草海湿地食物链稳定碳氮同位素特征与食物链结构

以国家级自然保护区贵州威宁草海为研究对象,利用稳定同位素技术,分析草海湿地食物链碳(δ~(13)C)、氮(δ15N)同位素特征,计算各生物类群营养级别,建立草海食物链结构。结果表明:草海湿地生态系统中δ13C比值范围为-27.56‰～-13.25‰(均值±标准差,-21.52‰±3.61‰);δ15N值范围为0.32‰～15.14‰(8.69‰±3.92‰),δ13C与δ15N呈显著负相关(r=-0.423,P0.01)。草海湿地食物链中消费者营养级处于0.8～3.7,其中:鱼类营养级为0.8～2.5,相对其他地区偏低;底栖动物营养级为2.0～2.8,鸟类营养级为1.0～3.7。鱼类和底栖动物的营养级别均表现为肉食性杂食性植食性。草海食物链结构复杂,主要的两条碳流动途径分别为:底泥和浮游植物→浮游动物→鱼类→鸟类以及水生植物→鱼类和鸟类。     

碳氮稳定同位素技术在青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统研究中的应用:进展与展望

碳氮稳定同位素技术在草地生态系统研究中的应用日渐广泛,本文针对其在青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中的研究与应用进行了总结。首先,探讨了环境因子(海拔、水肥、草地退化、温度)对青藏高原高寒草甸碳氮同位素组成(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)的影响:高寒草甸植物δ~(13)C值与海拔呈正相关,与大气压强、草地退化和温度均呈负相关,与降水的关系尚有争议;土壤δ~(13)C值与海拔和草地退化呈正相关;植被的δ~(15)N值与水肥呈正相关,土壤的δ~(15)N值与草地退化呈负相关。其次,综述了近年来该技术在高寒草甸植物光合型鉴定、植物水分利用、食物链营养关系、碳氮循环等方面的研究进展。最后,对碳氮稳定同位素技术在研究高寒草甸土壤有机碳与土壤呼吸、重现植被类型更替和气候演化历史、土壤N_2O溯源、探究高寒草甸退化的原因、藏药与动物食品产地溯源等方面的应用前景进行了展望,以期进一步发挥其在青藏高原高寒草甸研究中的潜力。     

大鵟的食性改变:来自稳定性碳同位素的证据

通过对大规模灭鼠后的海北高寒草甸生态系统大鵟、小型哺乳类以及雀形目鸟类肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值的测定发现,大篱的肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值介于-22．60‰和-23．10‰之间;小型哺乳类和主要雀形目鸟类肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值分别介于-25．57‰和-25．78‰以及-24．81‰和-22．51‰之间,且它们之间差异性显著。基于碳同位素的分馏模式(即动物和它食物之间稳定性碳同位素分馏在1‰～2‰之间),我们推断经大规模灭鼠后,大篱的食性发生了较大变化,其食物主要来源于高寒草甸的雀形目鸟类,而非原来的小型哺乳类。通过稳定性同位素营养级模型的运算发现,大蔫处在4．23左右的营养级;雀形目鸟类处在2．4到3．39左右的营养级,而小型哺乳类则处在1．45到1．82左右的营养级。进而采用稳定性同位素质量平衡模型计算得出,大篱的食物由35．04％的小型哺乳类和64．96％的雀形目鸟类所组成,进一步说明小型哺乳类在大量灭鼠后仅占大篱食物的很小一部分。由此可见,采取大规模的化学灭鼠,不仅降低了小型啮齿类天敌——大鵟的数量,而日使得其食谱发毕了巨大改变而转向草甸主要雀形目鸟类[动物学报49(6)：764～768,2003]。     

香鼬、艾虎和大(狂鸟)的食物资源分割--来自稳定性同位素的证据

通过对高寒草甸生态系统内香鼬、艾虎和大(狂鸟)3种食肉类稳定性碳和氮同位素比值(δ13C和δ15N)的测定,依据同位素的质量平衡原理和IsoSource软件计算得到:小型哺乳类在香鼬、艾虎和大(狂鸟)食谱中的分配比例分别为26.8%、27.0%和29.2%;雀形目成鸟的分配比例为22.3%、47.7%和69.1%;雀形目幼鸟为50.9%、25.6%和1.70%.3种食肉类的稳定性碳和氮同位素分布模式在二维空间上存在明显分割,由此说明,香鼬、艾虎和大(狂鸟)之间存在明显的食物资源分割现象,同时也反映了三者在高寒草甸生态系统内共存的基础.     

