植物戊糖磷酸途径及其两个关键酶的研究进展

戊糖磷酸途径是植物体中糖代谢的重要途径,主要生理功能是产生供还原性生物合成需要的NADPH,可供核酸代谢的磷酸戊糖以及一些中间产物可参与氨基酸合成和脂肪酸合成等。葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是戊糖磷酸途径的两个关键酶,广泛的分布于高等植物的胞质和质体中。本文综述了植物戊糖磷酸途径及其两个关键酶的分子生物学的研究进展,讨论了该途径在植物生长发育和环境胁迫应答中的作用。     

高等植物葡萄糖-6- 磷酸脱氢酶与6- 磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的不同进化起源

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是植物戊糖磷酸途径中的两个关键酶。在克隆了水稻质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因OsG6PDH2和质体6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因Os6PGDH2基础上,分析比较了水稻胞质和质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的基因结构、表达特性和进化地位。结合双子叶模式植物拟南芥两种酶基因的分析结果,认为高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因在进化方式上截然不同,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的胞质基因与动物和真菌等真核生物具有共同的祖先;6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的胞质酶和质体酶基因都起源于原核生物的内共生。讨论了植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因可能的进化模式,为高等植物及质体的进化起源提供了新的资料。     

植物戊糖磷酸途径及其两个关键酶的研究进展

戊糖磷酸途径是植物体中糖代谢的重要途径,主要生理功能是产生供还原性生物合成需要的NADPH,可供核酸代谢的磷酸戊糖以及一些中间产物可参与氨基酸合成和脂肪酸合成等.葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是戊糖磷酸途径的两个关键酶,广泛的分布于高等植物的胞质和质体中.本文综述了植物戊糖磷酸途径及其两个关键酶的分子生物学的研究进展,讨论了该途径在植物生长发育和环境胁迫应答中的作用.     

高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的不同进化起源

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是植物戊糖磷酸途径中的两个酶.在克隆了水稻质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因OsG6PDH2和质体6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因Os6PGDH2基础上,分析比较了水稻胞质和质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的基因结构、表达特性和进化地位.结合双子叶模式植物拟南芥两种酶基因的分析结果,认为高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因在进化方式上截然不同,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的胞质基因与动物和真菌等真核生物具有共同的祖先;6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的胞质酶和质体酶基因都起源于原核生物的内共生.讨论了植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因可能的进化模式,为高等植物及质体的进化起源提供了新的资料.     

人磷酸葡萄糖变位酶5对肝癌细胞生长和迁移的影响

目的:构建带有Flag标签的人磷酸葡萄糖变位酶5(PGM5)基因的真核表达载体,研究PGM5对肝癌细胞生长、迁移的影响.方法:以人乳腺文库为模板,采用PCR技术扩增PGM5基因编码序列,酶切后插入pcDNA3.0-Flag载体;将空载体与重组质粒分别转染293T细胞,Western印迹检测PGM5的表达;CCK8生长曲...     

海藻糖的生物合成和相关酶的特性

海藻糖［‘］（tlehalose）是一种由两个葡萄糖分子通过a,a—l,l糖昔键连接成的非还原性二糖。海藻糖广泛分布于微生物、植物、动物体内,其含量随生物所处生活环境而变化,是一种典型的代谢应激物。海藻糖不仅可以作为碳源和能源,而且还具有保存生物活力的特殊功能,使生物在许多不利情况（高温、脱水、冷冻等）下,维持细胞膜和蛋白质的稳定,由此可以使食品保鲜,可防止由白蛋白导致的疫苗血源污染,若取代白蛋白,应用于各类疫苗、诊断用品、各种酶、蛋白质、细胞因子、干扰素等,于室温保存数年不失效,并且其价格低廉,故具有应用…     

类风湿关节炎中葡萄糖-6-磷酸异构酶诊断的应用价值

目的:探讨类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)中葡萄糖-6-磷酸异构酶(glucose-6-phosphate isomerase,GPI)的检测及其临床意义.方法:用酶联免疫吸附试(ELISA)检测血清中GPI,其中40例RA患者血清中GPI浓度为(2.67±2.48)μg·ml-1,20例其他免疫疾病患者血清中GPI浓度(0.094±0.063)μg·ml-1、15例健康人对照组GPI为(0.091±0.062)μg·ml-1,RA患者同时还进行了类风湿因子(RF)、血沉(ESR)等检测.结果:RA活动组与RA非活动组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).通过回归分析发现关节肿胀、疼痛与GIP浓度正相关.GPI抗原对RA检测的敏感性为63.5%,特异性为96.3%.结论:GPI在部分RA病人血清中显著升高,有可能成为诊断RA及判断其疾病活动性的一个新指标.     

腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶的表达与结晶及其功能鉴定

6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶 (PbgL,EC 3.2.1.86) 催化由磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸 糖磷酸转移酶系统(PEP-PTS)转运入胞内的某些磷酸化二糖水解．一段来自腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌 (Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis) 编码PbgL (436个氨基酸残基) 的开放阅读框 (ORF TTE0337)被成功克隆,并在大肠杆菌BL21(Escherichia coliBL21)中有活性地表达．序列分析显示,该6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶属于糖基水解酶家族4(GH4),与枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的LicH,海栖热袍菌(Thermotoga Maritima)的BglT的一致性分别为62%和40%．纯化后的重组PbgL(rPbgL)经SDS-PAGE分析,为1条分子量约50 kD的蛋白条带,与推测的分子量大小一致．该酶需要Mn²⁺、NAD⁺ 和 还原剂为辅因子,能专一性地水解pNPβG6P,并在85 ℃达到最高酶活性．Western免疫印迹实验,利用针对rPbgL的多克隆抗体血清,能从腾冲嗜热厌氧杆菌胞内检测到PbgL的表达．此外,rPbgL的蛋白晶体已被筛选获得,并收集到2.4Å分辨率的衍射数据．采用分子置换法的结构解析目前仍在进行中．     

Compartmentation of high-energy phosphates in resting and working rat skeletal muscle

The subcellular distribution of high-energy phosphates in various types of skeletal muscle of the rat was analysed by subfractionation of tissues in non-aqueous solvents. Different glycolytic and oxidative capacities were calculated from the ratio of phosphoglycerate kinase and citrate synthase activities, ranging from 25 in m. soleus to 130 in m. tensor fasciae latae. In the resting state, the subcellular contents of ATP, creatine phosphate and creatine were similar in m. soleus, m. vastus intermedius, m. gastrocnemius and m. tensor fasciae latae but, significantly, a higher extramitochondrial ADP-content was found in m. soleus. A similar observation was made in isometrically and isotonically working m. gastrocnemius. The extramitochondrial, bound ADP accounted fully for actin-binding sites in resting fast-twitch muscles, but an excess of bound ADP was found in m. soleus and working m. gastrocnemius. The amount of non-actin-bound ADP reached maximal values of approx. 1.2 nmol/mg total protein. It could not be enhanced further by prolonged isotonic stimulation or by increased isometric force development. It is suggested that non-actin-bound ADP is accounted for by actomyosin-ADP complexes generated during the contraction cycle. Binding of extramitochondrial ADP to actomyosin complexes in working muscles thus acts as a buffer for cytosolic ADP in addition to the creatine system, maintaining a high cytosolic phosphorylation potential also at increasing rates of ATP hydrolysis during muscle contraction.     

L6 skeletal muscle cells have functional V1-vasopressin receptors coupled to stimulated inositol phospholipid metabolism

The effects of vasopressin and related peptides upon the rat skeletal muscle cell line, L6, have been examined. No effects upon cellular cyclic AMP levels were found indicating that L6 cells possess no functional V₂-vasopressin receptors. Vasopressin and its analogues did, however, stimulate the rapid and dose-dependent accumulation of inositol phosphates. This effect and the rank order of potency of vasopressin analogues demonstrate the presence of functional V₁-vasopressin receptors upon L6 cells. These results suggest that the L6 line may be a useful model for vasopressin effects upon skeletal muscle metabolism.     

Intracellular distribution of fumarase in rat skeletal muscle

The distribution of fumarase activity between the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments of rat skeletal muscle was studied using the method of Fatania and Dalziel (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 631 (1980) 11–19), fractional extraction technique and a method based on the calculation of mitochondrial protein content in the tissue and on the determination of fumarase activity both in the tissue homogenate and in the isolated mitochondria. We found 10%, 5% and 0% of the total fumarase activity in the cytoplasm using these methods, respectively. The results suggest that no more than 10% of the total fumarase activity is present in the cytosolic fraction of rat skeletal muscle. The metabolic consequences of such distribution of fumarase in skeletal muscle are discussed.     

