植物DNA双链断裂修复的保守性和特异性

文章概述了植物DNA双链断裂（double-strand break,DSB）修复的研究进展。从酵母、脊椎动物、植物在此领域已取得的成果来看,真核生物DSB修复在过程和参与蛋白方面均有一定的进化保守性;另一方面,植物的DSB修复有其特异之处。     

DNA双链断裂修复途径的选择与调控

DNA双链断裂(double strand break,DSB)是一种导致基因组不稳定性的高毒性损伤,可引起染色质畸变诱发癌症.真核生物中演化出多条保守的DSB损伤修复途径,其中最重要的修复途径是典型的非同源末端连接(clas-sical non-homologous end joining,cNHEJ)和同源重组(h...     

DNA双链断裂损伤修复系统研究进展

多种内源或外源因素都能造成细胞基因组DNA损伤,细胞内建立了复杂的修复系统来应对不同形式的损伤。其中DNA双链断裂(DNA double-strand breaks,DSBs)作为最严重的损伤形式,主要激活同源重组修复(Homologous recombination repair)和非同源末端连接(Non-homologous end joining)通路。这两条通路都是由多个修复元件参与、经过多步反应的复杂过程。两者各具特点、协同作用,共同维护细胞基因组的稳定性。对其分子机制的阐明为肿瘤放化疗的辅助治疗提供了潜在的作用靶点。     

DNA双链断裂与同源重组修复机理研究进展

双链断裂（double strand breaks,DSBs)是细胞染色体复制过程中经常出现的DNA损伤,它的修复过程顺真核生物中以同源重组（homology recombination,HR)修复为主。正常机体中有着一系列的基因和蛋白及时修复复这些损伤,这些蛋白归属于RAD52上位性集团（RAD52epistasis group)。它们对细胞发挥功能和维持生存意义重大,近来国外研究十分活跃。     

聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖聚合酶1与DNA双链断裂修复的相关性

DNA双链断裂(double strand breaks,DSBs)是细胞最严重的DNA损伤形式。细胞通过同源重组(homologous recombination,HR)和非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)途径修复DNA双链断裂损伤。聚腺苷二磷酸核糖基化(poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation,PARylation)是蛋白质翻译后修饰过程,这个过程由聚腺苷二磷酸 核糖聚合酶家族(poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases,PARPs)催化完成。PARP1作为PARPs家族最重要的成员,其在DNA损伤应答方面发挥重要作用。研究显示,PARP1在DSBs修复过程中发挥关键作用,参与DSBs的早期应答反应及其具体修复途径,可依据KU蛋白的存在与否发挥不同的特定作用。本文较全面地综述了PARP1在DNA双链断裂修复方面的潜在作用,将为临床疾病的诊治提供新的思路。     

RAD51调控REV1参与DNA双链断裂修复

REV1是跨损伤聚合酶Y家族的重要成员之一,它不仅作为支架蛋白介导Y家族聚合酶招募至损伤位点完成跨损伤DNA合成(translesion DNA synthesis, TLS),还可利用自身的dCMP转移酶活性在一些损伤位点对侧整合dCMP参与TLS。此外,REV1也被报导参与调控同源重组修复。为进一步探讨REV1互作蛋白RAD51和RAD51C在其参与的同源重组修复通路中的调控作用,本研究采用脉冲氮激光微辐射实验,发现RAD51可调控REV1到双链断裂位点的募集。同时,免疫荧光实验结果证明REV1也反过来影响RAD51应答CPT损伤。然而敲低RAD51C并不影响REV1到DNA双链断裂位点的招募。结果表明,REV1和RAD51在HR通路中存在彼此相互调控的关系。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂对DNA双链断裂修复路径的作用