香鼬、艾虎和大鵟的食物资源分割——来自稳定性同位素的证据

通过对高寒草甸生态系统内香鼬、艾虎和大鵟3种食肉类稳定性碳和氮同位素比值(δ^13C和δ^15N)的测定,依据同位素的质量平衡原理和IsoSource软件计算得到：小型哺乳类在香鼬、艾虎和大鵟食谱中的分配比例分别为26．8％、27．0％和29．2％;雀形目成鸟的分配比例为22．3％、47．7％和69．1％;雀形目幼鸟为50．9％、25．6％和1．70％。3种食肉类的稳定性碳和氮同位素分布模式在二维空间上存在明显分割,由此说明．香鼬、艾虎和大鵟之间存在明显的食物资源分割现象,同时也反映了三者在高寒草甸生态系统内共存的基础。     

香鼬、艾虎和大kuang的食物资源分割——来自稳定性同位素的证据(英文)

通过对高寒草甸生态系统内香鼬、艾虎和大kuang 3种食肉类稳定性碳和氮同位素比值(δ[13]C和δ[15]N)的测定,依据同位素的质量平衡原理和IsoSource软件计算得到：小型哺乳类在香鼬、艾虎和大kuang食谱中的分配比例分别为26.8%、27.0%和29.2%;雀形目成鸟的分配比例为22.3%、47.7%和69.1%;雀形目幼鸟为50.9%、25.6%和1.70%。3种食肉类的稳定性碳和氮同位素分布模式在二维空间上存在明显分割,由此说明,香鼬、艾虎和大kuang之间存在明显的食物资源分割现象,同时也反映了三者在高寒草甸生态系统内共存的基础。     

海北高寒草甸生态系统研究定位站没有发现C4植物--来自于稳定性碳同位素的证据

通过对海北高寒草甸生态系统研究站25个科、70个属、102种植物叶片的稳定性碳同位素的测定,以确定植物群落的光合型.结果表明,所测定的102种植物的稳定性碳同位素比值(δ13C)介于-28.24‰和-24.84‰之间,说明这102种植物均属于C3植物,无C4植物或CAM植物.植物这种光合型的分布与该生态系统中的环境因子密切相关,是低温、强辐射等环境因素长期作用的结果,也反映了植物对这种特殊环境的适应.     

海北高寒草甸生态系统研究定位站没有发现C4植物——来自于稳定性碳同位素的证据

通过对海北高寒草甸生态系统研究站25个科、70个属、102种植物叶片的稳定性碳同位素的测定,以确定植物群落的光合型。结果表明,所测定的102种植物的稳定性碳同位素比值(δ^13C)介于-28．24‰和-24．84‰之间,说明这102种植物均属于C3植物,无C4植物或CAM植物。植物这种光合型的分布与该生态系统中的环境因子密切相关,是低温、强辐射等环境因素长期作用的结果,也反映了植物对这种特殊环境的适应。     

7种高寒草甸雀形目鸟类食性与消化道形态的比较

食物是多维生态位理论中最重要的一维,食物生态位的分离对群落中物种的稳定共存起到非常重要的作用。对高寒草甸生态系统中常见的7种雀形目鸟类的食性调查表明,它们主要以草籽、昆虫和燕麦等为食,且不同物种对不同食物的取食比例存在较大差异;不同物种的食物生态位宽度变化较大(0.120~0.752),除黄嘴朱顶雀(Carduelis flavirostris)和地山雀(Pseudopodoces humilis)的食物生态位重叠较小(0.059)外,其他物种间的重叠都较大(0.334~0.904)。不同物种的肝重、胃重和小肠长度存在较大的差异,比如:以草籽为食的黄嘴朱顶雀,其肝重和胃重较小,小肠长度最大;以昆虫为食的地山雀,其胃重和小肠长度最小,肝重较大。随着各物种食性由草籽到昆虫的变化,小肠长度逐渐变小,杂食性物种的相关变化不明显。栖息于相似生境中的雀形目鸟类具有不同的食物资源利用模式,而同域共存物种消化道形态结构的差异是对食物资源利用种间权衡的功能响应。     

青藏高原高寒草甸门源草原毛虫取食偏好及其与植物C、N含量的关系

草食性昆虫对不同植物物种的取食存在偏好,这种取食偏好可能受其自身对蛋白质和碳水化合物的需求及二者平衡的调节。以青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸31种常见植物及门源草原毛虫为对象,通过饲喂实验,研究了草食性昆虫对不同物种和不同功能群植物的取食偏好,及其与植物叶片C、N含量和C∶N之间的关系。在31种植物中,门源草原毛虫对19种植物进行了取食,尤其对矮嵩草、红棕薹草、藏异燕麦和垂穗披碱草四种植物表现出强烈的取食偏好,而对另外12种植物未进行任何取食。在物种水平上,门源草原毛虫取食量与植物叶片N含量呈显著负相关,与叶片C∶N呈正相关。从功能群水平上看,门源草原毛虫对莎草类的取食偏好最大,而对豆科植物取食偏好最低;相应地,莎草类植物叶片N含量最低、C∶N最高,而豆科植物叶片N含量最高、C∶N最低。因此,即使在土壤有效氮匮乏、植物生长受氮素限制的高寒草甸生态系统,植物体内N含量的增加也可能不利于草食性昆虫的取食。门源草原毛虫对优势植物矮嵩草和垂穗披碱草的取食对高寒矮嵩草草甸物种共存和生物多样性维持可能具有重要的作用。     

