突触细胞黏附分子在应激中作用的研究进展

突触细胞黏附分子是一类介导突触前、后膜结构和功能互作的膜表面糖蛋白,可以动态调节突触活动和可塑性,其表达与功能受到环境因素调控。突触细胞黏附分子亦是应激反应重要的效应分子之一,可介导应激对认知和情绪的不良影响。本文综述近年来突触细胞黏附分子在应激中作用的研究进展,旨在为应激相关障碍的分子机制研究和药物研发提供思路。     

Orexin神经元调节应激反应的研究进展

orexin是下丘脑的一种重要神经肽,在摄食、睡眠和药物成瘾等生理心理过程中起着重要作用.近年来发现下丘脑Orexin能神经纤维密集地投向参与应激调控的脑区;orexin基因敲除的老鼠表现为防御反应迟钝;另外,侧脑室微量注射orexin可导致血浆中ACTH水平的上升并诱导出应激样呼吸-心血管反应和行为反应;因此,下丘脑及中枢orexin系统对应激的调控可能起关键作用.其可能机制为强烈刺激能活化下丘脑orexin神经元,诱导中枢神经系统orexin的释放,从而激活CRF通路及蓝斑-交感-肾上腺髓质系统,提高血浆皮质酮与去甲肾上腺素的水平,诱导应激反应,维持机体的稳定.     

PERK介导细胞应激反应的分子机制研究进展

内质网应激是未折叠蛋白质在内质网腔内的过量堆积和钙浓度失衡的一种应激反应,不仅参与细胞稳态的维持,而且在调节多种细胞应激反应方面具有重要意义。蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(PERK)是介导内质网应激的三大关键信号分子之一,在细胞应激反应中具有明确和重要的调控作用。本文就PERK对基因毒应激、代谢应激和炎性应激的调节和分子机制做简要综述。     

酪氨酸激酶受体介导的信号网络对内质网应激反应的影响

内质网应激和酪氨酸激酶受体介导的信号网络是细胞内两个重要的信号网络。研究证实内质网应激反应和酪氨酸激酶受体介导的信号网络参与众多的生理病理过程,且二者之间存在广泛的对话交流。通过对两个信号通路之间对话交流机制的研究有助于我们对一些疾病过程进行深入了解。本文将针对酪氨酸激酶受体介导的信号网络对内质网应激反应的影响及其机制进行阐述。     

哺乳动物冷应激的主要神经内分泌反应

为便于了解哺乳动物冷应激生理变化的调节机理,介绍了冷应激的主要神经内分泌反应。控制冷应激反应的主要中枢位于下丘脑。冷应激激活交感神经系统,激活下丘脑－垂体－甲状腺轴和下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴激素的合成和分泌,引起肾上腺髓质儿茶酚胺分泌增加;同时抑制促生长激素轴、促性腺轴、催乳激素轴的激素分泌。神经肽Y、瘦素、褪黑激素等多种神经肽和激素参与冷应激反应。     

纳洛酮和电针改善创伤应激大鼠的免疫功能

本工作研究了中枢阿片肽系统在手术创伤介导大鼠免疫功能低下效应中的作用以及电针对创伤介导的免疫功能低下效应的影响。     

食欲素神经肽在应激过程中的作用

食欲素因其在调节能量代谢、睡眠和唤醒等生理功能中的作用而备受关注.近年来研究逐渐发现,食欲素参与应激和奖赏过程的调节,特别是其在药物成瘾过程中的作用是目前的研究热点.主要介绍食欲素系统与应激相关系统之间的神经联系,阐述了其在应激相关的生理、神经内分泌与行为反应中的作用.并进一步介绍了食欲素系统在应激诱发药物成瘾复吸过程中的作用.食欲素对应激反应的调控作用具有相对特异性,受应激的种类、其他应激相关神经递质系统及食欲素神经元的投射通路等多种因素影响.     

哺乳动物的生理应激反应及其生态适应性

应激反应是哺乳动物的基本生理现象之一。目前,与应激有关的研究主要来自生物医学和神经内分泌学。虽然Hans Selye 提出了个体对应激的普遍性适应综合症概念,但目前的研究还主要集中于应激对个体的负效应以及与应激相关的疾病研究。然而,从进化角度似乎很难理解在数亿年的进化过程中,动物应激反应仅简单地
进化为影响个体健康并导致个体患病的一种生理过程。本文从进化的角度,综述了应激反应与动物繁殖对策的关系以及个体对环境应激源的应对类型,并阐述了动物应激反应的适应和进化意义。     