The 2.2 A resolution structure of RpiB/AlsB from Escherichia coli illustrates a new approach to the ribose-5-phosphate isomerase reaction

Ribose-5-phosphate isomerases (EC 5.3.1.6) interconvert ribose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate. This reaction permits the synthesis of ribose from other sugars, as well as the recycling of sugars from nucleotide breakdown. Two unrelated types of enzyme can catalyze the reaction. The most common, RpiA, is present in almost all organisms (including Escherichia coli), and is highly conserved. The second type, RpiB, is present in some bacterial and eukaryotic species and is well conserved. In E.coli, RpiB is sometimes referred to as AlsB, because it can take part in the metabolism of the rare sugar, allose, as well as the much more common ribose sugars. We report here the structure of RpiB/AlsB from E.coli, solved by multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) phasing, and refined to 2.2A resolution. RpiB is the first structure to be solved from pfam02502 (the RpiB/LacAB family). It exhibits a Rossmann-type alphabetaalpha-sandwich fold that is common to many nucleotide-binding proteins, as well as other proteins with different functions. This structure is quite distinct from that of the previously solved RpiA; although both are, to some extent, based on the Rossmann fold, their tertiary and quaternary structures are very different. The four molecules in the RpiB asymmetric unit represent a dimer of dimers. Active-site residues were identified at the interface between the subunits, such that each active site has contributions from both subunits. Kinetic studies indicate that RpiB is nearly as efficient as RpiA, despite its completely different catalytic machinery. The sequence and structural results further suggest that the two homologous components of LacAB (galactose-6-phosphate isomerase) will compose a bi-functional enzyme; the second activity is unknown.     

Immunohistochemical localization of 14 kDa β-galactoside-binding lectin in various organs of rat

Summary Immunohistochemical localization of 14 kDa -galactoside-binding lectin in various organs of adult rat was achieved using a monospecific antibody raised against lectin purified from rat lung. The antibody-stained cells were formed into small aggregates, thin fascicles, or thick bundles in the walls of blood vessels, gastrointestinal tracts and urogenital organs. From the patterns of distribution, as well as their organization, these immunoreactive cells were regarded as smooth muscle cells. This was confirmed by a double immunofluorescence study using a mixture of anti 14 kDa lectin and anti -smooth muscle-specific actin antibodies. Strong 14 kDa lectin immunoreactivity was seen in the pericellular matrix of smooth muscle cells in intact organs as well as in detergent-treated organs from which all cellular components were extracted. From these findings, it is suggested that the 14 kDa lectin may be externalized by smooth muscle cells into their pericellular matrix and participate in the crosslinking of the complementary glycoconjugate(s) localized at that site. The macromolecular complex of glycoconjugates thus formed around smooth muscle cells may play a role in anchoring smooth muscle cells to the pericellular connective tissue thereby permitting the force of muscle contraction to be efficiently transmitted to the surrounding connective tissue proper.     

Reversal of muscle hypertrophy in the rat urinary bladder after removal of urethral obstruction

We studied the ultrastructure of the bladder musculature after first inducing hypertrophy by means of urethral obstruction and subsequently removing the obstruction. With hypertrophy the bladder musculature increases ten-fold or more in volume; after de-obstruction approximately 4/5 of the hypertrophic muscle weight and volume is lost within six weeks. In spite of this very large decrease in muscle mass there is no degeneration of muscle cells or nerve endings or of other cell types in the de-obstructed bladder either at 5 days or at 6 weeks. The individual muscle cells are smaller in size than in the hypertrophic bladder but still larger than control muscle cells. The decrease in muscle cell size is more substantial than the decrease in muscle cell surface. There are no lysosomes or other signs of intracellular degradation in any cells of the muscle layer. The musculature contains a very large amount of intercellular material, mainly collagen. This study documents the great plasticity of the musculature in the reduction of muscle mass after de-obstruction. However, some of the fine structural features are almost as different from the controls as in the hypertrophic muscle.