Potential and attainable food production and food security in different regions

Growing prosperity in the South is accompanied by human diets that will claim more natural resources per capita. This reality, combined with growing populations, may raise the global demand for food crops two- to four-fold within two generations. Considering the large volume of natural resources and potential crop yields, it seems that this demand can be met smoothly. However, this is a fallacy for the following reasons. (i) Geographic regions differ widely in their potential food security: policy choices for agricultural use of natural resources are limited in Asia. For example, to ensure national self-sufficiency and food security, most of the suitable land (China) and nearly all of the surface water (India) are needed. Degradation restricts options further. (ii) The attainable level of agricultural production depends also on socio-economic conditions. Extensive poverty keeps the attainable food production too low to achieve food security, even when the yield gap is wide, as in Africa. (iii) Bio-energy, non-food crops and nature compete with food crops for natural resources. Global and regional food security are attainable, but only with major efforts. Strategies to achieve alternative aims will be discussed. <br>     

Effects of food diversity on diatom selection by harpacticoid copepods

The diversity of species assemblages which occupy a basal position in the trophic pyramid (typically unicellular algae in aquatic environments) is known to influence the interaction with organisms of higher trophic levels. A laboratory feeding experiment was conducted with cultures of three benthic diatom species (Navicula phyllepta, Grammatophora marina and Cylindrotheca closterium) as primary producers and three harpacticoid copepod species (Harpacticus obscurus, Paramphiascella fulvofasciata and Tigriopus brevicornis) as grazers to evaluate the effects of food diversity (and concomitant food availability) on grazing selectivity. This kind of selectivity experiments is singular for benthic harpacticoid copepods as so far, information on food selection of harpacticoids is scarce.Uptake of a unispecific food source by a single copepod species decreased as food diversity (and concomitant overall food concentration) increased. All three consumers reacted similarly to changing food diversity, but exhibited strong species-specific responses to food identity i.e. which diatom was added was crucial. Irrespective of level of food diversity, H. obscurus took up high amounts of G. marina, whereas both P. fulvofasciata and T. brevicornis preferred C. closterium when given the choice between different diatoms. As for zooplanktonic taxa, this experiment showed that in lower benthic marine food webs both prey organisms (primary producers) and grazers play a very specific role. Diversity of food and its identity are of critical importance at the base of the trophic pyramid, influencing trophic transfer from primary producers over grazers to higher trophic levels.     

食品微生物快速检测技术研究进展

本研究概述了食品微生物引起的食源性疾病及对人类的危害;介绍了国内外9种食源性微生物快速检测技术的研究现状,指出电喷雾离子化多级质谱对氨基糖苷类抗生素的检测分析技术、分析即用型纸片技术、免疫分析检测技术、分子生物检测技术、阻抗技术以及其他新物理、生化技术检测方法,传统的检测的灵敏度和专一性有一定提高,但操作繁琐;现在发展的分子生物学方法为食品中快速、灵敏的病毒检测带来了更多的希望,各种快速检测方法还只是实践中的一个参考.其今后的发展方向主要是:克服现有分子生物学方法的缺点,绘制各种菌落图谱,开发在线检测软件,能定量测定微生物细胞特征和性能,简化采集、培养等程序,提高检测效率.     

Calidad de la alimentación de adultos mayores de Santiago de Chile

IntroductionWith the increase in the elderly population of Chile, it is very important to evaluate the quality of food of this age group using simple and quick tools.ObjectiveTo compare the food quality of the elderly, according to gender and age.Material and methodsA cross sectional study was conducted on 458 elderly subjects ≥ 60 years-old of Santiago de Chile. Each one of them were interviewed in their home using the Food Quality Survey for Elderly (FQSE). The objective of this survey is to measure the quality of the food and preparations considered healthy and/or unhealthy for elderly. Weight and height, was obtained from the control document of the elderly.ResultsMen consume a higher number of unhealthy foods compared to women (P = .01). On comparing ages, those over 80 years-old consumed less unhealthy foods (P = .01). The elderly obese showed a lower score in unhealthy eating habits and total intake score.ConclusionWomen eat healthier compared to men, and better eating habits are observed at an older age, especially in men. Finally, on comparing nutritional status, the elderly obese are those who eat in the most inadequate form.     