中小负荷运动对冷应激大鼠白细胞介素2和β-内啡肽的影响

目的:探讨中小负荷运动对IL-2和β-EP的影响及其调节机制.方法:对SD大鼠进行为期4周中小负荷运动,并在运动后期施加冷应激,测定大鼠外周血液IL-2和β-EP的含量.结果:①应激组IL-2显著低于对照组,但β-EP含量显著高于对照组.②经过4周运动,30 mm运动组和60 min运动组,β-EP含量显著低于对照组,而IL-2水平显著高于应激组.同时30 min运动 应激组和60min运动 应激组血清IL-2显著高于应激组,而β-EP含量显著低于应激组.结论:中小负荷运动降低冷应激反应程度,减少内源性β-EP释放,使IL-2含量升高,维持机体在应激状态下免疫功能稳定.     

Role of interleukin-1 in stress responses

Recently, the central roles of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in physical stress responses have been attracting attention. Stress responses have been characterized as central neurohormonal changes, as well as behavioral and physiological changes. Administration of IL-1 has been shown to induce effects comparable to stress-induced changes. IL-1 acts on the brain, especially the hypothalamus, to enhance release of monoamines, such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, as well as secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). IL-1-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in vivo depends on secretion of CRH, an intact pituitary, and the ventral noradrenergic bundle that innervates the CRH-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Recent studies have shown that IL-1 is present within neurons in the brain, suggesting that IL-1 functions in neuronal transmission. We showed that IL-1 in the brain is involved in the stress response, and that stress-induced activation of monoamine release and the HPA axis were inhibited by IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) administration directly into the rat hypothalamus. IL-1Ra has been known to exert a blocking effect on IL-1 by competitively inhibiting the binding of IL-1 to IL-1 receptors. In the latter part of this review, we will attempt to describe the relationship between central nervous system diseases, including psychological disorders, and the functions of IL-1 as a putative neurotransmitter.     

The expanding interleukin-1 family and its receptors: do alternative IL-1 receptor/signaling pathways exist in the brain?

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been implicated in neuroimmune responses and has pleiotropic actions in the brain. Compelling evidence has shown that IL-1 is a major mediator of inflammation and the progression of cell death in response to brain injury and cerebral ischemia. Its expression is strongly increased in these pathological conditions, and central administration of exogenous IL-1 significantly exacerbates ischemic brain damage. In contrast, inhibiting IL-1 actions (by intracerebroventricular [icv] injection of IL-1ra, neutralizing antibody to IL-1 or caspase-1 inhibitor) significantly reduces ischemic brain damage. IL-1 acts by binding to the IL-1 type-1 receptor (IL-1RI), which is to date, the only known functional receptor for IL-1. However, our recent investigations suggest that IL-1 can act independently of IL-1RI, raising the possibility that additional, as yet undiscovered, receptor(s) for IL-1 exist in the brain. The recent characterization of putative, new IL-1 ligands and new IL-1 receptor-related molecules leads to the hypothesis that there might be alternative IL-1 signaling pathway(s) in the central nervous system (CNS).     

The role of interleukin-6 in development.

Interleukin-6 is a member of a class of hormone-like molecules termed cytokines. The actions of IL-6 are highly pleiotropic. In adults IL-6 functions as a major mediator of inflammatory responses as well as inducing the synthesis of acute phase proteins by the liver following infection or injury. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies IL-6 also has important functions in regulating the development of multiple lineages of hemopoietic cells. It may also be an inflammatory mediator in the central nervous system. Although IL-6 has been found in early mouse embryos, its function has not yet been determined. Its expression by placental trophoblasts and maternal decidua suggests that it has some role in fetal-maternal interactions. Finally, the response of fetal hemopoietic progenitor cells to IL-6 suggests that IL-6 may have a broader action on the expansion and maturation of fetal precursors. New approaches such as those involving the disruption of the IL-6 gene in mice will be needed for a more complete understanding of IL-6's role in embryonic development.     

Cell-specific and concentration-dependent actions of interleukin-1 in acute brain inflammation

Interleukin (IL)-1 is a pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine and an important mediator of both acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Despite intense research in CNS IL-1 biology over the past two decades, its precise mechanism of action in inflammatory responses to acute brain disorders remains largely unknown. In particular, much effort has been focussed on using in vitro approaches to better understand the cellular and signalling mechanisms of actions of IL-1, yet some discrepancies in the literature regarding the effects produced by IL-1β in in vitro paradigms of injury still exist, particularly as to whether IL-1 exerts neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects. Here we aim to review the cell-specific and concentration-dependent actions of IL-1 in brain cells, to depict the mechanism by which this cytokine induces neurotoxicity or neuroprotection in acute brain injury.     

