厦门两种文昌鱼染色体的制备与观察

文吕鱼的进化地位十分重要,对其染色体的研究在进化和比较基因组学方面有重要意义.然而文昌鱼的染色体制备困难,使研究受到了限制.本文介绍了一种改良的义昌鱼胚胎细胞染色体标本制备方法,以及用文昌鱼成体再生细胞制备染色体,首次获得了文昌鱼体细胞中期染色体标本,并观察了厦门2种文昌鱼的染色体,其中白氏文吕鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)二倍体2n=40,日本文昌鱼(B.japonicum)二倍体2n=36.再次从细胞分类学角度证实白氏文昌鱼和日本文昌鱼作为两个独立物种的分类地位.     

厦门两种文昌鱼染色体的制备与观察(英文）

文昌鱼的进化地位十分重要,对其染色体的研究在进化和比较基因组学方面有重要意义。然而文昌鱼的染色体制备困难,使研究受到了限制。本文介绍了一种改良的文昌鱼胚胎细胞染色体标本制备方法,以及用文昌鱼成体再生细胞制备染色体,首次获得了文昌鱼体细胞中期染色体标本,并观察了厦门2种文昌鱼的染色体,其中白氏文昌鱼（Branchiostoma belcheri）二倍体2n=40,日本文昌鱼（B. japonicum）二倍体2n=36。再次从细胞分类学角度证实白氏文昌鱼和日本文昌鱼作为两个独立物种的分类地位。     

文昌鱼的实验室繁育及子二代获得

文昌鱼特殊的进化地位、简单的器官系统和终生透明的躯体等特征,使其很有希望成为一个新型实验室模式动物。要实现文昌鱼的模式动物化,实验室内全人工条件下繁殖是关键的第一步。为此,我们于2003年9月和2004年4月两次采集产于厦门海域的2种文昌鱼,开展实验室内养殖研究。经过3年多的持续实验室养殖,继2005年夏季于实验室内繁殖出子一代文昌鱼后,又在2006年夏季成功获得了这两种文昌鱼的子二代,初步实现文昌鱼在实验室内的全人工养殖。对子代文昌鱼养殖的初步观察发现,不同水温对生长发育速度有一定影响,提示有可能通过水温控制实现文昌鱼一年多次产卵的目的。目前这两种文昌鱼子二代幼体已完成变态,进入亚成体生长发育阶段,其体长分别已达14.6mm(日本文昌鱼Branchiostomajaponicum)和6.5mm(白氏文昌鱼B.belcheri)。     

基于COXI基因的太平洋西岸文昌鱼地理种群分析

文昌鱼是进化发育研究的重要模式动物,目前实验材料均采自野外.因此,对其进行正确的物种鉴定和地理种群的遗传分化分析十分必要.该研究扩增并测定了COX 1基因部分序列,结合NCBI数据库中的COX 1序列信息,对太平洋西岸文昌鱼的种类和地理种群分化情况进行了分析.结果表明,马来文昌鱼(Branchiostoma malayanum)、白氏文昌鱼(B.belcheri)和日本文昌鱼(B.japonicum)这3个种之间的遗传差异很大,再次证实3个物种的有效性,同时提出应当审慎对待NCBI数据库中文昌鱼的种名标注;太平洋西岸文昌鱼属Branchiostoma的3种文昌鱼群体遗传多样性均处于较高水平,同一物种的不同地理种群间没有出现明显的遗传分化,反映了海洋动物的基因交流较容易,不同海域隔离较弱.     

文昌鱼的实验室繁育及子二代获得

文昌鱼特殊的进化地位、简单的器官系统和终生透明的躯体等特征，使其很有希望成为一个新型实验室模式动物。要实现文昌鱼的模式动物化，实验室内全人工条件下繁殖是关键的第一步。为此，我们于2003年9月和2004年4月两次采集产于厦门海域的2种文昌鱼，开展实验室内养殖研究。经过3年多的持续实验室养殖，继2005年夏季于实验室内繁殖出子一代文昌鱼后，又在2006年夏季成功获得了这两种文昌鱼的子二代，初步实现文昌鱼在实验室内的全人工养殖。对子代文昌鱼养殖的初步观察发现，不同水温对生长发育速度有一定影响，提示有可能通过水温控制实现文昌鱼一年多次产卵的目的。目前这两种文昌鱼子二代幼体已完成变态，进入亚成体生长发育阶段，其体长分别已达14.6 mm(日本文昌鱼Branchiostoma japonicum)和6.5 mm(白氏文昌鱼B. belcheri)。     

