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1.
白鱀豚上呼吸道的解剖和组织学的研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
白鱀豚上呼吸道具有前庭囊、鼻额囊及前颌囊三对气囊,没有副囊和连接囊。三对囊均右大于左,其中又以前庭囊最为显著。喉由甲状软骨、环状软骨、会厌软骨及一对杓状软骨组成,从喉腔壁的组织学观察发现有室皱襞(假声带)的存在。  相似文献   

2.
摘要 目的:观察吞咽康复训练、神经肌肉电刺激(NMES)联合治疗对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能、表面肌电图及舌骨喉复合体动度的影响。方法:选取2018 年9月~2020年10 月期间在我院治疗的70例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者,根据住院号尾数的奇偶将患者分为对照组和实验组,各35例。对照组仅进行吞咽康复训练,实验组在此基础上接受NMES治疗,两组均治疗2个疗程,观察治疗前后两组患者吞咽功能、表面肌电图、舌骨喉复合体动度及生活质量变化。结果:治疗2个疗程后,实验组患者的吞咽功能改善总有效率高于对照组,组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗2个疗程后,两组吞咽时程缩短、最大波幅值升高,且实验组的吞咽时程短于对照组,最大波幅值高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗2个疗程后,两组舌骨上移距离、舌骨前移距离、甲状软骨上移距离、甲状软骨前移距离增大,且实验组的舌骨上移距离、舌骨前移距离、甲状软骨上移距离、甲状软骨前移距离大于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗2个疗程后,两组SWAL-QOL总分均升高,且实验组的SWAL-QOL总分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:NMES联合吞咽康复训练应用于脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者,可有效促进其吞咽功能改善,提高舌骨肌肌群肌力及生活质量。  相似文献   

3.
白鱀豚上呼吸道具有前庭囊、鼻额囊及前颌囊三对气囊,没有副囊和连接囊。三对囊均右大于左,其中又以前庭囊最为显著。喉由甲状软骨、环状软骨、会厌软骨及一对杓状软骨组成,从喉腔壁的组织学观察发现有室皱襞(假声带)的存在。  相似文献   

4.
目的:应用联合应用舌骨肌切开悬吊术和腭咽成形术治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征。方法:用多导睡眠监测确定52例重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征,不同方法确定均为以舌根平面阻塞为主的上气道多平面狭窄。采用舌骨肌切开悬吊术联合腭咽成形术进行治疗。结果:所有接受手术的患者术后鼾声均有不同程度的减轻,手术总有效率94.2%。无1例出现不良并发症。结论:舌骨肌切开悬吊术安全、易行,结合腭咽成形术治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征效果良好。  相似文献   

5.
何海晏 《动物学研究》2000,21(6):507-508
徐淑娴等(1998)曾经指出:蛇类喉门的两侧壁由杓状软骨构成,控制杓状软骨运动的3对肌肉是喉门开肌、喉门闭肌和环杓侧肌。笔者接着前文,分析前述肌肉的生理功能及其在蛇类喉门启闭运动中的力学现象。1 喉门开肌、喉门闭肌和环杓侧肌的位置与作用喉门开肌位于喉门外侧(图1:A、B),起于第1~5个气管环的侧面及腹面,止于杓状软骨外缘(即侧沟缘),其拉力(F1)方向朝外朝后,作用是令杓状软骨摆向外,开喉门。喉门闭肌覆盖在杓状软骨背面,起于环状背突中线,也止于杓状软骨外缘,止点排列在喉门开肌止点的背方,其拉力(F2)方向朝内朝后,作用是令杓状…  相似文献   

6.
目的观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核内的分布。方法首先采用免疫荧光三重标记I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体和神经元核蛋白以观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核内的分布;接着注射四甲基罗达明人下颌舌骨肌神经逆行标记三叉神经运动核开口神经元,再采用免疫荧光双重标记I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体和神经元核蛋白以观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核开口神经元区和闭口神经元区内的分布差异。结果I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维仅在三叉神经运动核背外侧部分布,而Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在整个三叉神经运动核内分布;开口神经元区未观察到I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性终末。结论闭口神经元接受I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维支配,开口神经元仅仅接受Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维支配。  相似文献   