Physiological and pathological roles of interleukin-6 in the central nervous system

The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important mediator of inflammatory and immune responses in the periphery. IL-6 is produced in the periphery and acts systemically to induce growth and differentiation of cells in the immune and hematopoietic systems and to induce and coordinate the different elements of the acute-phase response. In addition to these peripheral actions, recent studies indicate that IL-6 is also produced within the central nervous system (CNS) and may play an important role in a variety of CNS functions such as cell-to-cell signaling, coordination of neuroimmune responses, protection of neurons from insult, as well as neuronal differentiation, growth, and survival. IL-6 may also contribute to the etiology of neuropathological disorders. Elevated levels of IL-6 in the CNS are found in several neurological disorders including AIDS dementia complex, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, CNS trauma, and viral and bacterial meningitis. Moreover, several studies have shown that chronic overexpression of IL-6 in transgenic mice can lead to significant neuroanatomical and neurophysiological changes in the CNS similar to that commonly observed in various neurological diseases. Thus, it appears that IL-6 may play a role in both physiological and pathophysiological processes in the CNS.     

中枢白细胞介素-1系统及信号转导研究进展

中枢白细胞介素 1(centralinterleukin 1,IL 1)以及功能和结构相关的分子已构成相对独立的中枢IL 1系统 (IL 1system)。IL 1系统的研究不断深入 ,新成员及其功能不断被发现 ,极大地扩展了该系统新老成员的生物学作用、信号转导通路 ,以及相互之间的联系。本文总结了近几年关于中枢IL 1系统的研究进展 ,包括IL 1系统新成员、信号转导通路和新的信号分子 ,以及IL 1系统与某些生理过程或病理生理过程的关系。     

Reactive carbonyls are a major Th2-inducing damage-associated molecular pattern generated by oxidative stress

Oxidative stress is widespread and entwined with pathological processes, yet its linkage to adaptive immunity remains elusive. Reactive carbonyl (RC) adduction, a common feature of oxidative stress, has been shown to target proteins to the adaptive immune system. Because aldehydes are important mediators of carbonylation, we explored the immunomodulatory properties of model Ags modified by common bioactive aldehyde by-products of oxidative stress: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, malondialdehyde, and glycolaldehyde. Ag modification with all three aldehydes resulted in Ag-specific IgG1-dominated responses in adjuvant-free murine immunizations in an RC-dependent manner. The central role of RCs was confirmed, as their reduction into nonreactive groups abrogated all adaptive responses, despite the presence of other well-known aldehyde-driven adducts such as N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine and glycolaldehyde-pyridine. Moreover, Ag-specific Ab responses robustly correlated with the extent of RC adduction, regardless of the means of their generation. T cell responses mirrored the Th2-biased Ab isotypes by Ag-specific splenocyte production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but not IFN-γ. The RC-induced Th2 response was in sharp contrast to that induced by Th1/Th2 balanced or Th1-biasing adjuvants and was maintained in a range of mouse strains. In vitro studies revealed that RC adduction enhanced Ag presentation with Th2 polarization in the absence of conventional dendritic cell activation. Taken together, these data implicate commonly occurring RC as an important oxidation-derived Th2 immunomodulatory damage-associated molecular pattern with potentially important roles in health and disease.     

Induction of interleukin-1beta by interleukin-4 in lipopolysaccharide-treated mixed glial cultures: microglial-dependent effects

Glial-secreted proinflammatory mediators are dynamically involved in central nervous system responses to exogenous stimuli such as infection, neurotoxins, and nerve injury. The therapeutic use of anti-inflammatory agents may reduce certain central nervous system pathology induced by inflammatory responses. We investigated the role of interleukin (IL)-4 in modulating the production of proinflammatory mediators from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mixed glia in vitro. Interestingly, IL-4 significantly enhanced IL-1beta secretion and did not affect monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 release, even though IL-4 considerably inhibited IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide production from rat neonatal mixed glia. Further, IL-4 exhibited inhibitory effects on IL-1beta production in microglial-enriched cultures, while significantly increasing IL-1beta production in microglial-depleted glia. The enhancing effect of IL-4 on IL-1beta production was found to be inversely correlated with the percentage of microglia present in the mixed glial population. In summary, IL-4 did not act as a global anti-inflammatory cytokine and in fact, under certain situations enhanced IL-1beta secretion. We conclude that IL-4 exerts its anti-inflammatory effects in a limited and target-specific manner, which is delicately regulated by the cellular microenvironment. Therefore, precaution should be taken when clinically using IL-4 to treat diseases manifested by overt inflammatory responses.