多拟青霉属一嗜热新种

报道了多拟青霉属 (PolypaecilumCost)的 1个嗜热新种 :嗜热多拟青霉 (P .thermophilusD .M .WangetD .C .Li) ,对其进行了描述和讨论 ,附有插图。研究标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室 (HSAUP)。     

青霉属的三个新种

本文报导青霉属的三个新种,它们不同于此属已发表的诸种.异型青霉(Penicillium heteromorphum Kong et Qi),根据帚状枝的结构和分生孢子的某些特征,近于两型孢青霉(Penicillium dimorphosporum Swart),但此种在查氏琼脂上生长很稀疏,并有两种大小的分生孢子,大分生孢子直径可达10 pm,壁光滑,在观察菌落期间,有时大分生孢子落在基质上,很快萌发生长成简单的分生孢子结构,这些特征易于与后者区分.结节青霉(Penicillium nodulum Kong et Qi)在某些方面类似纠缠青霉(Penicilliumimplicatum Biourge),此新种的菌落特征,柄顶端膨大似顶囊,呈结节状膨大的营养菌丝等特征而不同于纠缠青霉.神农架青霉(Penicillium shennong jianum Kong et Qi)和毡毛青霉(Penicillium velutinum van Heyma)相近,而新种在多种培养基上生长都局限,菌落面呈带褐的橄榄色,分生孢子壁光滑等特征可与毡毛青霉区分开来.     

拟青霉属的一个新种

从湖南省桃江县采集的亚香棒虫草(Cordyceps hawkesii Gray)的新鲜子座、单子囊孢子及其寄主,一种蝙蝠蛾(Hepialus sp.)的僵死幼虫,培养获得拟青霉属的一个新种,命名为霍克斯拟青霉(Paecilomyces hawkesii Xiao,T.B.Li et Q.T.Chen,sp.nov.)。本文报道该菌的形态学特征及其与近缘种肉色拟青霉(P.carneus)的关系,并认为它可能是亚香棒虫草的无性阶段。     

古尼拟青霉和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵菌丝体挥发性成分的分析与比较

对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉Paecilomyces hepiali和古尼拟青霉P.gunnii菌丝体的挥发性成分进行了研究,采用同时蒸馏萃取法分别提取两种菌丝体中的挥发性成分,经GC-MS联用仪对挥发性成分进行分离鉴定,分别分析出25种和32种挥发性成分。在蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体挥发性成分中2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚和1,5-二氢-1-甲基-2H-吡咯-2-酮相对含量较高,分别占65.78%和12.77%;在古尼拟青霉菌丝体中挥发性成分2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛相对含量较高,分别占62.11%和12.32%。两种菌丝粉共有8种共有成分,分别占蝙蝠蛾拟青霉挥发性成分的71.58%,古尼拟青霉挥发性成分的69.67%;由此可见蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和古尼拟青霉菌丝体主要挥发性物质的成分是相同的。通过对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和古尼拟青霉挥发性成分的研究,为我们进一步了解这两种真菌菌丝体的药理作用提供了实验依据。     

青霉属的一个新种

本文报告从贵阳市细叶桉树流胶上分离到的一株青霉,在查氏琼脂上生长极为局限,菌落质地为绳状,并形成匍匐枝样的菌丝,超越菌落之外再重新进入培养基内生长。帚状枝大多为双轮对称型,少数单轮生或不规则分枝。瓶梗不呈典型的披针形。分生孢子球形至近球形,具瘤状突起。分生孢子链形成相当致密的短柱,一部分的顶部稍尖。该菌属于双轮对称青霉组的绳状青霉系,近于擒状青霉(Penicillium piceum Raper et Fenncll),但区别在于菌落特征明显不同和具有瘤状突起的分生孢子,命名为树脂青霉(Penicillium resinae sp. Nov)。     

分离自江西的一个青霉属新种

新种江西青霉Pencilliumjangxiensesp.nov.分离自江西省的江西虫草Cordycepsjiangxiensis,它类似于无色青霉Penicilliumincoloratum和贵州青霉P.guizhouanum,但前者的帚状枝不分枝,显著单轮生,生长很慢,分生孢子结构发育很慢,分生孢子也很小,这些特征易于与近似种相区分。     