7.
大鲵和山溪鲵甲状腺和肾上腺的观察   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
大鲵和山溪鲵都有一对甲状腺,腺体结构相似而分布位置不同。大鲵的甲状腺位于颏舌骨肌的前端背面、山溪鲵的甲状腺位于颏舌骨肌的后部外侧。二种动物的肾上腺由许多分布手肾脏腹面的一肾上腺小体组成,小体呈斑状,由类固醇分泌细胞群和嗜铬细胞群构成。另外,在大鲵的生殖系膜等处可见到肾上腺小体。  相似文献   

8.
三种蛙类呼吸系统比较解剖及进化关系探讨   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
李明会  李伟  周伟  张庆  李凤莲 《四川动物》2006,25(2):223-227
对昆明地区滇蛙Rana pleuraden和昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis及大蹼铃蟾Bombina maxima的呼吸系统比较解剖,结果表明,3种蛙鼻孔的开合与颏下肌的收缩无关;大蹼铃蟾的内鼻孔较昭觉林蛙与滇蛙的更靠近口前端;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙的下颌下肌倾斜走向,大蹼铃蟾的呈水平走向;滇蛙和昭觉林蛙喉气管室较膨大而长,环状软骨后端有棘突,大蹼铃蟾喉气管室狭小而短,环状软骨后端无棘突;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙喉肌共5对,大蹼铃蟾喉肌仅有喉口开肌和前杓肌2对;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙肺囊表面沟回较大蹼铃蟾的小而密.  相似文献   

9.
前已报道白鱀豚(Lipotes vexillifer)的皮肤肌、肩和鳍肢肌肉、胸壁肌肉、腹壁肌肉,颈、背和尾部肌肉(周开亚等,1981)。本篇包括咀嚼肌、舌和舌骨部肌肉、喉部肌肉及鼻咽和咽部肌肉。 一、咀嚼肌(图1、2) 咬肌m.masseter很薄,起自颧突后部的腹缘,颧突下方颞肌的筋膜及颧弓的腹缘。纤维尾腹向,止于下颌骨后部下半的外侧。后端有少量纤维绕过下颌骨腹缘,止于下颌内脂肪体,紧贴下颌骨的部分咬肌纤维已脂化形成下颌外脂肪体。咬肌仍有提起下颌的作用,但力量很弱。  相似文献   

10.
江豚鼻道及其附属结构的解剖研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
高国富  周开亚 《兽类学报》1989,9(4):275-280
江豚大多有9个鼻道囊,少数有10个。即前庭囊、鼻额囊、前颌囊和犁鼻囊各1对,副囊大多单个,少数1对。各鼻道囊的大小和形状与海豚科差别很大,如江豚右侧的鼻道囊明显大于左侧,鼻道后部下段每侧有两个唇状结构——鼻道后唇和犁鼻囊与鼻额囊后部之间的隔,对角膜不明显且无对角膜肌。鼻道底部每侧存在1对脂肪状的“背脂囊”,未见有鼻瓣。  相似文献   

11.
Inbred mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi displayed wide variations in peak blood parasitemia. The most susceptible mice were C3H and A strain, while Balb/c, C57B1/6, and the related congenic B10 strains were the most resistant. The effect of an intestinal infection with either Trichinella spiralis or Heligmosomoides polygyrus on proliferation of T. musculi was investigated. T. spiralis infections given at the same time or up to 45 days before a T. musculi infection always caused an increase in blood parasitemia in C3H mice. Maximum increases were observed when T. spiralis infections preceded T. musculi by 5-10 days. In all mouse strains examined, dual infections increased maximum parasitemia by two- to four-fold, regardless of the degree of resistance of that mouse strain to either T. musculi or T. spiralis. This suggested that the immunological "cost" of a T. spiralis infection was the same for strains that were strong or weak responders to a primary infection with T. spiralis. In contrast, infection with H. polygyrus did not promote T. musculi parasitemia over the level of a single infection. The increase in blood parasitemia in T. spiralis-infected mice was largely due to the intestinal adult worm, but migratory larvae and mature muscle larvae also stimulated increased parasitemias. The increase in parasitemia was proportionate to the dose of T. spiralis, and the sex of the host did not affect the blood trypanosome level.  相似文献   

12.
Fluorescence-labelled phalloidin in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM) has been used to reconstruct the body musculature in Encentrum mucronatum and Dicranophorus forcipatus in order to gain insight into the architecture of body musculature in representatives of the hitherto uninvestigated Dicranophoridae.

