中国砂壳虫属新纪录(肉鞭门,根足总纲,叶足纲,表壳目,砂壳科)

记述了首次在中国横断山区各种淡水中鉴定出隶属肉鞭门根足总纲叶足纲表壳目砂壳虫属中国12新纪录种:球水瓶砂壳虫Difflugia amphoralis globosa Gauthier-Liever et Thomas、坛状砂壳虫D.ampullula Playfair、窄巧砂壳虫 D.efegans angustata Deflandre、双角巧砂壳虫 D.elegans bicornis Jung、盖氏砂壳虫D.gassowkii(Gassowsky)Ogden、黑氏砂壳虫 D. hiraethogii Ogden、湖泊砂壳虫 D.lacustris(Penard)Ogden、袖砂壳虫 D.mancata Penard、片口墙砂壳虫 D.muriformis crucilobata Gauthier-Lievre et Thomas、节长圆砂壳虫 D.obfonga nodosa Leidy、斯氏砂壳虫D.stoutn Ogden和瘦砂壳虫D.tenuis(Penard)Ogden.     

原生动物瘤棘砂壳虫六个自然种群的形态计量学分析

利用统计方法研究了长江流域和珠江流域原生动物瘤棘砂壳虫6个种群374个虫体的形态特征.频数分布结果显示,瘤棘砂壳虫是一个大小恒定的单型种,其壳高、壳直径和口径均具有一个特定的大小范围,且服从正态分布.瘤棘砂先虫的特征值中,壳刺长、颈高、前体长和壳刺数的变异系数相对较高.相关分析表明,大部分特征值之间显著相关(P<0.05).方差分析显示,9个特征值(壳高、壳直径、口直径、壳刺长、颈高、后体长、前体长、口齿数、壳刺数)在不同种群间有显著差异(P<0.0001).尽管主成分分析没有明显区分开6个种群,但是聚类分析将它们分成了两个类群,其中珠江流域的广东万绿湖、广东流溪河水库种群和长江流域的贵州乌江渡、湖北道观河水库种群聚为一类;长江流域的湖北木兰湖和安徽董铺水库种群聚为一类.提示,为了适应当地的环境,即使处于同一流域的大小单型种在不同种群间也可形成显著差异.     

世界今生砂壳纤毛虫名录

砂壳纤毛虫隶属于纤毛门、旋毛纲、环毛亚纲、砂壳目.本文总结了自Kofoid和Campbell(1929)以来的分类学资料,参照Lynn(2008)的分类系统,整理成世界砂壳纤毛虫新名录.厘清砂壳纤毛虫共有15科69属954种,其中海洋种为15科69属925种,淡水种为3科5属29种.在所有属中,以拟铃虫属(Tintinnopsis包含物种最多,为137种,其中海洋种为118种.我国水体共记录有13科36属164种,海洋种13科36属144种,淡水种2科3属20种.除杯形铃壳虫(Codonella cratera)、湖泊领细壳虫(Stenosemella lacustris)、蜉蝣筒壳虫(Tintinnidium ephemeridum)、蝌蚪筒壳虫(Tintinnidium ranunculi)、半缘筒壳虫(Tintinnidium semiciliatum)、纺锤拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis fusiformis)、伊利诺拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis illinoisensis)、卵圆拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis ovalis)、圆柱拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis cylindrata)、这9个种外,其他淡水种在我国都有记录.该名录中,除了已有中文名的159种外,其余的种我们给出了中文译名,并将部分译为似铃虫属(Tintinnopsis)的中文名统一为拟铃虫属,部分译为麻铃虫属(Leprotintinnus)的中文名统一为薄铃虫属,将截短角口虫(Salpingella decurtata)改为截短号角虫,将冰生拟铃壳虫(Codonellopsis glacialis)改为冰生类铃虫.     

