不同产地大熊猫红细胞同工酶的比较研究

本文对饲养在国内几家动物园内的不同性别及不同产地的十六只大熊猫的红细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH),G-6-PD(葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶)以及葡萄糖磷酸异构酶(GPI或PGI)四种同工酶进行了淀粉凝胶电泳分析。确定了大熊猫红细胞上述四种同工酶的酶谱,从而在生化水平上对我国不同产地的大熊猫进行了初步研究和探讨。     

小鼠6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶和神经白细胞素有相同的3(?)端序列

神经白细胞素(neuroleukin,NLK)是一种分子量为56KD 的神经营养因子,开始认为它是由去神经化的大鼠肌细胞分泌,现确认它广泛存在于肌肉、脑、心和肾等组织器官。它能维持胚胎棘神经元、骨骼肌运动神经元和感觉神经元的生长。新近研究发现,NLK 电是一种凝集素刺激 T 细胞后产生的淋巴因子产物,它还能诱导培养的人外周血单个核细胞分泌免疫球蛋白。目前,小鼠 NLK 已克隆成功,它的全棱苷酸序列也已明确,其 cDNA 已能在猴 COS-I 细胞中稳定表达。     

米曲霉6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因gsdA的克隆及生物信息学分析

6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶催化6-磷酸葡萄糖生成6-磷酸葡萄糖酸,并生成NADPH,是微生物胞内磷酸戊糖途径（PPP）的关键酶。本研究以食品安全菌米曲霉CICC2012为材料,克隆获得6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因(GenBank登录号：JN123468)。序列分析表明,该酶是由222个氨基酸组成的亲水性蛋白;128～134位氨基酸序列DHYLGKE为活性区域;170～176位氨基酸序列GTEGRGG可能为辅因子结合位点。进化树分析表明,米曲霉6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶同其他丝状真菌及酵母的G6PDH较相似。     

种化学药剂对‘NJ72’油桃休眠解除的影响

在进行果树温室栽培时,经常遇到萌芽率低、萌芽开花延迟、花器官发育差、座果率低的问题.本试验以‘NJ72'油桃为试材,观察了3种药剂对解除芽休眠的影响.结果表明,2%(NH2)2CS能提早花期,但存在药害现象.6% KNO3不能提早花期,并且花期不整齐,5% NH4NO3效果与6%KNO3类似.同时化学药剂处理促进花芽内H2O2的积累,抑制了过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性但促进了过氧化物酶(POD)活性,超氧物岐化酶(SOD)活性变化较小.化学药剂处理使花芽的呼吸速率增加,其中磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)代谢增加,糖酵解(EMP)降低,而三羧酸循环(TCA)代谢波动较小.葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)活性在化学药剂处理时也增加.     

高等植物葡萄糖-6- 磷酸脱氢酶与6- 磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的不同进化起源

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是植物戊糖磷酸途径中的两个关键酶。在克隆了水稻质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因OsG6PDH2和质体6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因Os6PGDH2基础上,分析比较了水稻胞质和质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的基因结构、表达特性和进化地位。结合双子叶模式植物拟南芥两种酶基因的分析结果,认为高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因在进化方式上截然不同,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的胞质基因与动物和真菌等真核生物具有共同的祖先;6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的胞质酶和质体酶基因都起源于原核生物的内共生。讨论了植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因可能的进化模式,为高等植物及质体的进化起源提供了新的资料。     

猪脾脏酪氨酸蛋白激酶的研究

 采用DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B离子交换层析和Tyrosine-agarose亲和层析,首次从猪脾脏30000Xg颗粒中部分纯化了酪氨酸蛋白激酶,其比活性约为12000pmol.min~(-1).mg~(-1)。磷酸氨基酸分析表明,该酶能催化合成多肽poly(Glu.Ala.Tyr)_n(6:3:1)中的酪氨酸(Tyr)磷酸化,对该多肤废物和ATP的Km值分别约为2mg/mL和15μmol/L。Mn~(2+)对部分纯化的酪氨酸蛋白激酶的最大激活活性高于Mg~(2+),其AC_(50)分别约为1.4mmol/L和8mmol/L;发现红花素能强烈地抑制该酶活性,其IC_(50)约为125μmol/L。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(△N39)-R9神经营养活性和透过血脑屏障的研究