DNA双链断裂(double strand breaks, DSBs)对细胞生存是致命的.细胞内非同源末端连接(NHEJ)、重组修复(HDR)、单链退火修复(SSA)和微同源序列末端连接(MMEJ)等通路可竞争性修复DNA双链断裂损伤.在肿瘤细胞DNA中制造难以修复的基因损伤,诱导肿瘤细胞周期中止、坏死和凋亡是临床放、化疗的主要策略.组蛋白去乙酰化酶（histone deacetylase）作为抗肿瘤治疗的新靶标,其抑制剂(histonedeacetylase inhibitors, HDACi)可显著降低肿瘤细胞DSBs修复能力,增强肿瘤细胞的放、化疗敏感性.研究显示,HDACi抑制了肿瘤细胞中具有正确修复倾向的HDR和经典NHEJ通路,具有错误修复倾向的SSA和MMEJ路径也可能牵涉其中.目前,HDACi作用于DSBs修复通路的分子机制已取得较大进展,但仍有许多问题有待阐明.     

DNA双链断裂修复与重症联合免疫缺陷

DNA双链断裂(double-strand breaks, DSBs)是细胞DNA损伤的主要类型,它的修复通过同源重组(HR)和非同源末端连接(NHEJ)两种机制实现.NHEJ是人和哺乳动物细胞DSBs修复的重要通路,主要由DNA依赖性蛋白激酶(DNA-PK)、X射线修复交叉互补蛋白4(XRCC4)、DNA连接酶Ⅳ、Artemis、XLF/Cernunnos和其它DNA损伤修复辅助因子组成.本文重点介绍了NHEJ机制主要成分的特性及其功能,以及这些组分的基因发生突变或缺失所引起的DSBs修复缺陷与辐射敏感性重症联合免疫缺陷(radiosensitive severe combined immunodeficiencies, RS-SCIDs).     

耐辐射球菌DNA双链断裂修复机制研究新进展

耐辐射球菌对于电离辐射等DNA损伤剂具有极强的抗性,能够将同一个基因组中同时产生的高达100个以上的DNA双链断裂在数十小时内高效而精准地进行修复,是研究DNA双链断裂修复机制的重要模式生物。同源重组、非同源末端连接和单链退火途径作为3个主要的修复途径参与了耐辐射球菌基因组DNA双链断裂的修复过程。此外,一系列新发现的重要蛋白质,如Ppr I、Ddr B等对于耐辐射球菌基因组的修复过程同样至关重要。根据本实验室和国内外在这一研究领域近年来的报道,以不同的修复途径为线索,综述该菌DNA双链断裂修复机制的最新研究成果。     

电离辐射诱导的DNA双链断裂

利用γ射线和不同ＬＥＴ的碳离子幅照小鼠Ｂ１６黑色素瘤细胞、Ｈｅｌａ细胞、Ｖ７９中国仓鼠肺细胞和人肝癌ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１细胞的ＤＮＡ,采用脉冲场凝电泳结合荧光扫描技术研究了ＤＮＡ双链断裂（ＤＳＢ）片段的分布。结果发现ＤＳＢ片段是非随机分布的,而且这种分布与ＤＮＡ序列有关。原因可能在于沉积的能量直接或间接沿ＤＮＡ链迁移,链上相对较弱的化学键优先产生反应,并最终导致链的断裂,从而引起断裂的不均匀分布。     

The dystonia gene THAP1 controls DNA double-strand break repair choice

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Regulation of DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice

DNA double-strand breaks （DSBs） are critical lesions that can result in cell death or a wide variety of genetic alterations including largeor small-scale deletions, loss of heterozygosity, translocations, and chromosome loss. DSBs are repaired by non-homologous end-joining （NHEJ） and homologous recombination （HR）, and defects in these pathways cause genome instability and promote tumorigenesis. DSBs arise from endogenous sources including reactive oxygen species generated during cellular metabolism, collapsed replication forks, and nucleases, and from exogenous sources including ionizing radiation and chemicals that directly or indirectly damage DNA and are commonly used in cancer therapy. The DSB repair pathways appear to compete for DSBs, but the balance between them differs widely among species, between different cell types of a single species, and during different cell cycle phases of a single cell type. Here we review the regulatory factors that regulate DSB repair by NHEJ and HR in yeast and higher eukaryotes. These factors include regulated expression and phosphorylation of repair proteins, chromatin modulation of repair factor accessibility, and the availability of homologous repair templates. While most DSB repair proteins appear to function exclusively in NHEJ or HR, a number of proteins influence both pathways, including the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1（XRS2） complex, BRCA1, histone H2AX, PARP-1, RAD18, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit （DNA-PKcs）, and ATM. DNA-PKcs plays a role in mammalian NHEJ, but it also influences HR through a complex regulatory network that may involve crosstalk with ATM, and the regulation of at least 12 proteins involved in HR that are phosphorylated by DNA-PKcs and/or ATM.     