流溪河水库中瘤棘砂壳虫的摄食食物种类研究

有壳变形虫是一些单细胞的,异养的,自由生活的,生活在由有机颗粒,石英啥,硅质的矿物质等以规则的顺序组成的外壳中的原生动物^[1],广泛分布于世界各地^[2],水生砂壳虫是其典型代表^[3]。据报道砂壳虫摄食水中的微小颗粒以及轮虫,甚至是大型的浮游生物^[4]。因而砂壳虫可能是水体中连接经典食物链和微型食物链的关键浮游生物。为了系统地研究砂壳虫的摄食行为的特点,在流溪河水库水体中进行了两年的野外监测并结合室内活体观察。瘤棘砂壳虫最初发现于贵州,杨军等人于2004年重新描述了该种类并给予系统地形态学和壳元素组成研究^[5],是流溪河水库该属的一个优势种类。瘤棘砂壳在流溪河水库中于晚春出现,秋季消失,种群在夏季达到峰值。据活体观察,该种类属肉食性,其摄食浮游生物主要是轮虫,包括胶鞘轮虫,独角聚花轮虫(个体),螺形龟甲轮虫,红多肢轮虫(死亡个体),奇异六腕轮虫(死亡个体),对棘异尾轮虫(死亡个体),以及无节幼体(死亡个体)。瘤棘砂壳虫2006年出现于5月~10月,丰度范围为1.2~25.88ind.·L^-1,2007年丰度范围为0.2~11.2 ind.·L^-1。螺形龟甲轮虫和红多肢轮虫的丰度范围分别为0.2~101.2ind.·L^-1,0.1~45.71ind.·L^-1。胶鞘轮虫和独角聚花轮虫的丰度范围分别为0.02~11.4ind.·L^-1,0~26 ind.·L^-1,并且都是在夏季达到峰值。胶鞘轮虫和独角聚花轮虫由于身体柔软、游泳速度不快,是易被瘤棘砂壳虫摄食的轮虫。独角聚花轮虫在自然水体中有集群行为,能够抵御肉食动物的捕食,因为在自然水体中被摄食的几率较小。而其它的轮虫如龟甲轮虫,红多肢轮虫,由于外壳硬,游泳速度快,瘤棘砂壳虫对它们的捕食成功率很低。瘤棘砂壳虫主要依靠伪足进行摄食活动和爬行,其摄食行为和机制应该得到进一步的研究。     

瘤棘砂壳虫(肉足亚门:根足总纲)壳体元素组成

利用X射线能谱仪对采自中国湖北省木兰湖的瘤棘砂壳虫(Diffugia tuberspinifera)壳体元素组成进行分析,结果发现：构成壳体的化学元素主要为Si,其次是Ca和Al,还有微量K、Na、Cl、Fe、Mg、S和P。分析表明瘤棘砂壳虫壳体化学元素的构成介于海洋和土壤有壳肉足虫之间。     

厦门沿海的砂壳纤毛虫(原生动物, 纤毛门, 砂壳目)

对厦门沿海6个代表性站位砂壳纤毛虫进行了为期1年的采集, 共分离鉴定了27种砂壳纤毛虫, 其中拟铃虫属Tintinnopsis 20种, 薄铃虫属Leprotintinnus 3种, 类铃虫属Codonellopsis 2种, 领细壳虫属Stenosemella 1种以及网纹虫属Favella 1种。对该5属27种砂壳纤毛虫进行形态学描述, 并提供了显微照片, 其中侧胀拟铃虫Tintinnopsis ventricosoides Meunier, 1910为中国新记录种。     

基于克隆文库技术分析瘤棘砂壳虫的食物组成

瘤棘砂壳虫是东亚特有的原生动物,广泛分布于长江与珠江中下游以及福建地区的湖泊和水库,作为水生态系统的捕食者,在维持水生态系统的结构与功能方面发挥着重要作用。利用18S rRNA基因PCR扩增和克隆文库测序等分子生物学技术方法,从基因水平研究瘤棘砂壳虫的食物组成。结果表明:所获得的46条序列在97%相似度水平含有11类OTUs(Operational taxonomic units,操作分类单元),其中包括轮虫6个,桡足类5个,说明瘤棘砂壳虫的捕食类群以轮虫和桡足类为主,同时也证明单细胞生物可以直接以多细胞的后生动物为食。此外,通过克隆文库测序技术分析原生动物的食物组成比例,不仅是一种方便、高效、快速,重复性高的方法,同时也为分析原生动物的生态功能提供了一种新的视角。     

中国有壳肉足虫(原生动物)五新纪录描述

描述了采自云南、湖北和广东的5种有壳肉足虫,隶属原生动物亚界,肉鞭门,叶足纲,表壳目,均为国内新纪录种:非游巧装表壳虫Arcella artocrtea aplanata Grospietsch,1954;具角肋表壳虫A.costata angulosa (Perty) Playfair,1918;拟普通盘状表壳虫A.discoides pseudovulgaris Deflandre ,1928;光滑弯凸表壳虫A.gibbosa laevis Deflandre ,1928;球形叉口砂壳虫Difflugia gramen globulosa Stěpánek et Jirí,1958.     