尖孢青霉(Penicillium splculisnorum 44)产生剌孢青霉酸的适宜条件

从7砷52株不同的青霉中筛选到6株能产生刺孢青霉酸的菌株。它们分属于尖孢青霉(P. sptcultsportum, 4株)和产紫青霉(P. purpurogenum, 2株),其中以P．Spiculisporum 44 的产酸量最高。产酸的适宜培养基组份为(g/L)：葡萄糖130—150,NH4NO3,0.6,KH2PO41.0,MgSO4·7H7O 0.2,玉米浆0.6一0.8,起始pH 6．0。摇床培养8—9天,发酵液中产酸量在40 g／L以上。酸的得率为消耗碳量的53％或更多。该酸溶液(8．765×103 mol／L)的表面张力及其对煤油的界面张力分别为38．1和6．68 mNm-     

分离自赤豆的青霉新种

本文报道青霉属一个新种,分离自赤豆,特点是分生孢子无色,命名为无色青霉(Penicillium incoloratum sp.nov.).模式和来自模式的活培养物都保存在中国科学院微生物研究所。     

分离自蜻蜒虫草的拟青霉属一新种

本文描述了拟青霉属(Paecilomyces)一新种—蜻蜓拟青霉(P. odonatae),该菌分离自蜻蜓虫草(Cordyceps odonatae),与其它种的典型区别特征是它具有拟青霉型产孢结构,产椭圆形链状排列的分生孢子和枝顶孢霉型产孢结构,产柱状粘成团排列的分生孢子.     

分离自江西的一个青霉属新种

新种江西青霉Pencillium jangxiense sp.nov.分离自江西省的江西虫草Cordyceps jiangxiensis,它类似于无色青霉Penicillium incoloratum和贵州青霉P.guizhouanum,但前者的帚状枝不分枝,显著单轮生,生长很慢,分生孢子结构发育很慢,分生孢子也很小,这些特征易于与近似种相区分。     

Cyclopiazonic acid production by submerged cultures of Penicillium and Aspergillus strains

Abstract 62 isolates of Penicillium and Aspergillus were screened for cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) production by surface and submerged culture on different media. The production of this mycotoxin was restricted to Penicillium camembertii group II (and its domesticated form P. camembertii ), P. griseofulvum , and Aspergillus flavus (and its domesticated form A. oryzae ). The best yield of CPA was obtained by a strain of P. griseofulvum , but several strains of P. camembertii group II were also good producers. Propionic acid (500 and 1000 mg/l medium) did not enhance the production of CPA. The best yields of CPA were obtained in submerged culture, but in some cases growth and CPA production only occured in surface culture. A simplified procedure for isolation of CPA is described.     

The Effects of Proteins and Phospholipids on the Mobility of Wheat Doughs

Penicillium strains (n=394) preserved at NBRC (the NITE Biological Resource Center) were compared as to groupings (11 species-clusters) based on phylogeny and the production of bioactive compounds. The strains in two clusters, of which P. chrysogenum and P. citrinum are representative, showed higher rates of positive strains with multi-biological activities.     

In vitro effects of water activity, temperature and solutes on the growth rate of P. italicum Wehmer and P. digitatum Sacc

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of water activity (a(w) 0.98-0.89, adjusted with glycerol, sorbitol, glucose, or NaCl) and temperature (5-25 degrees C) on the lag phase and radial growth rate (mm day(-1)) of the important citrus spoilage fungi, such as Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. To select, among models based on the use of different solutes, a model fitting accurately the growth of these species in relation to a(w) and temperature. METHODS AND RESULTS: Extensive data analyses showed for both Penicillium species a highly significant effect of a(w), temperature, solutes and their interactions on radial growth rate (P < 0.0001). Radial growth rate was inhibited and the lag phase (i.e. the time required for growth) lengthened as the a(w) of the medium decreased. NaCl appeared to causes the greatest stress on growth when compared with other nonionic solutes. Penicillium italicum stopped growing at 0.96 a(w) and P. digitatum at 0.93 a(w). Under the dry conditions where growth was observed, P. italicum grew faster than P. digitatum at low temperature and P. digitatum remained more active at ambient temperature. Multiple regression analysis applied to the square roots of the growth rates observed in the presence of each solute showed that both the 'glycerol model' and the 'sorbitol model' yielded a good prediction of P. italicum growth and the 'sorbitol model' gave an accurate fit for P. digitatum growth, offering high-quality prediction within the experimental limits described. CONCLUSIONS: Mathematical models describing and predicting, as a function of a(w) and temperature, the square root of the radial growth rate of the agents responsible for blue and green decays are important tools for understanding the behaviour of these fungi under natural conditions and for predicting citrus fruit spoilage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Implementation of these results should contribute towards a more rational control strategy against citrus spoilage fungi.     