Collaboration and competition between DNA double-strand break repair pathways

DNA double-strand breaks resulting from normal cellular processes including replication and exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation pose a serious risk to genome stability, and cells have evolved different mechanisms for their efficient repair. The two major pathways involved in the repair of double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells are non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Numerous factors affect the decision to repair a double-strand break via these pathways, and accumulating evidence suggests these major repair pathways both cooperate and compete with each other at double-strand break sites to facilitate efficient repair and promote genomic integrity.     

Tetramerization and DNA ligase IV interaction of the DNA double-strand break repair protein XRCC4 are mutually exclusive

The XRCC4 protein is of critical importance for the repair of broken chromosomal DNA by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The absence of XRCC4 abolishes chromosomal NHEJ almost completely. One reason for this severe phenotype is that XRCC4 binds and modulates the stability and activity of the NHEJ-specific ligase, DNA ligase IV. XRCC4 in solution is in equilibrium between the dimeric and tetrameric forms. Previous structural studies have shown that the interface between dimers is located in the same region as that implicated in DNA ligase IV interaction. With the use of equilibrium sedimentation analysis, we show here that only the XRCC4 dimer can associate with DNA ligase IV, forming a monodisperse complex of 2:1 stoichiometry in solution. In addition, physical analysis of XRCC4/DNA ligase IV complex formation, combined with mutational analysis of XRCC4, indicates that tetramerization and DNA ligase IV binding are mutually exclusive. We propose that the putative function of the XRCC4 tetramer is distinct from its DNA ligase IV-associated function.     

Protein phosphatase PP4 is involved in NHEJ-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks

Reversible phosphorylation is an essential posttranslational modification to turn on/off a protein function and to regulate many cellular activities, including DNA repair. A DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most lethal form of DNA damage and is mainly fixed by the error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair and by the high-fidelity homology recombination (HR)-mediated repair. We found previously that protein phosphatase PP4 is required for HR-mediated DSB repair. In this report, we showed that depletion of PP4C by siRNA compromised NHEJ-mediated repair of DSBs induced by the nuclease I-SceI. Both PP4C and its regulatory subunit PP4R2 physically interacted with the chromatin condensation factor KAP1 (KRAB-associated protein 1). Depletion of PP4C led to sustained phosphorylation of KAP1 at Ser824. Conversely, overexpression of PP4C resulted in a decrease of KAP1 phosphorylation. PP4 dephosphorylated pKAP1 in vitro. Inhibition of KAP1 expression resulted in a defect on NHEJ-mediated DSB repair, and co-depletion of PP4c and KAP1 did not have significant synergistic effect on NHEJ-mediated DSB repair. Taken together, our results suggest that PP4C and KAP1 are in the same epistasis group, and PP4 is involved in NHEJ-mediated DSB repair, possibly through regulating the phosphorylation status of KAP1.     

ER stress suppresses DNA double-strand break repair and sensitizes tumor cells to ionizing radiation by stimulating proteasomal degradation of Rad51

In this study, we provide evidence that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress suppresses DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and increases radiosensitivity of tumor cells by altering Rad51 levels. We show that the ER stress inducer tunicamycin stimulates selective degradation of Rad51 via the 26S proteasome, impairing DSB repair and enhancing radiosensitivity in human lung cancer A549 cells. We also found that glucose deprivation, which is a physiological inducer of ER stress, triggered similar events. These findings suggest that ER stress caused by the intratumoral environment influences tumor radiosensitivity, and that it has potential as a novel target to improve cancer radiotherapy.