大头茶族的范围及族内属的界限

广义大头茶族几乎包括了整个山茶亚科的属,分群的界限不够明确,易于造成混乱,经过研究,作者所持的是狭义大头茶族的概念。考察这一族包括Polyspora, Gordonia和Laplacea三个属形态特征上的差异和洲际分布的事实,这三个属虽然有共同的祖先,但由于演化上的歧异,仍应作为独立的属看待。在划分属的界限上,苞被分化与否和花部其他形态的差异具有最重要的意义,花粉表面纹饰的差异也可作为一种依据。Polyspora种群划分也被讨论。     

柃属植物种子微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜对35种1变种柃属(Eurya)植物种子的微形态特征进行了研究,并采用相对大小(长×宽)RS值和种皮表面纹饰作为种子形态比较的特征参数。结果显示,柃属种子根据相对大小RS值可划分为小型(RS<1.0),中型(1.03.0)三个等级,最小的种子相对大小不足0.5,最大的种子相对大小超过10;种皮表面纹饰分为负网纹和网纹两种类型,网纹类型在网眼的方向性、网眼形状、网眼深度、网脊特点等方面呈现出种间多样性,可用于类群的比较和鉴别。文中同时还探讨了种子大小及种皮微形态在属内的系统发育关系,推测了种皮表面纹饰的演化路线,研究结果表明种子的微形态特征对本属植物系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,可为属内一些关键种系统位置的分析提供重要佐证。     

23种伞形科植物果实形态及其分类学意义

该实验采用徒手切片法对伞形科17属23种植物的果实进行了外部形态和解剖特征的观察,结果表明:伞形科果实有背腹压扁、两侧压扁和不压扁3种类型;侧棱有宽、有窄;油管的分布有棱槽单油管型和棱槽多油管型;花柱基多数为圆锥状,少数种的花柱基为扁平垫状;萼齿明显或不明显。通过进一步对属间和属内果实解剖特征的比较得出:(1)果实表面被钩刺或刚毛及果棱特征在属间差异明显,在属内表现出一致性,可作为伞形科属间分类的依据。(2)果实横切面的形状、胚乳腹面的凹凸以及萼齿的形态特征在属内种间的分类研究中有重要的意义。基于果实形态特征,编制了17属23种植物的分种检索表。     

Sclerotesta morphology and its systematic implications in magnoliaceous seeds

Seeds of 101 species from 14 genera were observed using stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. Sclerotesta morphology is stable within the genera of Magnoliaceae. Two different morphological types are described according to features of the chalazal region, which have great value in classification and have been found only in Magnoliaceae. One is the pore type, characterized by being simple, observed in the relatively primitive taxa of this family, including Manglietia, Pachylarnax, Magnolia (19 species), Aromadendron, Talauma (eight species), Parakmeria (one species), Kmeria (one species), Elmerrillia and Liriodendron . The other one is the tube type, which is characterized by having a more complex structure consisting of a central hollow tube contained within a hole. This type was observed in relatively advanced taxa, including Manglietiastrum, Magnolia (15 species), Talauma (three species), Parakmeria (four species), Kmeria (one species), Alcimandra, Michelia, Paramichelia and Tsoongiodendron . Transitional types between these two were observed in some species of Magnolia . Chalazal region morphology, together with other useful sclerotesta characters, including seed size, shape, the raphal sinus and the external surface of the sclerotesta, may be used as diagnostic characteristics of genera, and even species in Magnoliaceae. A key to identify the different genera is supplied.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 142 , 407–424.     

Wood anatomy of the subfamily Crotonoideae (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) from India: systematic implications with special reference to the taxonomic delimitation of Givotia and Vernicia

The wood anatomy of 15 representative species belonging to 12 genera of nine tribes of the subfamily Crotonoideae (Euphorbiaceae) are comprehensively described with focus on systematic implications. In addition, ecological and evolutionary aspects are evaluated. An identification key to the species based on wood anatomical features is presented. The wood microstructure of the tribes was found to be considerably heterogeneous reflecting an unnatural classification of the subfamily. However, the results confirm the generic relationship within subtribe Aleuritinae and tribe Ricinodendreae. Vernicia and Givotia may be recognized based on wood anatomical and morphological characters. The tribes Micrandreae and Adenoclineae have considerable similarity in wood anatomy. The wood structure of the monogeneric tribes Trigonostemoneae and Geloneae idicate a close relationship with the tribe Crotoneae.     