为了研究胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)在中枢神经系统疾病中的治疗应用,运用基因突变、蛋白质融合表达和蛋白质纯化技术获得分子质量较小的GDNF(△N39)活性片段.将HIV-1 Tat蛋白转导区(protein transduction domain,PTD)的9个碱性氨基酸49RKKRRQRRR57模拟物9个精氨酸(R9)与GDNF(△N39)活性片段融合表达,获得纯度达95%以上的GDNF(△N39)-R9融合蛋白.将GDNF、GDNF(△N39)、GDNF(△N39)-R9分别加入原代培养的中脑多巴胺能神经元和转染GDNF受体GFRαl和Ret的PC12细胞中,观察它们的神经营养活性和毒性.运用脑微血管内皮细胞株B-Endo 3,观察GDNF(△N39)-R9蛋白穿越血管内皮细胞膜的功能;运用脑血管内皮细胞和Matrigel铺板模拟血脑屏障,Transwell法检测Tat-GDNF(△N39)蛋白穿越脑血管内皮细胞和外周胶质膜的能力.结果显示:GDNF(△N39)-R9蛋白具有类似GDNF的神经营养活性,促进原代培养的中脑多巴胺能神经元和稳定表达GFRα1和Ret受体的PC12-GFRα1-Ret细胞株的存活,没有显示毒性,并且能很好地穿过脑微血管内皮细胞层和模拟的血脑屏障.     

高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的不同进化起源

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是植物戊糖磷酸途径中的两个酶.在克隆了水稻质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因OsG6PDH2和质体6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因Os6PGDH2基础上,分析比较了水稻胞质和质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的基因结构、表达特性和进化地位.结合双子叶模式植物拟南芥两种酶基因的分析结果,认为高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因在进化方式上截然不同,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的胞质基因与动物和真菌等真核生物具有共同的祖先;6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的胞质酶和质体酶基因都起源于原核生物的内共生.讨论了植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因可能的进化模式,为高等植物及质体的进化起源提供了新的资料.     

不同糖源及糖水平对大菱鲆糖代谢酶活性的影响

采用34双因素实验设计, 以初始质量为(8.060.08) g的大菱鲆幼鱼(Scophthalmus maximus L.)为对象, 研究在饲料中添加3种糖源(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)及4个水平(0、5%、15%、28%)对大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解关键酶己糖激酶(HK)、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)和糖异生关键酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)、1, 6-二磷酸果糖酶(FBPase)活性的影响。结果表明: 饲料糖添加量从0升高到15%时, 大菱鲆的糖酵解酶GK和PK活性随饲料葡萄糖或糊精含量的增加而增加; 当饲料中葡萄糖或糊精含量为28%时, GK和PK活性有下降的趋势。3种糖源的4个添加水平对HK和PFK活性均无显著影响(P 0.05)。添加不同水平的葡萄糖对大菱鲆糖异生途径的PEPCK活性无显著影响(P 0.05), 但在饲料中葡萄糖添加量为5%时显著促进了FBPase活性(P 0.05), 当葡萄糖添加量升高为15%或28%时, FBPase活性与对照组无显著差异(P 0.05)。糊精作为饲料糖源时抑制了大菱鲆肝脏FBPase和PEPCK的活性, 而添加不同水平的蔗糖对FBPase和PEPCK活性的影响均不显著(P 0.05)。总的来说, 从大菱鲆幼鱼肝脏糖代谢角度而言, 在饲料中添加15%的葡萄糖或糊精时, 可以有效促进大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解能力; 较添加葡萄糖, 糊精在促进大菱鲆肝脏糖酵解的同时对糖异生存在一定程度的抑制。蔗糖作为饲料糖源时, 仅在添加量为28%时显著促进糖酵解酶GK活性, 糖酵解其他酶活性以及糖异生酶活性均不受蔗糖水平的显著影响。       

膜状急纤虫(原生动物,纤毛门)休眠期包囊与营养期细胞同工酶组成和活性比较

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳酶化学技术显示,腹毛目纤毛虫膜状急纤虫（Tachysoma pellionella）休眠包囊和营养细胞中乳酸脱氢酶、α磷酸甘油脱氢酶、醇脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶等7种同工酶的酶谱组成有明显差异,并且在休眠包囊中其同工酶成分少、活性低,部分同工酶酶谱表现出趋于简单的趋势。ATP酶、苹果酸脱氢酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶等3种同工酶在休眠包囊与营养细胞中有相同的酶谱,但在休眠期包囊酶的活性低于营养期细胞。     