北草蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形及食性的变化

报道了北草蜥（Ｔａｋｙｄｒｏｍｕｓ ｓｅｐｔｅｎｔｒｉｏｎａｌｉｓ）的头部大小两性异形和食性在个体发育过程中的变化,讨论该种两性异形的进化选择压力。北草晰成体体长无显著的两性差异,两性异形主要表现为雄性个体有较大的头部（头长和头宽）。头部大小的两性异形在孵出幼体就已经存在。头部随ＳＶＬ的增长速率在个体发育的不同联合体是不同的,并随个体发育的进行变得更为显著。协方差分析显示,成年雌体特定ＳＶＬ的头部     

Patterns of feeding and food pellet retrieval by Norway rats during food deprivation

This study examined whether, for Norway rats suffering a body weight deficit of sufficient magnitude, food hoarding is prepotent over feeding. Rats food-deprived to 85% ad lib weight were videotaped during hoarding sessions that lasted until they ceased to hoard or eat to obtain complete records of retrieval and feeding. During the early minutes of a trial, feeding was the predominant activity, and food pellet retrieval occurred singly or in short bouts. This gave way over time to diminished eating and extended bouts of retrieval (hoarding). Closer analysis suggested that retrieval and feeding were aroused together and at the beginning of such arousal retrieval was momentarily prepotent over feeding. But once retrieval had occurred, there was a shift in favor of feeding. After the rat had consumed a sufficient amount of food, feeding was no longer aroused to the same degree, so bouts of retrieval occurred without feeding. Electronic Publication     

Measuring fruit patch size for three sympatric indonesian primate species

Food availability is one of the basic factors affecting primate density and socioecology, but food availability is difficult to assess. Two different ways to obtain accurate estimates of food availability have been proposed: using phenology data or using the behaviour of animals. Phenology data can be refined by only including trees that are large enough to be used; including (potential) tree species in which by the concerned primate species forage; or including (fruiting) trees of these species that actually produce fruit. Alternatively, the sizes of the actually visited trees (foraging trees) give an estimate of fruit availability. These measures are compared for three sympatric primate species at the Ketambe Research Station, Sumatra, Indonesia: the Thomas langur, the long-tailed macaque and the orangutan. The sizes of fruiting trees and the foraging trees are larger than the potential trees. The sizes of the potential trees and of the fruiting trees are similar for the three primate species. This, however, is not reflected in the use of trees: the langurs forage on average in trees of similar size to those producing fruit, whereas the macaques and orangutans forage in trees larger than those producing fruit. The use of trees does not necessitate a different cut off point of included dbhs for the three compared primate species. The use of trees of different sizes, however, may be regulated by food competition. This indicates that sympatric primates make different foraging decisions and that behavioural measures of food availability will be less reliable.     

Ghrelin and food reward: the story of potential underlying substrates

The incidence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate and this worldwide epidemic represents a significant decrease in life span and quality of life of a large part of the affected population. Therefore an understanding of mechanisms underlying food overconsumption and obesity development is urgent and essential to find potential treatments. Research investigating mechanisms underlying obesity and the control of food intake has recently experienced a major shift in focus, from the brain's hypothalamus to additional important neural circuits controlling emotion, cognition and motivated behavior. Among them, the mesolimbic system, and the changes in reward and motivated behavior for food, emerge as new promising treatment targets. Furthermore, there is also growing appreciation of the impact of peripheral hormones that signal nutrition status to the mesolimbic areas, and especially the only known circulating orexigenic hormone, ghrelin. This review article provides a synthesis of recent evidence concerning the impact of manipulation of ghrelin and its receptor on models of food reward/food motivation behavior and the mesolimbic circuitry. Particular attention is given to the potential neurocircuitry and neurotransmitter systems downstream of ghrelin's effects on food reward.     

Food packaging’s materials: A food safety perspective

Food packaging serves purposes of food product safety and easy handling and transport by preventing chemical contamination and enhancing shelf life, which provides convenience for consumers. Various types of materials, including plastics, glass, metals, and papers and their composites, have been used for food packaging. However, owing to consumers’ increased health awareness, the significance of transferring harmful materials from packaging materials into foods is of greater concern. This review highlights the interactions of food with packaging materials and elaborates the mechanism, types, and contributing factors of migration of chemical substances from the packaging to foods. Also, various types of chemical migrants from different packaging materials with their possible impacts on food safety and human health are discussed. We conclude with a future outlook based on legislative considerations and ongoing technical contributions to optimization of food–package interactions.