国产柽柳科3属6种植物营养枝的解剖观察

对国产柽柳科3属6种植物(琵琶柴、沙生柽柳、山川柽柳、多枝柽柳、刚毛柽柳、疏花水柏枝)营养枝解剖结构的比较研究表明：其当年生营养枝在表皮是否具毛、皮层细胞的形态结构、维管束排列方式、形成层的发生、髓部面积及内含物等性状上存在差异,并根据这些差异列出了分属检索表。所选6种植物生态型各不相同,其中琵琶柴为地带性超旱生小半灌木,柽柳为非地带性的潜水性旱、中生灌木,疏花水柏枝为湿、中生灌木。通过比较这6种植物的解剖结构,发现随着生境由湿生向旱生变化,营养枝解剖结构也发生了相应的变化,并与生境形成了良好的适应。     

Systematics of the genera of Bodotriidae (Crustacea: Cumacea)

The cumacean family Bodotriidae includes 382 species in 31 genera grouped in three subfamilies: Bodotriinae, Mancocumatinae and Vaunthompsoniinae. Generic diagnoses are based on few characters that often have overlapping states among genera, complicating the understanding of the relationships within the group. The goals of this study are to illuminate the phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Bodotriidae using morphological characters and to review the systematics of the family. For this purpose, all species within each genus were studied from the literature to code all the variability of genera for 109 variable morphological characters. Phylogenetic analyses show that there is independent reduction of the pleopods in two clades from a plesiomorphic state of five pairs, while the number of exopods of peraeopods has been reduced gradually in more derived groups of bodotriids. The subfamily Bodotriinae is the most derived and the Vaunthompsoniinae the most basal, and is paraphyletic with the Mancocumatinae embedded within it. No discriminatory characters were found between the subfamilies Mancocumatinae and Vaunthompsoniinae and they are not clearly separated in the phylogeny. Mancocumatinae is synonymized with Vaunthompsoniinae and all the genera of the former Mancocumatinae should be included within Vaunthompsoniinae. Analyses of character evolution justify a few other taxonomic changes. All genera were redescribed based on all the coded characters and a complete list of all valid species for each genus is included. Finally, dichotomous keys for identification to genus level are provided.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 151 , 1–58.     

Two new genera of Laboulbeniales allied to Zodiomyces

Two new genera of Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota) allied to Zodiomyces (Zodiomycetoideae) are described. These are Capillistichus with the single species C. tenellus, parasitic on Laccobius spp. (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae), and Scepastocarpus with the single species S. peritheciiformis, parasitic on Hydrochus spp. (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Both genera and species are from Spanish collections. Perithecial characters appear to be similar in the two new genera and in the related Zodiomyces, becoming a diagnostic character of the group (subfamily Zodiomycetoideae). Receptacular characters form the basis of separation into genera. To complete the study of all the taxa included in the subfamily, specimens and type slides of all three species of Zodiomyces have been reviewed.     

Systematic and phylogenetic implications of the wood anatomy of six Neotropical genera of Primulaceae

Our main goals were to identify diagnostic characters at the species, genus, and subfamily levels, find anatomical features with potential for future morphological and molecular (combined) phylogenetic analyses, and to reconstruct the evolution of wood anatomical characters in two subfamilies of Primulaceae in a molecular phylogenetic framework. We investigated twenty-seven species from the woody Myrsinoideae (4 genera) and Theophrastoideae (2 genera) using scanning electron, light, and epifluorescence microscopy. Samples were prepared using standard protocols. Based on the wood anatomical characters, we were able to identify synapomorphies and to detect evolutionary trends of interest for the genera and subfamilies. Both subfamilies share the presence of diffuse porosity, simple perforation plates, septate fibres, and scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma. Theophrastoideae species have rays?>?10 cells wide and short (<?350 µm) vessel elements, and Myrsinoideae have breakdown areas in rays and longer vessel elements. Ardisia and Stylogyne have scalariform intervessel pits, Myrsine exhibit breakdown areas in rays, and two Cybianthus species from subgenus Weilgetia have distinguishing features (e.g., scalariform perforation plate in C. nemoralis and the absence of rays in C. densiflorus). Overall, when combining characters, we were able to segregate the Neotropical Primulaceae subfamilies and genera from each other and from the subfamily Maesoideae based on wood anatomy.     

