浅谈遗传规律教学中的几个问题

本文在遗传学教学内容和教学方法改革方面作了一些探讨,认为改革的方向应符合“深化教育改革、全面推进素质教育”的指导思想。主要采取了下列措施：（1）压缩教材中的一般内容,突出重点和难点,保证其讲授时间;（2）打破章节界限,将相关的内容联系在一起讲授;（3）注意启发式教学,克服和纠正“填鸭式”教学,培养学生创新精神;（4）让学生参与课堂内外教学,使学生掌握学习方法;（5）讲清关键、前后联系、比较异同、加深理解。这些措施达到了预期效果,受到学生好评。 Abstract：This paper makes some approaches in the teaching contents of genetics and the reform of teaching methods.It agrees that the direction of reform should correspond to the education and to develop diathesis education comprehensively.Five measures have been taken.(1)To reduce the general contents,meanwhile to emphasize the important and difficult contents and assure the teaching time .(2)Not to consider the scope of chapters and connect the relative contents when teaching.(3)To use the method of implication and overcome the methods of stuffing the students as to cultivate the students with creativity.(4)To let students take part in the teaching both in and out of class as to make them master learning methods.(5)To make clear the key problems and to find the same and different points of the similar things as to make students understand it deeply.These measures have received the expected effect and are welcomed by the students.     

基于遗传算法的人工神经网络模型在冬小麦根系分布预报中的应用

In this study, a controlled experiment of winter wheat under water stress at the seedling stage was conducted in soil columns in greenhouse. Based on the data gotten from the experiment, a model to estimate root length density distribution was developed through optimizing the weights of neural network by genetic algorithm. The neural network model was constructed by using forward neural network framework, by applying the strategy of the roulette wheel selection and reserving the most optimizing series of weights, which were composed by real codes.This model was applied to predict the root length density distribution of winter wheat, and the predicted root length density had good agreement with experiment data. The way could save a lot of manpower and material resources for determining the root length density distribution of winter wheat.     

新编人类群体遗传学实验一组

本文介绍了一组新编的人群嗅阈测量实验。该实验既兼顾了培养学生进行人类群体遗传调查的基本方法与技能和调查当地人群的嗅觉相关基因频率与分布两方面,又兼顾了课堂实验与课外研究两方面,是实验教学改革中比较成功的一种类型。 Abstract:This paper presents a group of new experiments on human olfactory threshold measurement.It is a successful educational reform in teaching of genetic experiment.It considered not only training students' skills in the research on population genetics and investigating local population's olfactory allelic frequency,but also class experiments and research out of the class.     

Atomic force microscopy imaging of live mammalian cells

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to examine the morphology of live mammalian adherent and suspended cells. Time-lapse AFM was used to record the locomotion dynamics of MCF-7 and Neuro-2a cells. When a MCF-7 cell retracted, many small sawtooth-like filopodia formed and reorganized, and the thickness of cellular lamellipodium increased as the retraction progressed. In elongated Neuro-2a cells, the cytoskeleton reorganized from an irregular to a parallel, linear morphology. Suspended mammalian cells were immobilized by method combining polydimethylsiloxane-fabricated wells with poly-L-lysine electrostatic adsorption. In this way, the morphology of a single live lymphoma cell was imaged by AFM. The experimental results can improve our understanding of cell locomotion and may lead to improved immobilization strategies.     

Reconsidering sex differences during place learning in tungara frogs

In tungara frogs, female mate choice requires remembering the location and/or calls of preferred males who advertise from fixed positions within a breeding pond. A previous study found that, when solving a place discrimination task in the laboratory, female tCingara frogs were able to learn a visual cue to solve the task, whereas males were not. In that task, male performance appeared to be inhibited, in part, by their attempt to use egocentric cues. We tested whether the sex difference in place learning previously reported would generalize to other training parameters with different cues available by eliminating the potential to use egocentric cues and increasing the number of trials per day. As before, frogs were given a choice between a red or yellow door, one of which led to shelters and return to their home cage. In the current testing conditions, we detected a preference for the red door;thus, we only considered frogs rewarded to the yellow door. Training was associated with an in crease in correct choices and an in creased preference for the yellow door. However, there was no evide nee for a sex d iff ere nee in learni ng. In summary, un der the curre nt training conditions, we fou nd that the appare nt female advantage in place learning was no Ion ger evide nt. Future studies that in vestigate sex d iff ere nces in cue pref ere nee and/or ability to switch among cues will further illuminate the conditions under which sex differences in learning are manifest in tungara frogs.     