Effects of Penicillium extracts on germination vigour in subsequent seedling growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Penicillium spp. are well known to produce a variety of beneficial metabolites for plant growth and survival, as well as they defend their hosts from attack of certain pathogens. In this study, effects of culture filtrate of different Penicillium spp. were tested on tomato seeds. On the whole, presoaking of seeds in the filtrates of the nine Penicillium isolates tested significantly increased seed germination when compared with the control seeds. Cultural extracts of P. expansum and P. bilaii were highly effective in growth promotion up to 90%. It was also observed that P. implicatum and P. oxalicum significantly enhanced the root growth in tomato seedling as compared to other species. In case of shoot length, P. verrucosum (3.38 cm), P. granulatum (2.81 cm) and P. implicatum (2.62 cm) were effective. P. implicatum was quite promising in increasing shoot and root length in tomato seedlings, while P. simplicissimum and P. citrinum were less effective on seedling growth. The plant growth-promoting ability of Penicillium strains may help in growth promotion in other plants and crops. Penicillium spp. are already known for producing various mycotoxins and enzymes. Plant growth-promoting ability of Penicillium spp. will open new aspects of research and investigations. The role of Penicillium spp. in tomato plant growth requires further exploration.     

Penicillium nodositatum Valla,a new species inducing myconodules on Alnus roots

Penicillium nodositatum Valla, a new species of Penicillium, able to induce nodule formation on the root system of two alder species, is described in this paper. It belongs to the subgenusBiverticillium ser.Islandica. Typical distinctive features of this species are canary to chrome yellow mycelium, ampulliform to acerose phialids and ellipsoid, echinulate conidia. The taxonomic position ofP. nodositatum and a comparison with another myconodule inducing species (P. janczewskii Zaleski) are discussed.     

Isolation and metabolite production by Penicillium roqueforti,P. paneum and P. crustosum isolated in Canada

Penicillium roqueforti, P. crustosum and P. paneum grow on ensiled grain and recycled feed unless properly treated. The former two species occur also on cut lumber in Canada. These are known to produce a number of secondary metabolites including roquefortine. In cooler dairy production areas, including Scandinavia and North America, cattle toxicosis has been associated with silage contaminated by these fungi. We collected strains associated with cow or cattle toxicoses. The principal metabolites were determined making use of a new extraction method and analysis combining HPLC, LC/MS/MS, and LC/NMR. Penicillium roqueforti and P. crustosum required amino acid nitrogen for metabolite formation and their toxins were formed under conditions of low oxygen (20–30% saturation). Production of roquefortine C occurred on depletion of the available nitrogen and penitrem A on depletion of carbon source. Yield was reduced by excess carbon. Medium osmotic tension (a_w) affected metabolite production by the two species differently. Penicillium paneum was associated with ill-thrift of dairy cows and P. roqueforti was associated with more serious symptoms. Our data suggest a physiological basis for the common occurrence of roquefortine C in silage without serious consequences and the alternative, the presence of roquefortine C and toxicoses. The strain isolated from lumber was the best producer of the toxins studied. This is the first report of the toxigenic potential of P. roqueforti and P. paneum from Canada.     

The Penicillium commune Thom and Penicillium clavigerum Demelius Fungi Producing Fumigaclavines A and B

The type strains Penicillium clavigerum VKM F-447 and P. commune VKM F-3233 are found to produce fumigaclavines A and B. Of the seven other strains of these species, only two strains, P. commune VKM F-3088 and F-3491, possess the ability to synthesize these alkaloids. It is suggested that the five other strains under study either lost such an ability or require very specific conditions for the synthesis of these alkaloids.     