In both species, a system of outer circular and inner longitudinal muscles has been found. In E. mucronatum, seven circular muscles (musculi circulares I–VII) and six paired longitudinal muscles (musculi longitudinales I–VI) have been identified. In D. forcipatus, eight circular muscles (musculi circulares I–VIII) and nine paired longitudinal muscles (musculi longitudinales I–IX) are present. In both species, some of the longitudinal muscles span the whole specimen, while others are shorter and connect head and trunk or foot and trunk. Differences in shape and extension of the circular muscles in both species are related to differences in structure of the trunk integument.

Surveying the literature on rotifer musculature, muscles identified in this study are homologised across Rotifera and given individual names. Based on the study of E. mucronatum and D. forcipatus and previous studies on other rotifers, a system of musculature in the ground pattern of Ploima comprising at least three circular muscles (pars coronalis, corona sphincter, musculus circumpedalis) and three pairs of longitudinal muscles (musculi longitudinales ventrales, musculi longitudinales dorsales and musculi longitudinales capitum) is suggested.  相似文献   


13.
Trehalose dimycolate (TDM) treated and untreated mice were infected with Trypanosoma musculi. Compared to untreated mice, treated mice exhibited a five fold reduced number of circulating parasites. Untreated infected mice had a splenomegaly but only a slight increase of spleen weight of treated mice was observed. The role of trehalose dimycolate on T. musculi infection, especially via the macrophage is discussed.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract. The development of Trypanosoma musculi and Trypanosoma lewisi were studied in vitro in the presence of adherent splenic cells. Both parasites developed only when attached by their flagellar tips to adherent splenic cells. During the proliferation of T . musculi , the kinetoplast migrated towards the nucleus, and once in the vicinity of the nucleus, the nuclear division was triggered. The kinetoplast of T . lewisi did not migrate towards the nucleus, but remained at its original location. The nucleus and kinetoplast divided at the same time in both parasites, and parasites started dividing from their flagellar ends and T . musculi and T . lewisi daughter cells were formed within 48 h. The unavailability of the adherent splenic cells in vitro led the parasites to transform into round/oval nonviable forms.  相似文献   

15.
Many arachnids lack extensor muscles at the femoropatellar (knee) joint of their legs and extend this joint with hydraulic pressure during locomotion. Pressure is generated through compression of the prosoma, but there is disagreement about which muscles are involved in this process. Many arachhnologists consider contraction of the musculi laterales, a group of modified extrinsic leg muscles, as the cause of high prosomal pressure and regard hydraulic extension as a derived feature. However, integration of results from phylogenetic and comparative anatomical studies supports the view that hydraulic extension is primitive in Arachnida and that fluid pressure is generated by contraction of endosternal suspensor muscles. The functional predictions of the musculi laterales and endosternite hypotheses were tested by measuring muscle activity and prosomal pressure during unrestrained locomotion in a primitively “extensorless” arachnid, the giant whipscorpion. The results corroborate the endosternite model and refute the musculi laterales model. Changes in the prosomal pressure baseline were correlated with changes in endosternal muscle activity, while the musculi laterales fired in a step-coupled pattern of discrete bursts that appeared to be incapable of generating the pressure observed during locomotion. Step-coupled fluctuations in prosomal pressure were observed but were apparently caused by rapid flexing of the femoropatellar joints of the fourth leg pair rather than contraction of the musculi laterales.  相似文献   

16.
Previous studies in this laboratory utilizing monoclonal antibody-induced immunosuppression have demonstrated that the T-helper lymphocyte is primarily responsible for the T lymphocyte dependency of Trypanosoma musculi elimination from the bloodstream of mice, and that T-cytotoxic lymphocytes play a minimal role in this response. In the current study, these findings were extended by examining the effects of adoptive cell transfers on the course of infection with T. musculi using immune splenocytes enriched for T lymphocyte subpopulations. These studies demonstrated that adoptive transfer of immune splenic T lymphocytes resulted in a specific, dose-related enhancement of kinetics of trypanosome elimination. This effect was found to be due to the presence of L3T4+ T-helper cells in the immune splenocyte population. Adoptive transfer of Lyt-2+ T-cytotoxic cells or lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells was ineffective in altering the course of infection. In addition, it was found that immune B lymphocytes were equally capable of adoptively transferring immunity to T. musculi, suggesting that the primary role of the T-helper lymphocyte is to provide help in the induction of parasite-specific antibodies.  相似文献   