偏文昌鱼属(Asymmetron)在中国海的发现和厦门文昌鱼的地理分布

原索动物门(Phylum Protochordata)中的头索功物纲(Classe Cephalochordata),现在一般公认的仅有一科两属,即文昌鱼科(Famille Branchiostomidae)的文昌鱼属(GenreBranchiostoma Costa)和偏交昌鱼属(Genre Asymmetron Andrews)。文昌鱼属的厦门文昌角[Branchiostoma belcheri(Gray)]早在1923年就在我国厦门刘五店大量发现,它和它的变种青岛文昌鱼(B.belcheri var.tsingtauense Tchang et Koo)广泛地分布在中国海的近     

浙江省发现文昌鱼北大核心CSCD

2021年8月,在浙江省南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区发现国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物文昌鱼。对采集到的2尾成体文昌鱼(编号:ZJ 01♂,ZJ 02♀)进行了形态测量和线粒体COI基因序列分子系统关系重建,结合形态特征和分子测定结果,确定为文昌鱼科(Branchiostomatidae)文昌鱼属(Branchiostoma)的日本文昌鱼(B.japonicum)。经查阅相关文献资料,其为浙江省首次记录种,这将对文昌鱼资源的保护提供科学资料。     

厦门文昌鱼早期胚胎发育的观察

文昌鱼的胚胎发育是脊索动物的典型范例。欧洲文昌鱼Branchiostoma lanceplatum Pallas的正常发育已由(1866)、Hatschek(1881)和Conklin(1932)等详细地描述过。厦门文昌鱼B.belcheri Gray的基本构造及发育过程和欧洲的相似。是动物学和胚胎学教学上及实验胚胎学研究上的理想材料,所以正常发育规律的研究有一定的意义。本文着重分析性腺成熟时期的外界条件及受精和早期发育的过程。     

光照周期对文昌鱼生殖细胞发生和性腺生长的影响

厦门文昌鱼性腺发育,因季节和生态因子的不同,呈明显的年周期变化(方永强等,1989)。然而,光照周期对文昌鱼性腺发育有何影响,迄今仍缺乏了解(Guraya,1983)。为此,本文分三组不同光照周期的实验,结果发现光照可影响文昌鱼生殖细胞发生和性腺生长。 文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri Gray)取自厦门琼头海区。本实验在1987年12月至1988年2月,分三组不同光照周期:第一组 8L(light)—16D(dark)(光照 8小时,黑暗16小时),第二组12L—     

文昌鱼分类学研究及展望

文昌鱼是最接近脊椎动物直接祖先的现生动物,在脊椎动物起源与演化研究中占有极其重要的位置。近年来,对文昌鱼的研究已引起越来越多的科学家的兴趣,然而作为生命科学研究的重要基础,这类动物的分类学研究相对滞后。依据已有的中国文昌鱼资源调查资料,中国沿海文昌鱼的分布应当十分广泛,即只要有适合文昌鱼栖息的沙滩,均有文昌鱼分布的可能。根据目前的分类学研究成果和动物命名法中的优先权原则,建议将产于青岛等地的文昌鱼种名Brnachiostoma belcheri tsingtauense订正为B.japonicus,南方的文昌鱼保留其原种名B.belcheri。由此,目前分布在中国沿海的鳃口文昌鱼属(Branchiostoma)至少有2种,侧殖文昌鱼属(Epigonichthys)有1～3种,漂浮文昌鱼(Amphioxides pelagicus)1种。DNA分子标记技术在文昌鱼分类学研究中将会发挥更大的作用。     

Morphological and 12S rRNA gene comparison of two Branchiostoma species in Xiamen waters

Until now all amphioxus living in Xiamen waters have been regarded as Branchiostoma belcheri without any suspicion. However, a study based on Cyt b gene sequence comparisons of Branchiostoma belcheri (Oucuo in Xiamen waters) and Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense (Japanese waters) showed unexpected high divergence suggesting that the taxonomic status of Xiamen amphioxus should be reevaluated. In order to clarify this issue, we collected the animals from two sampling sites (Oucuo and Huangcuo in Xiamen waters), and compared their morphologies (meristic and non-meristic) as well as the complete sequences of their 12S rRNA genes. The samples could be distinguished by six of the non-meristic traits and five of the meristic traits. Moreover, the genetic distance based on 12S rRNA gene between Oucuo and Huangcuo amphioxus is 21.13%, but that between Huangcuo and Japanese amphioxus is only 0.56%. Our results suggest that original subspecies B. belcheri tsingtauense should be elevated to species level, becoming B. tsingtauense. Therefore, two species of genus Branchiostoma are living in Xiamen waters. One is the original species B. belcheri (Oucuo) and the other is B. tsingtauense (Huangcuo).     

