Ashes in Europe are in danger: the invasive range of Agrilus planipennis in European Russia is expanding

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera, Buprestidae), is a pest of ash native to Asia. This major stem borer has killed millions of ash trees in North America. It was first found in Europe in 2003 in the city of Moscow. Now it is rapidly spreading in European Russia. In 2012 A. planipennis was found in the Tula, Kaluga, and Smolensk regions. A survey of green plantations in 22 localities in 2013 has revealed that A. planipennis occurs also in the Tver, Orel, Voronezh, Tambov, and Yaroslavl regions. It occurs 230 km northeast, 350 km southeast, and 460 km south from Moscow. Most ashes in the Moscow region, both alien American Fraxinus pennsylvanica and the indiginous European ash Fraxinus excelsior, are dying or already dead. Thousands of trees in other regions are seriously damaged. The pest will cross the western border of Russia soon. It represents a serious threat for ashes in other European countries.     

Genetic analysis of emerald ash borer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrilus planipennis</Emphasis> Fairmaire) populations in Asia and North America

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive pest of North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees first discovered outside of its native range of northeastern Asia in 2002. EAB spread from its initial zone of discovery in the Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario metropolitan areas, in large part, from inadvertent human-assisted movement of infested ash materials. EAB infestations are now known in 15 US states and two Canadian provinces. The primary goal of this study was to use molecular markers to characterize the population genetic structure of EAB in its native and introduced range. This information may provide valuable insights on the geographic origin, potential host range, invasion potential, and additional biological control agents for ongoing management efforts of this destructive wood-boring beetle. EAB were collected from 17 localities in its native Asian range and from 7 localities in North America, and population structure analyzed using mtDNA gene sequences, AFLP fingerprints, and alleles at 2 microsatellite loci. Analysis of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI; 439 bp) sequences revealed all North American individuals carry a common mtDNA haplotype also found in China and South Korea. Additional mtDNA haplotypes observed in China and South Korea differed from the common haplotype by 1–2 nucleotide substitutions and a single individual from Japan differed by 21 nucleotide changes (4.8%). Analysis using AFLP fingerprints (108 loci) indicated Asian populations were more highly variable, yet had less overall population structure, than the North American populations. North American populations appear most closely related to populations in our sample from the Chinese provinces of Hebei and Tianjin City. Further, population assignment tests assigned 88% of the individual beetles from North America to either Hebei or Tianjin City.     

Rail transport as a vector of emerald ash borer

1. The emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is an invasive woodboring beetle native to northeastern Asia that continues to expand its range within North America and European Russia. The insect reproduces within and kills most North American species of ash Fraxinus spp.
2. Because both the adult and larval life stages of EAB are difficult to detect prior to development of tree symptoms, much work has focused on quantifying spread and clarifying the potential movement pathways to improve early detection and monitoring strategies.
3. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed county‐level infestations of emerald ash borer in the state of Iowa, U.S.A., subsequent to the initial detection of EAB in 2010. Visual data analysis had suggested that new infestations were not in accordance with the expected patterns of establishment along roads, near campgrounds or by large population centres.
4. We found a positive correlation between the establishment and detection of EAB in Iowa counties and the length of railroads in each county. To our knowledge, this is the first statistically significant association between rail pathways and the spread of EAB on the North American continent.

     

Drought stress increased survival and development of emerald ash borer larvae on coevolved Manchurian ash and implicates phloem‐based traits in resistance

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Effects of the emerald ash borer invasion on four species of birds

The emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis, first detected in 2002 in the vicinity of Detroit, Michigan, USA, is one of the most recent in a long list of introduced insect pests that have caused serious damage to North American forest trees, in this case ash trees in the genus Fraxinus. We used data from Project FeederWatch, a citizen science program focused on winter bird populations, to quantify the effects of EAB invasion on four species of resident, insectivorous birds known or likely to be EAB predators: three woodpecker species and the white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). We compared relative numbers of birds within 50 km of the epicenter of the region where EAB was first detected, an area known to have suffered high ash tree mortality by 2008, to numbers 50–100 km from the epicenter and to control sites within 50 km of five comparable Midwestern cities where damage due to EAB has yet to be severe. We found evidence for significant effects on all four of the species in response to the EAB invasion in the highly impacted region, with red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) and white-breasted nuthatches showing numerical increases while downy woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) and hairy woodpeckers (Picoides villosus) initially declined but exhibited at least temporary increases several years later. Temporal correlation analyses failed to provide support for immigration being a major cause of the elevated numbers in the highly impacted area, and thus these results are consistent with the hypothesis that increases were due to enhanced survival and/or reproduction associated with the EAB invasion within the highly impacted area. Results suggest that the continuing invasion of EAB into new areas is likely to significantly alter avian communities, although not always in ways that will be easy to predict.     

Temperature responses of carbon dioxide fluxes from coarse dead wood in a black ash wetland

Wetlands Ecology and Management - The invasive emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) causes widespread ash tree mortality in North America, and the CO2 efflux (respiration, F) from...     