17.
Previous studies of depressed immune responses in mice infected with the mouse-specific Trypanosoma musculi have produced no evidence of major involvement of typical suppressor lymphocytes or macrophages. We continue this line of investigation in the present report by demonstrating that: a) T. musculi strongly suppress the responses of nude mouse spleen cells to the T-independent antigen, TNP-LPS; b) spleen cell preparations of infected mice display a substantial proportion of cells bearing trypanosome-derived substances (TDS) demonstrable by specific rabbit antibody against T. musculi (RATS); c) treatment of spleen cells from infected mice with RATS plus C eliminates the inhibitory effect of these spleen cells on the immune responses of co-cultivated normal spleen cells; d) incubation in vitro of normal spleen cells with an extract of T. musculi results in progressive loss of the cells to respond to antigens and, in addition, confers on the treated cells to respond to antigens and, in addition, confers on the treated cells the property of inhibiting the responses of co-cultivated normal spleen cells; e) T. lewisi, the rat-specific trypanosome, fails to inhibit murine immune responses. We conclude that the immunoinhibitory effects of T. musculi on murine immune responses are associated with the cytophilic binding of TDS (possibly in the form of immune complexes) and that this vigorous mechanism of inhibition will be shown to involve nonspecific mitogenic and/or biosynthetic activation of lymphocytes.  相似文献   

18.
Trypanosoma musculi obtained from normal or irradiated (900 rad) hosts or from in vitro cultures were lysed and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Similar protein banding patterns with a molecular weight (mol. wt) range from 34 to 68 kDa were observed between the two bloodstream forms. In comparison, lysates of cultured parasites showed a unique banding pattern of antigens within the same mol. wt range. Western blot of bloodstream form lysates, probed with immune plasma (IP), revealed a wide range of parasite proteins. However, when probed with the IgG2a-enriched fraction of IP, a major band of approximately 66 kDa was detected on the blot. Several bands of higher mol. wt were also observed. When anti-T. musculi monoclonal antibodies were used to probe the blot, the 66 kDa protein was again recognized. Using indirect fluorescence, live bloodstream form parasites were analysed by flow cytometry and the p66 protein was determined to be a surface molecule. Finally, lysates of 35S-methionine-labelled trypanosomes were immunoprecipitated with Sepharose linked anti-T. musculi monoclonal antibodies and the eluted ligand analysed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiographed. The 66 kDa band was identified, therefore confirming that this protein was of parasite origin.  相似文献   

19.
Trypanosoma musculi is a parasite specific to mice, which resides in the blood and lacks intracellular stages. After immune clearance of the flagellates from the general circulation, mice are resistant to reinfection. Yet, long after parasites are no longer detected in the peripheral blood, they persist in the vasa recta of the kidneys and it has been proposed that this is an immunologically privileged site for T. musculi. This relationship provides a useful model for studies of latent or chronic infections in immune hosts. Here, Fernando Monroy and Donald Dusanic consider the immune responses of mice to T. musculi and compare characteristics of the parasites from the vasa recta (kidney forms, KFs) of mice with latent infections to trypanosomes from the peripheral blood (bloodstream forms, BSFs) of animals during active infections. They consider how KFs evade immune destruction and suggest that these sequestered parasites represent a distinct stage in the life cycle.  相似文献   

20.
We used high-fidelity PCR to amplify 2 overlapping regions of the ribosomal gene complex from the rodent fur mite Myobia musculi. The amplicons encompassed a large portion of the mite's ribosomal gene complex spanning 3128 nucleotides containing the entire 18S rRNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1,5.8S rRNA, ITS2, and a portion of the 5'-end of the 28S rRNA. M. musculi's 179-nucleotide 5.8S rRNA nucleotide sequence was not conserved, so this region was identified by conservation of rRNA secondary structure. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic analyses were performed by using multiple sequence alignment consisting of 1524 nucleotides of M. musculi 18S rRNA and homologous sequences from 42 prostigmatid mites and the tick Dermacentor andersoni. The phylograms produced by both methods were in agreement regarding terminal, secondary, and some tertiary phylogenetic relationships among mites. Bayesian inference discriminated most infraordinal relationships between Eleutherengona and Parasitengona mites in the suborder Anystina. Basal relationships between suborders Anystina and Eupodina historically determined by comparing differences in anatomic characteristics were less well-supported by our molecular analysis. Our results recapitulated similar 18S rRNA sequence analyses recently reported. Our study supports M. musculi as belonging to the suborder Anystina, infraorder Eleutherenona, and superfamily Cheyletoidea.  相似文献   

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