水平土壤为研究对象,采用~(15)N标记的玉米植株为试验试材,分别向两种土壤中加入玉米根、茎、叶(共8个处理),采用室内模拟培养与~(15)N同位素示踪技术,旨在弄清玉米根、茎、叶添加后不同肥力土壤全氮含量及微生物量氮的变化规律。结果表明:(1)添加玉米根、茎、叶后低肥力棕壤全氮含量提升幅度分别比高肥力棕壤高5.75%、4.77%和3.75%,外源新氮的贡献率分别比高肥力棕壤高3.54%、3.28%和2.49%,说明不同肥力土壤对玉米残体添加的响应程度不同,低肥力棕壤对外源新氮施入后的响应更敏感,固定能力更强。(2)在添加玉米残体的56d培养时间内,低肥力棕壤中微生物量氮平均增加0.83—0.98倍,高肥力棕壤中微生物量氮平均增加0.87—1.56倍,可以看出不同部位玉米植株添加后均能显著促进土壤微生物量氮的积累,说明外源有机物输入是刺激土壤微生物数量和活性的重要因素,并且在高肥力土壤中刺激作用更加显著。此外,高肥力土壤添加茎和叶处理微生物量氮显著高于根添加处理,但低肥力土壤中根、茎和叶添加处理土壤中微生物量氮之间无显著差异。外源有机氮输入对土壤氮库的贡献与土壤的肥力水平及不同残体部位自身的物质组成特性密切相关。