Biology of the amphioxus,Branchiostoma belcheri in the Ariake Sea,Japan I. Population structure and growth

We investigated the population structure and growth of the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri for four years in the southern Ariake Sea, Japan. We counted 62-66 myotomes and 251-310 dorsal fin-ray chambers, and these results support that this species is an intermediate form of B. belcheri and its subspecies B. belcheri tsingtauense. The ratio of females to males was 1:1.12. Males were more numerous than females among small individuals (< 40 mm body length), but we found no significant differences among large animals (50 mm body length). Spawning occurred from mid June to early July. Groups of newly settled young appeared from January to June of their second year. We observed a large fluctuation between years in the numbers of newly settled young. The estimated size of one-year-old individuals was 19.4 mm in body length; within the next 12 months, they reached 32.1 mm. Three- and four-year-old individuals measured 38.6 mm and 45.8 mm, respectively. Few grew beyond 60 mm; the largest specimen collected was a 64 mm male.     

Functional conservation and innovation of amphioxus RIP1-mediated signaling in cell fate determination

Recently, receptor interacting protein (RIP)-1 has been recognized as an intracellular sensor at the crossroads of apoptosis, necroptosis, and cell survival. To reveal when this crucial molecule originated and how its function in integrating stress signals evolved, in this study we report on two RIP1 homologs in Chinese amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense), designated B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1a and B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1b. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that they are generated by domain recombination and lineage-specific duplication. Similar to human RIP1, both B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1a and B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1b activate NF-κB in a kinase activity-independent manner and induce apoptosis through the Fas-associated death domain protein-caspase cascade. Moreover, we found that the natural point mutation of Q to I in the RIP homotypic interaction motif of B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1a provides negative feedback for amphioxus RIP1-mediated signaling. Thus, our study not only suggests that RIP1 has emerged as a molecular switch in triggering cell death or survival in a basal chordate, but also adds new insights into the regulation mechanisms of RIP1-related signaling, providing a novel perspective on human diseases mediated by RIP1.     

Branchiostoma japonicum and B. belcheri are distinct lancelets (Cephalochordata) in Xiamen waters in China

Lancelets in Xiamen were reported as Branchiostoma belcheri in 1932, and subsequently were believed to comprise a single species. However, recent studies revealed that Xiamen lancelets actually represent two species, B. belcheri and B. japonicum. We observed thousands of lancelets from Xiamen beach to recognize these two species. Our observations showed that at least three morphological characters distinguish them: 1) the rostral fin is slightly round with the end obtuse in B. belcheri but elliptic with the end cuspate in B. japonicum; 2) the number of preanal fin-chambers is more than 80 in B. belcheri but less than 64 in B. japonicum, and the chambers are slender in the former but stout in the latter; 3) the caudal fin of B. belcheri is narrower than that of B. japonicum, and the angle between the dorsal and super-caudal fins, and between preanal and sub-caudal fins, is obtuse in B. belcheri but acute in B. japonicum. We also provide some ecological and distributional evidence to support the conclusion that there are two separate species in Xiamen waters.     

Continuous culture of two lancelets and production of the second filial generations in the laboratory

The lancelet is considered to be a promising laboratory model animal. To establish laboratory colonies of lancelet, we collected parental lancelets of Branchiostoma belcheri and B. japonicum (previously named as B. belcheri tsingtauense) with fully developed gonads from Xiamen Rare Marine Creature Conservation Areas (Fujian, China) on dates just before their spawning in the field in 2005. Those parental lancelets spawned spontaneously in the laboratory and produced thousands upon thousands of fertilized eggs. After carefully hatching and maintaining for almost 1 year, we successfully obtained about 500 first generation (F1) adults of B. belcheri and 3,300 of B. japonicum. Part of those F1 lancelets ripened and spontaneously spawned in 2006, and several thousands of second generation (F2) individuals of both species were produced. The young F2 lancelets are growing in good condition and some of B. japonicum initiated gonad development in December, 2006. Our experience emphasizes that cleanness of settlement substratum and sufficient food supply are important factors for long-term culture of lancelets in the laboratory.