花曲柳窄吉丁的寄主植物范围、危害和防治对策

花曲柳窄吉丁(emerald ash borer, EAB) Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire是木犀科（Oleaceae）梣属Fraxinus植物树木的毁灭性蛀干害虫,目前发现其主要危害欧梣亚属Subgen. Fraxinus欧梣组(Section Fraxinus)和象蜡树组（Section Meliodes）的一些树木种类,如美国白蜡Fraxinus americana、洋白蜡F. pennsylvanica var subintegerrima、绒毛白蜡F. velutina、黑白蜡F. nigra和水曲柳F. mandshurica等。与早期文献上的记载不同,很少发现花曲柳窄吉丁对苦枥木亚属Subgen. Ornus白蜡树组(Section Ornaster)的白蜡树F. chinensis Roxb和花曲柳F. rhynchophylla造成危害。不同寄主白蜡树对花曲柳窄吉丁的敏感性不同,洋白蜡、绒毛白蜡等北美白蜡树种受其危害重于亚洲的水曲柳。这可能是由于长期的适应进化,分布在亚洲地区的梣属寄主树木发展了对花曲柳窄吉丁的抗虫性。中国部分地区发生的花曲柳窄吉丁灾害应该归属于引进的北美白蜡树种对本地害虫敏感所致。在天津、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、山东、四川、台湾、内蒙古和新疆等省市和自治区,都曾发现花曲柳窄吉丁的危害或分布。白蜡属树木广泛分布于我国除了青藏地区和海南省之外的大部分地区,其中大面积引种北美白蜡树种的北方和西北地区,以及近年来种植发展水曲柳的东北地区都是花曲柳窄吉丁这种毁灭性蛀干害虫的潜在发生地。花曲柳窄吉丁在我国部分地区为检疫性林业害虫,做好检疫是杜绝其扩散蔓延的首要方法。我国局部地区出现花曲柳窄吉丁灾害说明,北美白蜡树种在我国的适应性还需要进行更进一步科学的全面的风险评估,在我国生态建设中应重视利用我国本地的白蜡树种。在花曲柳窄吉丁灾害的治理中,可采用营造混交林以降低蔓延的速度和发挥自然控制能力,加强肥水管理以增强树木的抗虫能力,清除被害木消灭虫源,以及幼虫期树干注射、成虫期喷洒化学农药等防治措施。     

Ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality,regeneration, and seed bank dynamics in mixed hardwood forests following invasion by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis)

Emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis) has killed millions of ash trees and threatens ash throughout North America, and long-term persistence of ash will depend on the potential for regeneration. We quantified ash demography, including mortality and regeneration, of Fraxinus americana (white ash), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), and Fraxinus nigra (black ash) in mixed hardwood forests near the epicenter of the EAB invasion in southeastern Michigan and throughout Ohio. Plots were established across a gradient of ash densities. Ash was the most important species in hydric sites, and ranked second among all species in mesic and xeric sites. In sites nearest the epicenter in Michigan, ash mortality exceeded 99 % by 2009, and few or no newly germinated ash seedlings were observed, leaving only an “orphaned cohort” of established ash seedlings and saplings. As ash mortality increased, the number of viable ash seeds in soil samples decreased sharply, and no viable seeds were collected in 2007 or 2008. In Ohio sites farther from the epicenter, densities of new ash seedlings were much higher in plots with healthy ash trees compared to plots where trees had died. EAB was still present in low densities in Michigan and Ohio stands in 2012 where average mortality of ash was nearly 100 %. The future of ash at these sites will depend on the outcome of the dynamic interaction between the orphaned cohort of previously established ash seedlings and saplings and low density EAB populations.     

Effects of the emerald ash borer invasion on the community composition of arthropods associated with ash tree boles in Maryland,U.S.A.

1. Emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire is an invasive non‐native woodboring beetle that has killed hundreds of millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. Identifying the arthropod community associated with ash trees has been highlighted as an important research requirement in understanding the wider effects of EAB.
2. We harvested live ash trees infested with EAB at 37 sites in Maryland from 2011 to 2014 and collected a total of 2031 arthropods. All arthropods were identified to order and 94.6% were identified to family or below. The community comprised 13 orders, 60 families and 41 genera, with 28 arthropod species identified. Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera accounted for 98.3% of arthropods collected.
3. Data on changes in richness and diversity over time were fitted to second‐order polynomial models, corresponding with a transition in the dominant taxa from woodboring beetles (Cerambycidae) to parasitoids (Braconidae and Eulophidae). This resulted in changes to community composition as the EAB infestation intensified.
4. The findings of the present study provide further evidence of the diversity of arthropods at risk from EAB. Given the number of invasive non‐native insects threatening North American forests, establishing what taxa are present is important for predicting the likely broader impacts of these invasions.

     

The life cycle of the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis in European Russia and comparisons with its life cycles in Asia and North America

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