A GIM-Based Biomimetic Learning Approach for Motion Generation of a Multi-Joint Robotic Fish

In this paper, we propose a biomimetic learning approach for motion generation of a multi-joint robotic fish. Based on a multi-joint robotic fish model, two basic Carangiform swimming patterns, namely ＂cruise＂ and ＂C sharp turning＂, are extracted as training samples from the observations of real fish swimming. A General Internal Model （GIM）, which is an imitation of Central Pattern Generator （CPG） in nerve systems, is adopted to learn and to regenerate coordinated fish behaviors. By virtue of the universal function approximation ability and the temporal/spatial scalabilities of GIM, the proposed learning approach is able to generate the same or similar fish swimming patterns by tuning two parameters. The learned swimming patterns are implemented on a multi-joint robotic fish in experiments. The experiment results verify the effectiveness of the biomimetic learning approach in generating and modifying locomotion patterns for the robotic fish.     

The Comparative and Functional Study between Two Construction Methods of shRNA Expression Vector Targeted LMP1 Gene Encoded by EBV

To look for a more stable and convenient way of constructing short hairpin RNA expression vectors targeting the latent membrane protein-1(LMP-1)encoded by Epstein-Barr virus(pshLMP1),and to study the inhibition function of pshLMP1 expression vectors in HNE1 cells,we designed the pshLMP1 expression cassette and pshLMP1 expression vectors by both the annealing method and PCR method and then co-transfected with pEGFP-N1-1158 into HNE1 cells to observe the mRNA and protein levels of LMP-1 genes by green fluorescence analysis,RT-PCR and western blot.pshLMP1 expression vectors were successfully obtained by both methods but better cloning efficiency was achieved and fewer deletions and mutations of nucleotides were achieved with the PCR method.Furthermore,the mRNA and protein levels of LMP-1 genes were down-regulated by pshLMP1 expression vectors.According to our research,we found that the PCR method provides a more efficient way to construct pshLMP1 expression vectors which have the ability to inhibit the function of LMP-1 genes expressed in HNE1 cells,and also provides a novel application of RNA interference technology against-EBV.     

计算机辅助教学及多媒体在遗传学教学中的应用

本文首先回顾了我国遗传学传统的教学方式,分析了目前多媒体组合在遗传学教学中的应用特点,指出计算机辅助教学及多媒体在遗传学教学中具有的独特优势,对我国高校建立和应用遗传学CAI课件提出了若干可行建议。 Abstract:The article firstly reviewed traditional teaching method of genetics in China,the characteristics of combination of media mix at present was analyzed in teaching genetics,the unique superiority of computer assisted instruction and multimedia was pointed out in teaching genetics,some suggestions to establish and utilize CAI class document of genetics was proposed in Chinese universities.     

In vitro selection of high-affinity DNA aptamers for streptavidin

In this study, we developed a systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment （SELEX） method using a combination of magnetic beads immobilization and flow cytometric measurement. As an example, the selection of streptavidin-specific aptamers was performed. In this protocol, the conventional SELEX procedure was optimized, fiirst using magnetic beads for target immobilization to facilitate highly efficient separation of the binding single-stranded DNA （ssDNA） aptamers from the unbound ssDNAs, and second using flow cytometry and fluorescein labeling to monitor the enrichment. The sensitivity of flow cytometry was adequate for ssDNA quantification during the SELEX procedures. The streptavidin-specific aptamers obtained in this work can be used as tools for characterization of the occupancy of streptavidin-modified surfaces with biotinylated target molecules. The method described in the study is also generally applicable to target molecules other than streptavidin.     

遗传学综合实验的教学改革实践

利用果蝇杂交实验,进行了教学改革的尝试。通过教学实践力求将几个独立的果蝇实验集中于一个,以充分利用实验时间,增加内容,改进方法。在改革的尝试中,学生自主设计实验方案,独立完成实验内容,处于主导地位。充分发挥了学生主动性,达到了培养学生独立思考、实际操作及科研素质等综合能力的目的。     

实例分析PBL教学法在医学分子生物学实验教学中的应用

分子生物学实验课程对培养学生科研能力至关重要,然而,目前常规教学重动手能力,而忽略科研思维的培养。本文以证明"突变β-catenin促进结肠癌细胞增殖"为例,探讨PBL教学法在分子生物学实验教学中的实际应用。与传统孤立地讲授和实施常见分子生物学实验技术不同,该PBL(problem based learning)法通过证明"突变β-catenin促进结肠癌细胞增殖"这一科学问题将DNA提取、PCR、质粒克隆和提取、核酸电泳、胶回收、蛋白提取、Western Blot、细胞转染等实验技术有机的统一起来,强化了实验技术解决实际问题的针对性和各个方法之间的内在联系,增强了学生学习的积极性,同时也大大提高学生发现问题、综合分析问题和解决问题的科研能力。     

基于CiteSpace生物化学实验教学动态与热点可视化分析

生物化学是生物学和医学学科非常重要的基础课程,是进入21世纪以来发展最为迅速和最具活力的学科之一.生物化学理论教学极具抽象性,所以其实验教学是理解相关理论与掌握实际技能的重要环节.在生物化学实验教学过程中,及时掌握新的教学理念,新的教学方法,新的教学热点,紧跟教学发展趋势一直是教师们关注的重点问题.本文以中国学术期刊网...     