广东沿海的砂壳纤毛虫及3种国内新纪录

对广东沿海的砂壳纤毛虫进行了初步研究,涉及7属16种,其中3种确定为中国的新纪录:僧帽壳铃虫Codonella apicata Kofoid&Campbell,1929,陀螺形拟铃虫Tintinnopsis turbo Meunier,1919和膨胀细壳虫Stenosemella expansa Wailes,1925。另有3种为我国亚热带海域的新纪录:筒状拟铃虫Tintinnopsis tubu-losoides Meunier,1910,罗氏拟铃虫Tintinnopsis lohmanni(J rgensen,1927)Laackmann,1906和贪婪铃壳虫Codonella rapa Kofoid&Campbell,1929。其余10种为常见种:百系拟铃虫Tintinnopsis beroidea Stein,1867,尖底拟铃虫Tintinnopsis acuminata(Daday,1887)Kofoid et Campbell,1929,妥肯丁拟玲虫Tintinnopsis to-cantinensis Kofoid&Campbell,1929,筒状拟铃虫Tintinnopsis tubulosoides Meunier,1910,管状拟玲虫Tintinnopsis tublosa Levander,1900,长形拟铃虫Tintinnopsis clongata Daday,1887,罗氏拟铃虫Tintinnopsislohmanni(J rgensen,1927)Laackmann,1906,小领细壳虫Stenosemella parvicollis(Marshall,1934)Hada,1935,钟状网纹虫Favella campanula(Schmidt,1901)J rgensen,1924和贪婪铃壳虫Codonella rapa Kofoid&Camp-bell,1929。文章对其形态分类学做了简要描述。     

台湾海峡的砂壳纤毛虫研究(纤毛动物门:砂壳亚目)

依据壳体形态对台湾海峡南部0－40m水层的40种砂壳纤毛虫进行了观察,发现其中有3种新种,即倪氏表纹虫Epirhabdonella niei,Xu,Hong et Song,sp.nov.,网状条纹虫Rhabdonella reticulata Xu,Hong et Song.sp.nov,和钝条纹虫Rhabdonella obtusa Xu,Hong et Song,sp.nov.及17个中国新纪录种,同时确定新村网纹虫Favella shintsuensis Nie et Cheng,1947为一同物异名。     

Testate Amoebae (Rhizopodea-Sarcodina) from Zooplankton of the High Paraná River Floodplain,State of Mato Grosso do Sul,Brazil: II. Family Difflugidae

In planktonic samples of lotic and lentic environments of the high Paraná River floodplain (States of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul) 25 taxa of Difflugidae (Rhizopodea-Sarcodina) were identified, of which Difflugia corona f. tuberculata, D. lobostoma f. multilobata, D. (Pseudocucurbitella) pseudogramen, D. stellastoma, D. kempnyi, D. pleustonica, D. correntina, D. lithophila, D. acuminata var. magna, D. echinulata, Cucurbitella mespiliformis var. africana, C. dentata f. quinquelobata and C. madagascarensis are new records for Brazil.     