国产大头茶属的分类处理

东亚-北美间断分布的大头茶属Gordonia不是一个单系类群,北美和东亚的种类应该处理成两个不同的属,东亚(包括中国)的种类应该使用Polyspora这一属名。根据最新的研究结果对产自中国的该类植物作了正式的分类学处理。     

Pollen morphology of the Chloridoideae (Gramineae)

Pollen grains of 57 species (representing 42 genera) of the Chloridoideae have been investigated using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two aperture patterns and nine exine patterns are distinguished using SEM and TEM. These are categorized into five pollen types. Two pollen types are previously not recorded in Gramineae. A key for the identification of these pollen types is presented. Generally, pollen characters have limited systematic value in recognizing taxa at generic level or above in the Chloridoideae. An evolutionary trend is proposed that awaits verification by further systematic study. Pollen characters can be used as indicators for the areas of origin and distribution of the Chloridoideae.     

Precopulatory behaviour and the evolutionary relationships of Discoglossidae

The phylogenetic relationships among primitive anurans remain controversial, even when several morphological and molecular approaches have been used in an attempt to resolve them. Nevertheless, very little effort has been made to study these relationships with behavioural data. We studied the relation between some precopulatory behaviour characters (male call characteristics and call recognition by females) and the different proposed phylogenies among the anuran genera Alytes, Discoglossus and Bombina . Different acoustic variables were analysed from male calls of different species of these genera; Alytes cisternasii females were used in recognition tests with calls from those species. A phenetic tree generated from male call characteristics grouped Bombina with Discoglossu s and separated these two genera from Alytes, although the tree generated from female response data did not show such a clear result. A. cisternasii females are mostly using some features that are absent in Alytes calls in order to recognize male calls. The two characters, mapped onto the three alternative phylogenetic proposals, did not resolve the trichotomy among the three genera, but suggested that the studied behavioural characters have a clear phylogenetic load.     

Wood anatomy of Krameriaceae with comparisons with Zygophyllaceae: phylesis, ecology and systematics

Wood of nine species of Krameria (including all clades proposed within the genus) reveals a few characters related to infrageneric systematics; most relate primarily to ecology and habit. Wood of Krameria closely fits quantitative data reported for desert shrubs. Lack of vessel grouping correlates with the presence of densely pitted tracheids. Wood xeromorphy in Krameria may relate in part to hemiparasitism. Tracheid presence may also account for relatively low vessel density. Wood anatomy of six species of Zygophyllaceae (including both genera of Morkillioideae) is compared with that of Krameriaceae because recent phylogenies propose that these two families comprise the order Zygophyllales. Several wood characters appear to represent synapomorphies reflecting this relationship. Differences in wood anatomy between Krameriaceae and Zygophyllaceae are believed to represent autapomorphies. Notable among these include Paedomorphic Type II rays (Krameriaceae), storying (Zygophyllaceae), presence of vestured pits (Zygophyllaceae), and differentiation into vasicentric tracheids and fibre-tracheids (Zygophyllaceae). The latter feature is referable to the concept of fibre-tracheid dimorphism. Recognition of Krameriaceae as separate from Zygophyllaceae is supported by wood characters. Wood of Zygophyllales does not conflict with the idea that the order belongs to rosids, with Malpighiaceae as the outgroup of Zygophyllales.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 149 , 257–270.     