Molecular basis of neurological dysfunction coupled with haemolytic anaemia in human glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder with the typical manifestation of nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia, can be associated in some cases with neurological impairment. GPI has been found to be identical to neuroleukin (NLK), which has neurotrophic and lymphokine properties. To focus on the possible effects of GPI mutations on the central nervous system through an effect on neuroleukin activity, we analysed DNA isolated from two patients with severe GPI deficiency, one of them with additional neurological deficits, and their families. The neurologically affected patient (GPI Homburg) is compound heterozygous for a 59 A→C (H20P) and a 1016 T→C (L339P) exchange. Owing to the insertion of proline, the H20P and L339P mutations are likely to affect the folding and activity of the enzyme. In the second family studied, the two affected siblings showed no neurological symptoms. The identified mutations are 1166 A→G (H389R) and 1549 C→G (L517V), which are located at the subunit interface. We propose that mutations that lead to incorrect folding destroy both catalytic (GPI) and neurotrophic (NLK) activities, thereby leading to the observed clinical symptoms (GPI Homburg). Those alterations at the active site, however, that allow correct folding retain the neurotrophic properties of the molecule (GPI Calden).     

Isolation and characterization of human glucose-6-phosphate isomerase isoforms containing two different size subunits

Previously undetected isoforms of human glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) have been isolated utilizing substrate-induced elution of the enzyme from spherical cross-linked phosphocellulose as an affinity ligand and subjected to a series of physical and chemical studies. The two major isoforms (1, 48%, pI 9.13; 2, 36%, pI 9.00) are homodimers of subunits of 63.2 kDa (Type-A) and are charge isomers, probably representing deamidation of specific Asn-Gly sequences as in other species. Isoform 3 (13%, pI 8.84) is a heterodimer composed of the Type-A subunit and a previously unreported larger subunit of 69.8 kDa (Type-B). Isoform 4 (3%, pI 8.62) is a BB-homodimer. Structural differences in the two types of subunits are also apparent from CNBr fragmentation patterns. Carbohydrate analyses show that, even though potential N- and O-linked glycosylation sites exist, the isoforms are not due to glycosylation. Recently recognized sequence similarities between GPI and the neurotropic lymphokine, neuroleukin (NLK) suggest that GPI and NLK are either derived from the same gene or represent modifications of the same protein. The possibility of NLK-GPI dimers exists, but the new isoforms identified in this study do not appear to represent hybrids of GPI subunits with mature NLK.     

Neuroleukin inhibition sensitises neuronal cells to caspase-dependent apoptosis

Neuroleukin (NLK) is a multifunctional protein, involved in neuronal growth, glucose metabolism, cell motility, and differentiation. Expressed in the brain, it supports the growth of embryonic spinal, skeletal motor, and sensory neurons. We have previously demonstrated that NLK is up-regulated in the brain during Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats. In order to study the biological role of NLK, we have generated an inducible rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line in which the expression of NLK is selectively down-regulated by antisense strategy. We show here that the block of NLK commits PC12 cells to caspase-dependent apoptosis. This priming effect elicited by NLK inhibition is independent from the differentiation state of the neuronal cells. These results suggest a general protective role of NLK in the control of cell death in neuronal cells.     

Analysis of immune response: comparison of immunoblots after isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using cytoplasmic protein extract from Brucella

Analysis of the immune response towards the facultative intracellular bacterium, Brucella melitensis, was studied by immunoblotting after either isoelectric focusing (IEF) or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A cytoplasmic extract (CPE) of Brucella melitensis was used as antigen to analyse the response in 17 sera from naturally infected goats. CPE analysed by IEF exhibited 25 proteins within the pH range of 4.35 to 6. Immunoblotting revealed most of the stained bands around pH 4.5-5.4. CPE analysed by SDS-PAGE showed more than 20 silver stained proteins in the molecular range of 16-18 kDa to 70 kDa but immunoblotting revealed only 1 to 6 bands according to the sera tested. Because proteins are preserved in their native state with IEF, in contrast to SDS-PAGE treatment, this technique may be best suited for analysis of the overall response to natural infection.     

Gymnemic acids inhibit rabbit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and induce a smearing of its electrophoretic band and dephosphorylation

Gymnemic acids (GA) inhibited rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity. Binding of GA to GAPDH was observed by surface plasmon resonance measurement. Incubation of GAPDH with GA induced a smearing of the GAPDH band in SDS-PAGE. The GA-induced smearing was diminished by prior incubation of GA with gamma-cyclodextrin or by GA treatment with NAD. GA treatment did not affect the electrophoretic mobility of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and dehydrogenase. GA treatment diminished the GAPDH band detected by an antibody to phosphoserine, but did not affect the phosphoserine bands of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and dehydrogenase. These results indicated that GA specifically induced dephosphorylation of GAPDH.     