开放实验室条件下的动物学实验教学改革新探

探讨了充分利用开放实验室进一步改革动物学实验教学的新方法：把开展大学生课题研究融入动物学实验教学、充分利用动物标本室加强动物学实验教学、以学生为主体调整动物学实验的教学内容以及结合相关产学研课题提高动物学实验教学的效率。结合实际条件激发学生学习的兴趣和参加实验的积极性,提高了实验效果,培养了学生的创新精神和实践能力。     

生物学教学中研究型教学方法与内容的探索

培养创新性人才是中国高校的教学目的之一, 实现这一目的需要改革传统的教学方法。为此, 许多学者引入了西方的研究型教学理念, 并讨论了这种教学理念对新时代教学改革的意义, 但仍然停留在理论探讨的层面上, 几乎没有提出对课堂教学有实用价值的研究型教学方法和具体内容。笔者根据自己多年的遗传学教学实践和经验, 结合目前大学教学普遍采用的教师主导型授课模式, 提出了适合生物学课堂教学的、比较全面而具体的研究型教学内容和评估方法, 认为研究型教学法至少应包含7个方面的措施：(1) 讲述科研历史, 学习提出科学问题的技巧; (2) 重演实验过程, 学习解决科学问题的研究技巧; (3) 分析实验结果, 学习从结果推出科学结论; (4) 设计虚拟实验, 学习立项组织科研; (5)侦探断案式的讲课方式, 学习科学探秘的逻辑; (6) 引导学生阅读, 学习查阅文献与梳理和总结研究进展的能力; (7) 因材施教, 提前单独培养优秀本科生。此外本文还讨论了在课程考试中如何考察研究型教学的效果。     

基于成果导向教育理念的“病原生物学”课程教学改革探索与实践

为进一步提升教学质量,基于成果导向教育(outcome based education,OBE)理念,探索病原生物学课程教学体系的改革和应用效果。课前,教师通过超星泛雅网络教学平台上传学习资料,明确教学目标,精心设计预习任务。课中,教师对学生的预习成果进行测试,进而有目的地实施教学并在课程中融入思政元素,激发学生的学习动力并培养社会主义核心价值观;运用思维导图整合学生的逻辑思维;设置多种互动环节提高学生的主动性。课后,优化考核评价体系,运用综合评价及反馈提高学生的学习效果。教学改革最终实现“以学生为中心,以成果为导向”的目标,培养能力突出的高素质应用型医学人才。     

融合式教学在病原生物学教学中的发展与实践

在病原生物学教学中贯彻融合式教学的理念,针对不同学制和医学专业的学生将问题式教学(PBL)和案例式教学(CBL)等多样化教学模式有机组合,并建立了可行措施进一步整合教学资源和推进实验教学改革,提高教学实效.     

基于“以学为中心”的医学微生物学课程教学改革与实践

“医学微生物学”是临床医学专业的核心课程,理论性和实践性较强。面向国家对医学人才培养目标的变化、如何在教学过程中以学为中心,以及注重学生能力素质的培养是本课程教学改革的重要环节。我们依据学情分析结果,通过翻转课堂、挖掘课程思政元素、基于问题的学习(problem-based learning,PBL)讨论课、虚拟仿真实验及临床见习课、开放性实验等教学手段综合运用进行课程的教学改革。实践证明,该教学改革体系使课程教学与医学人才培养挂钩,能够充分调动学生积极性、提高创新能力及服务意识,实现了师生共赢,圆满完成教学目标。     

整合现代教育技术与建构主义学习理论的基因组学创新教学模式

为了克服传统教学方式的各种弊端, 作为广东省分子生物学精品课程体系建设的内容之一, 对当今生命科学研究的热点领域—— 基因组学的教学模式进行了改革, 其中包括采用外国原版教材、进行双语教学以及以建构主义为指导的专题讨论教学法与多媒体辅助教学。在考试形式和实验教学方面, 则采用了多元化考核方式和增添了设计性实验。通过对基因组学教学的改革, 逐步完善了现代分子生物学课程体系的建设。     

基于群体协同交互式学习模式的“微生物生理学”虚拟仿真实验教学方法

随着我国虚拟仿真实验教学工作的开展,群组式学习模式被越来越多地探讨并应用到实际教学中,但将此学习模式与虚拟仿真类实验课程相结合进行教学研究的实例相对较少。针对微生物类实验实践教学中存在的典型问题,以哈尔滨工业大学“微生物生理学”研究生精品课程建设研究为例,提出基于群体协同交互式学习模式的“微生物生理学”虚拟仿真实验教学研究,以期打造微生物学科一流实验/实践类教学课程。本文阐述了群体协同交互式学习模式的内涵、构成要素及优势,论述了群体协同交互式学习模式在“微生物生理学”虚拟仿真实验教学中的实现过程,并总结了该模式的不足与未来发展方向。