A Revision of Genus Eurya in China

The genus Eurya was established by Thunberg in 1783 on a Japanese species E. japonica. Several decades later, many authors had made more or less intensive study on this genus. But in the earlier period, the different autherities had no clear conception of the genus. Thus Szyszylowicz (1893), Engler (1897) and Melchior (1925) entertained a much broader conception of this genus, including Freziera and Cleyera, both of which are now considered as distinct genera. A. Gray (1855), Vesque (1895), Urban (1896), and Kobuski (1935-37), however, concentrated their study only on the now accepted genus Eurya. Recently, a more detailed study of Chinese Eurya was made by Chang Hung-da (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 3 (1954) 1-59). But all of these authors did not subdivide this genus into more than subgenera except Vesque, who used the number of stamens and the septation of the anther cells to further subdivide this genus into 4 sections. In the present treatment, we base on the following characteristics to make subdivisions: the number of stamens, the septation of the anther cells, the hairness of the ovary, the length of the style, the shape and texture of the sepals, and the shape and hairness of the young branchlets. We assume that the morphology of the flowers has the following evolutionary tendencies: stamens from large (28) to small (5) numbers; anther cells from septate to nonseptate; ovary from being hairy to glabrous, styles from 5-4 free to 3 and more or less connate, from 2-6 mm to 0.5-1 mm long, and ovules from many (60) to few (2-4) in each cell. The genus Eurya has now about 140 species, being divided into 2 subgenera: Subg. Ternstroemiopsis Urban, with 2 species endemic in Sandwich Islands and Subg. Eurya with 138 species, in Asiatic tropic and subtropic regions and southwestern Pacific Islands. According to the characteristics mentioned above, we divide the second subgenus into 2 sections and 8 series, as follows: (I) Sect. Meristotheca Vesque (II) Sect. Eurya Ser. Ciliatae Hu et L. K. Ling Ser. Longistylae Hu et L. K. Ling Ser. Trichocarpae Hu et L. K. Ling Ser. Rigidisepalae Hu et L. K. Ling Ser. Tetragonocladae Hu et L. K. Ling Ser. Nitidae Hu et L. K. Ling Ser. Muricatae Hu et L. K. Ling Ser. Brevistylae Hu et L. K. Ling In China, the subgenus Eurya distributes east from Taiwan, west to the western part of Szechuan and Yunnan, and south from Hainan, north to the southern slope of Tsin-ling Range. The region north from southern part of Nan-ling Range, southwest to southeast Yunnan, south to northern part of the Peoples Republic of Vietnam, seems to be the centre of both maximum variety and frequency of this subgenus, for the number of species and the representatives of more primitive taxa in this region are much richer than in any other regions of the world. From this centre going northeast to Japan and Korea, west to eastern part of India, south to Java and Sumatra, north to the southern slope of Tsinling Range, the number of species and types gradually decreases, and especially the primitive series and species rapidly disappear. In addition, many species are also found in the Island of Irian, which we incline to consider as another young centre of development for this subgenus. Furthermore, according to the distribution of quite a large number of the species in China, we can recognize several boundary lines which are in agreement with the limits of the floristic and geobotanic provinces of China. In this article we have enumerated 80 species, and 11 varieties of the genus Eurya of China, among which are published for the first time 11 new species and 1 new variety, one species, E. persicaefolia Gagnepain, is first recorded from China, a number of specific names have been restored and a number reduced to synonyms. They are as follows: Restored species: Eurya acuminatissima Merrill & Chun E. patentipila Chun E. henryi Hemsley Reduced to synonyms: Eurya parastrigillosa Hsu ( E. patentipila Chun) E. changii Hsu (E. fangii var. megaphylla Hsu) E. chienii Hsu (E. persicaefolia Gagnepain) E. hwangshanensis Hsu (E. saxicola Chang) E. fangii Rehd. var. glaberrima Hsu (E. cavinervis Vesque) E. pseudopolyneura Chang (E. impressinervis Kobuski) E. longistyla Chang (E. stenophylla Merrill) E. huiana Kobuski f. glaberrima Chang (E. muricata Dunn) New combination: Eurya muricata Dunn var. huiana (Kob.) Hu et L. K. Ling E. aurea (Levl.) Hu et L. K. Ling     

Rapid detection and identification of the metabolically diverse genus Gordonia by 16S rRNA-gene-targeted genus-specific primers

The importance of the emerging genus Gordonia in industrial and environmental biotechnology is evidenced by the recent increase in associated publications and patents. But, investigations into potentially valuable Gordonia members are restricted by the limitations of current isolation and detection techniques. This motivated us to design a genus-specific oligonucleotide primer pair which could assist in rapid detection of species of the genus Gordonia by means of PCR-specific amplification. The Gordonia-specific 16S rDNA fragment (829 bp) was successfully amplified for all the reference Gordonia species with the designed primer pair G268F/G1096R. No amplification was noted for closely related species from other genera. The genus specificity was validated with 47 strains including wild-type isolates. Interestingly, two strains assigned earlier as Gordonia nitida (DSM 777) and Gordonia rubripertinctus (ATCC 21930) failed to produce a Gordonia-specific fragment with this primer pair. Further analysis of these two isolates based on 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis classified them to the genus Rhodococcus. Preliminary screening of soil samples with the Gordonia-specific primers was successful in terms of the rapid detection of nine Gordonia wild-type isolates.     