椪柑精油及其主要抑菌组分对菌核青霉的抑制作用

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取椪柑(Citrus reticulate Blanco)果皮精油,并用GC-MS对其成分进行分析,共鉴定出46种成分,主要包括柠檬烯(57.67%)、β-芳樟醇(5.36%)、2-蒈烯(4.47%)、β-蒎稀(4.31%)、γ-松油烯(4.08%)、α-蒎烯(3.27%)、1,2-二异丙烯基环丁烷(2.87%)、β-月桂烯(2.77%)、α-侧柏烯(2.40%)、β-水芹烯(2.24%)、癸醛(1.80%)和香茅醇(1.49%)等。采用污染食物技术(poisoned food technique)和液体培养法(liquid culture)测定了不同浓度椪柑精油以及主要抑菌组分对菌核青霉的抑制作用。结果表明:不同浓度(0.5～20μl/ml)的椪柑精油对菌核青霉生长均有一定的抑制,且抑菌效果与浓度呈正相关。无论是采用污染食物技术还是液体培养法,20μl/ml椪柑精油均能完全抑制菌核青霉生长;随着培养时间延长到7d,20μl/ml椪柑精油抑菌效果有所下降,但仍能显著抑制菌核青霉生长。采用污染食物技术考察了椪柑精油中7种常见抑菌成分对菌核青霉的影响。结果表明,0.04μl/ml柠檬醛和1.07μl/mlβ-芳樟醇能显著抑制菌核青霉生长,而其他组分无明显作用。实验结果表明,椪柑精油的抑菌作用可能归功于其所含的柠檬醛和β-芳樟醇。     

草酸青霉转录因子POX03446对生淀粉酶产量调控的初步研究

生淀粉酶可以在淀粉糊化温度以下的温度下直接降解生淀粉,具有巨大应用价值。丝状真菌生淀粉酶的产生受转录因子的严格调控。但是,草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)中生淀粉酶产生的调控机制仍不清楚。前期工作中,通过比较基因组学获得了草酸青霉HP7-1中调控生淀粉酶产量的候选调控基因集。本研究以草酸青霉ΔPoxKu70为出发菌株,用同源重组技术敲除了其中一个候选调控基因POX03446,获得了缺失突变株ΔPOX03446。在可溶性淀粉培养条件下,与出发菌株ΔPoxKu70相比,转接后第2天,ΔPOX03446的生淀粉酶产量显著下降29.8%~40.3%(p<0.01;Student’s t test);转接后第4天,生淀粉酶产量显著下降14.6%~29.7%(p<0.01;Student’s t test),表明基因POX03446正向调控草酸青霉生淀粉酶的产生。NCBI BlastP比对分析显示POX03446与草酸青霉调控木聚糖酶基因和纤维素酶基因表达的转录因子PoXlnR一致性为46%。这是第一次报道POX03446调控草酸青霉生淀粉酶的产生。     

The glucose oxidase of Penicillium variabile P16: gene cloning, sequencing and expression

AIMS: Isolation and characterization of the glucose oxidase (GOX)-encoding gene from a Penicillium variabile strain (P16) having a high level of GOX activity and comparison of its expression with that of another strain of P. variabile (NRRL 1048) characterized by low GOX activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: The gene, isolated by PCR consisted of 1818 bp encoding 605 amino acid residues. Gene expression was analysed by Northern blotting and compared with that of P. variabile NRRL 1048. The higher GOX activity of strain P16 appeared likely because of de novo mRNA synthesis. Southern blotting analyses of the genomic DNA showed that the hybridization pattern of the two strains differed for the size of hybridizing fragment detected by the probe and slightly for their signal intensity. CONCLUSIONS: The GOX-encoding gene of P. variabile P16 was isolated and characterized to identify the molecular bases of its high level of expression and in view of improving enzyme production by developing a process based on heterologous expression. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: GOX-encoding genes can be subjected to high difference in their expression levels. The P16 strain of P. variable producing large amount of GOX as well as its encoding gene might be exploited for industrial applications.