温度和种间竞争对大型溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响

在20℃、25℃下,将大型溞和老年低额溞分别按7+3(B组),5+5(C组),3+7(D组)的组合进行混合培养,以及用单种培养(10+0(A组),0+10(E组))作为对照,研究了温度和种间竞争对大型溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响.实验结果表明:在混合培养时,大型溞对老年低额溞产生明显的竞争优势.20℃、25℃下,单种培养的老年低额溞最大种群密度分别为大型溞的2.31和1.97,而在混合培养下老年低额溞的种群密度明显低于大型溞,在实验25d后几乎全部死亡.25℃下两种溞的种群密度之间存在极显著的负相关性(C组:r=-0.508,n=30,P<0.01;D组:r=-0.483,n=30,P<0.01).在20℃、单种培养下,大型溞在首次产幼溞时即出现雄体,且种群密度与雄体密度呈显著的相关性(r=0.678,n=24,P<0.01).大型溞的最大雄体密度(106 ind.(200ml)~(-1))和最大雄体比例(36.8%)均出现在20℃、单种培养下.25℃下,大型溞在混合培养的B组和C组首次产幼溞时即出现雄体,且雄体在混合培养B组的比例达28.2%.大型溞在25℃、单种培养下没有产生卵鞍,在混合培养下总计产生66个卵鞍,其中空卵鞍占51.5%,而在20℃、混合培养下没有卵鞍产生.实验结果暗示:在较高的温度下,种间竞争刺激了大型溞雄体的产生和卵鞍的形成,高密度的雄体有助于大型溞孤雌生殖雌体向两性生殖雌体的转化.     

Enzyme Variability in Natural Populations of DAPHNIA MAGNA II. Genotypic Frequencies in Permanent Populations

In permanent habitats populations of the cyclical parthenogen, Daphnia magna, reproduce by continued parthenogenesis and are subject to only sporadic sexual recruitment. The genetic effects of this breeding system have been investigated by analyzing allozyme frequencies in thirteen populations of D. magna.-Genotypic frequencies at polymorphic loci characteristically deviated markedly from Hardy-Weinberg proportions and gametic phase imbalance between loci was frequent. Genotypic frequencies were subject to violent, selectively determined oscillations over short periods of time. These observations suggest that permanent populations of D. magna ordinarily consist of a limited number of highly structured genotypes. The adaptational advantages offered by such structuring may have been a major selective factor favoring the evolution of cyclical parthenogenesis.     

铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫与大型溞竞争关系的影响

为探究铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)浓度变化对浮游动物竞争关系的影响, 通过控制实验法, 评估了在 3个铜绿微囊藻浓度梯度下, 萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)之间的种间竞争关系。结果表明不同浓度铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫、大型溞的增长及二者种间竞争影响具有差异, 并且在3种铜绿微囊藻浓度下均以大型溞为主要优势类群。低浓度(5×104 cells/mL)铜绿微囊藻仅促进大型溞种群增长(P<0.01), 大型溞占据主要优势地位; 中浓度(1×105 cells/mL)铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫和大型溞增长均有显著影响(P<0.01), 在此浓度下大型溞在种群竞争中依旧占优势地位, 使得萼花臂尾轮虫种群衰亡; 在高浓度铜绿微囊藻(5×105 cells/mL)环境中种群生长均受到抑制(P<0.01), 在共培养体系中仅大型溞种群存活。在无其他外在影响因素存在时, 实验结果显示在不同浓度的铜绿微囊藻下, 大型溞均占优势, 说明铜绿微囊藻的浓度可能不是影响大型溞与萼花臂尾轮虫的竞争地位的主要因素。研究不同浓度铜绿微囊藻条件下浮游动物种间竞争关系对于理解蓝藻水华暴发的生态效应有重要意义。     

Effects of food quality and starvation on the optimal foraging behavior of Daphnia magna (Cladocera)

In the present work, we evaluated the feeding selectivity of starved Daphnia magna on two freshwater green algae Chlamydomonas sajao and Chlorellapyrenoidosa. Compared to C. pyrenoidosa, food quality of C. sajao are better in food palatability (cell size and digestibility), but poor in nutritional content (total carbon content). D. magna was starved for 0 and 8 d, and then was allowed to graze on a mixture of C. sajao and C. pyrenoidosa with following proportion: 5 × 10⁴: 35 × 10⁴ cells ml^?1, 20 × 10⁴: 20 × 10⁴ cells ml^?1 and 35 × 10⁴: 5 × 10⁴ cells ml^?1. The results indicated that the ingestion rate and filtration rate of starved D. magna, comparing with satiated groups, on C. pyrenoidosa increased significantly, while, inverse trends was observed in C. sajao. Base on selectivity coefficient of D. magna, we observed that when D. magna was in satiation C. sajao will be preferred, while, C. pyrenoidosa will be selected when D. magna was in starvation, and moreover, these foraging behaviors were not influenced by the relative food abundance of each green alga. Therefore, a tradeoff between food palatability (physical makeup) and food nutritional content (chemical composition) can be hypothesized in the foraging behavior of D. magna, which is modified by the starvation of feeder. High valuable food is always selected by D. magna as predicted by optimal foraging theory. However, when D. magna is in satiation food diets with adequate size and easy digestibility will be preferred, while, those foods with relatively higher lipid or total carbon content will be selected when D. magna is in starvation.     