18S rDNA phylogeny of lamproderma and allied genera (Stemonitales, Myxomycetes, Amoebozoa)

The phylogenetic position of the slime-mould genus Lamproderma (Myxomycetes, Amoebozoa) challenges traditional taxonomy: although it displays the typical characters of the order Stemonitales, it appears to be sister to Physarales. This study provides a small subunit (18S or SSU) ribosomal RNA gene-based phylogeny of Lamproderma and its allies, with new sequences from 49 specimens in 12 genera. We found that the order Stemonitales and Lamproderma were both ancestral to Physarales and that Lamproderma constitutes several clades intermingled with species of Diacheopsis, Colloderma and Elaeomyxa. We suggest that these genera may have evolved from Lamproderma by multiple losses of fruiting body stalks and that many taxonomic revisions are needed. We found such high genetic diversity within three Lamproderma species that they probably consist of clusters of sibling species. We discuss the contrasts between genetic and morphological divergence and implications for the morphospecies concept, highlighting the phylogenetically most reliable morphological characters and pointing to others that have been overestimated. In addition, we showed that the first part (~600 bases) of the SSU rDNA gene is a valuable tool for phylogeny in Myxomycetes, since it displayed sufficient variability to distinguish closely related taxa and never failed to cluster together specimens considered of the same species.     

The taxonomic utility of micromorphology in Lepidaploa (Vernonieae: Asteraceae)

Lepidaploa belongs to tribe Vernonieae, one of the most complex tribes of Asteraceae, and the relationships within Lepidaploa and among related genera are poorly understood. Microcharacters may be of taxonomic value and may be used in the identification of taxa at different ranks. To evaluate the reliability of microcharacters as taxonomic markers in this group, we analysed the micromorphology of phyllaries, florets and cypselae in detail in 23 species of Lepidaploa .The species were studied using stereo, light, and scanning electron microscopy. Eight trichome types (eglandular and glandular) were observed on phyllaries, florets and cypselae, in addition to crystals, idioblasts and other microstructures. The results demonstrates that the ocurrence of different combinations of trichome types and crystals, presence of a stylar basal node, idioblasts and glandular apical anther appendages are highly useful to differentiate between related species of Lepidaploa and a diagnostic key using these characters is presented. However, these characters are not of much use to distinguish between closely related genera of Vernonieae since most characters appear homeoplasic and are found in representatives of different genera.     

New pollen classification of Chenopodiaceae for exploring and tracing desert vegetation evolution in eastern arid central Asia

Members of the Chenopodiaceae are the most dominant elements in the central Asian desert. The different genera and species within this family are common in desert vegetation types. Should it prove possible to link pollen types in this family to specific desert vegetation, it would be feasible to trace vegetation successions in the geological past. Nevertheless, the morphological similarity of pollen grains in the Chenopodiaceae rarely permits identification at the generic level. Although some pollen classifications of Chenopodiaceae have been proposed, none of them tried to link pollen types to specific desert vegetation types in order to explore their ecological significance. Based on the pollen morphological characters of 13 genera and 24 species within the Chenopodiaceae of eastern central Asia, we provide a new pollen classification of this family with six pollen types and link them to those plant communities dominated by Chenopodiaceae, for example, temperate dwarf semi‐arboreal desert (Haloxylon type), temperate succulent halophytic dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Suaeda, Kalidium, and Atriplex types), temperate annual graminoid desert (Kalidium type), temperate semi‐shrubby and dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Kalidium, Iljini, and Haloxylon types), and alpine cushion dwarf semi‐shrubby desert (Krascheninnikovia type). These findings represent a new approach for detecting specific desert vegetation types and deciphering ecosystem evolution in eastern central Asia.     

丛藓科植物叶细胞疣和乳突的光镜观察及其分类学意义

选择中国丛藓科中具有代表性的4亚科、11属、13种,利用光学显微镜对其叶细胞的疣和乳突进行形态、大小、数量、疏密及形成等方面的观察和比较,为探讨并确定丛藓科中部分物种的系统位置提供依据。结果表明:中国丛藓科13个种植物的叶细胞疣和乳突在形态上主要分为圆疣、分叉疣和乳头状突起共3个类型,不同物种的疣和乳突在形态特征和分布上都存在一定程度的差异;通过对不同资料相应物种疣和乳突描述的比较,纠正了一些物种疣和乳突的描述错误,并提出疣和乳突的区分方法:观察叶片横切,疣是细胞壁的局部加厚或凸起,数量变化较大,而乳突是细胞壁和腔整体的膨起,每细胞仅具一个乳突。研究认为,疣和乳突是丛藓科物种叶细胞表面的稳定结构,具有重要的辅助分类功能,可利用其差异对丛藓科属间和种间的物种进行划分。