菠菜叶片中乙醇酸氧化酶3种同工酶的生化特性

By DEAE cellulose and Sepharose 6B chromatography, the proteins containing glycolate oxidase isozymes GOⅡ and GOⅢ were extracted from spinach green leaves. The protein containing GOⅡ showed two bands of 67±2 kD and 40±2 kD in SDS PAGE whose specific activity of glycolate oxidase was 33.4 U·mg -1 ·min -1 .It migrated towards cathode in Native PAGE in pH 8.3 buffer system. pI of GOⅡwas about 9.4 detected by IEF. The protein containing GOⅢ showed three bands of 67±2 kD, 40±2 kD and 38±2 kD in SDS PAGE whose specific activity of glycolate oxidase 14.4 U·mg -1 ·min -1 and could not migrate anywhere in the same Native PAGE. pI of GOⅢ was about 8.3 detected by IEF. The 40±2 kD might be the subunits of GOⅡ and GOⅢ. Antibodies of the protein containing GOⅡ and GOⅢ were prepared respectively. GOⅡ was very unstable and could change into GOⅢ artifact; GOⅢ was also unstable and could change into GOⅠartifact whose Mr ≈470 kD and pI ≈7.4 . This GOⅠ(specific activity: 9.8 U·mg -1 ·min -1 ), showing one 40±2 kD band in SDS PAGE, could be purified on another Sepharose 6B chromatography. The specific activity of GOⅡ decreased rapidly to about half of its original value and then was relatively stable when stored in 50% glycerol at -20℃. The results above explained why GOⅡ was extracted difficultly, and GOⅢ were easily confused with GOⅠ and GOⅡ.     

人FKBP52的基因克隆、表达及活性研究

为获得具有生物学活性的hFKBP52,来筛选新型的促神经再生药物.采用半巢式、桥联PCR及亲和层析方法,从人胎脑cDNA文库中成功扩增出hFKBP52基因,在pET28a（+）中实现了高效、可溶性的融合表达,表达量约30%.重组的蛋白质经亲和纯化至电泳纯,纯化后的hFKBP52显示出肽基脯氨基顺反异构酶活性.表明原核表达的hFKBP52具有类似于其天然蛋白质的生物学活性.     

Porcine malignant hyperthermia carrier detection and chromosomal assignment using a linked probe

In pigs, the gene for glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) is linked to the halothane (HAL) gene which is responsible for malignant hyperthermia (MH). A single copy DNA probe, designated GPI8R, has been isolated from a pig genomic library using a porcine GPI cDNA probe. This probe detects, as was the case for the cDNA probe, a five allele polymorphism in SacI and PvuII digested pig DNA. Family studies show that this polymorphism is linked to the HAL locus and hence can be used in carrier detection. In situ hybridization with GPI8R assigned the GPI locus to bands p12-q22 of chromosome 6. We conclude that the HAL linkage group resides on chromosome 6.     

Multiple zeins from maize endosperms characterized by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography

The major storage proteins of maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm are located in protein bodies, and may be separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) into two major classes and four minor classes of polypeptides. The two major classes (commonly known as zeins) have been separated previously into a large number of components by isoelectric focusing (IEF). Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) further separated the major classes into additional components, and gave distinctive peaks for each minor zein class. Some IEF bands produced two or more HPLC fractions, while some HPLC fractions produced two or more IEF bands. Apparently identical IEF bands from different inbreds may appear in different fractions after HPLC. Thus the total number of zeins revealed by separations based on apparent size (SDS-PAGE), net charge (IEF), and hydrophobicity (HPLC) is very large. Different laboratories have developed diverse nomenclatures which cause much confusion. A key is presented to provide a flexible and expandable nomenclature for this complex group of proteins.     

大熊猫乳酸脱氢酶同工酶H_4的分离纯化和某些性质的研究

采用８－（６－氨己基）－氨基－５＇－ＡＭＰＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析法和ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ离子交换层析法从大熊猫心肌中分离纯化出了乳酸脱氢酶同工酶Ｈ４．纯化的大熊猫ＬＤＨ－Ｈ４,比活为４４５Ｕ／ｍｇ蛋白,经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ,ＰＡＧＥ,等电聚焦电泳鉴定均为一条带,其亚基分子量为３６０００,等电点为５．４５．经测定大熊猫ＬＤＨ－Ｈ亚基Ｎ端被封闭,Ｃ端氨基酸残基经测定为Ｌｅｕ．氨基酸组成分析表明每个亚基含有５个Ｃｙｓ,９个Ｍｅｔ．