Effects of food quality and starvation on the optimal foraging behavior of Daphnia magna (Cladocera)

In the present work, we evaluated the feeding selectivity of starved Daphnia magna on two freshwater green algae Chlamydomonas sajao and Chlorellapyrenoidosa. Compared to C. pyrenoidosa, food quality of C. sajao are better in food palatability (cell size and digestibility), but poor in nutritional content (total carbon content). D. magna was starved for 0 and 8 d, and then was allowed to graze on a mixture of C. sajao and C. pyrenoidosa with following proportion: 5 × 10⁴: 35 × 10⁴ cells ml^?1, 20 × 10⁴: 20 × 10⁴ cells ml^?1 and 35 × 10⁴: 5 × 10⁴ cells ml^?1. The results indicated that the ingestion rate and filtration rate of starved D. magna, comparing with satiated groups, on C. pyrenoidosa increased significantly, while, inverse trends was observed in C. sajao. Base on selectivity coefficient of D. magna, we observed that when D. magna was in satiation C. sajao will be preferred, while, C. pyrenoidosa will be selected when D. magna was in starvation, and moreover, these foraging behaviors were not influenced by the relative food abundance of each green alga. Therefore, a tradeoff between food palatability (physical makeup) and food nutritional content (chemical composition) can be hypothesized in the foraging behavior of D. magna, which is modified by the starvation of feeder. High valuable food is always selected by D. magna as predicted by optimal foraging theory. However, when D. magna is in satiation food diets with adequate size and easy digestibility will be preferred, while, those foods with relatively higher lipid or total carbon content will be selected when D. magna is in starvation.     

Periphyton as alternative food source for the filter-feeding cladoceran Daphnia magna

1.  Daphnia magna , a well-studied primary consumer, is mainly known as a filter feeder. In this study, we investigated the ability of D. magna to use periphyton as an alternative food source to phytoplankton. We examined the development of laboratory populations fed with different food sources ( Desmodesmus subspicatus and/or periphyton or neither) over a period of 42 days, and observed the behaviour of the daphnids.
2.  The addition of periphyton to phytoplankton food led to an increase of daphnid population biomass. When fed with periphyton as the only food source, a small but stable D. magna population developed.
3.  The behaviour of daphnids fed with both food sources revealed a preference for feeding on D. subspicatus . Only below a concentration of D. subspicatus of approximately 0.05 mg C L⁻¹ (0.4 × 10⁷ cells L⁻¹) did D. magna use periphyton as an alternative food source.
4.  Periphyton showed distinct reactions to grazing by D. magna . The thickness of the periphyton layer was reduced from about 4 to 1 mm and we observed a change in species composition due to grazing.
5.  The ability of D. magna to graze on periphyton could serve to stabilize its population density and reinforce its competitive advantage over other cladocerans. By switching between food sources, D. magna can act as a coupler between pelagic and benthic habitats and food webs.     

吡咯喹啉醌对大型溞繁殖、发育、存活和抗饥饿能力的影响

研究了吡咯喹啉醌（PQQ）对大型溞繁殖、发育、存活时间以及抗饥饿能力的影响。结果表明,5μmol/L的PQQ能够显著促进大型溞的繁殖能力,总产幼量从159.5只增加到207.67只（P〈0.05）。随着浓度增加到15和25μmol/L,其促繁殖效应有所减弱。与对照组相比,PQQ对大型溞发育过程中的龄期数和存活时间（寿命）无显著影响（P〉0.05）。然而,与5μmol/L浓度组相比,15和25μmol/L的PQQ却显著降低了大型溞的龄数和存活时间（P〈0.05）。PQQ能够明显提高大型溞的抗饥饿能力,最长存活时间从对照组的3 d增加到0.5 mmol/L PQQ组的8.33 d（P〈0.05）。