孵化温度对中华鳖胚胎物质和能量利用的影响

用多重温度组合[7个恒温（23、24、27、28、30、33和34℃）和1个波动温度（22．3－32．8℃）]孵化中华鳖（Pellodiscus sinensis）卵,检测温度对胚胎利用卵内物质和能量的影响。卵在波动温度和温和温度下（27℃和28℃）孵化有较高的干物质、脂肪和能量转化率,卵出幼体因而含有较多的无机物,幼体躯干和脂肪体含有较高的能量。卵在极端高温（34℃和33℃）或极端低温（23℃）下孵化物质和能量转化率较低,使得孵出幼体中无机物较少,幼体射干和脂肪中含能量较低。孵化温度显著影响中华鳖孵出幼体内的能量分配;27℃和28℃孵出幼体含能量较高且相似,但27℃孵出幼体剩余卵黄能量小于28℃孵出幼体;34℃和23℃孵出幼体含能量较低且相似,但23℃孵出幼体剩余卵黄能量大于34℃孵出幼体。波动温度拓宽存活孵化温度范围。     

孵化温度对灰鼠蛇卵孵化期、孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响

用4个恒定温（24－32℃）孵化灰鼠蛇卵,检测温度对孵化期,孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响。在24－32℃范围内,孵化温度显影响孵化期及孵出幼体的体长和剩余卵黄大小,但不影响孵化成功率和孵出幼体的性别,体重,躯干重和脂肪体重。24,26,30和32℃孵化期分别为99．0,72．2,54．7和48．7d。24℃和26℃孵出幼体的体筮大于30℃和32℃孵出幼体;24℃和32℃孵同幼体内的卵黄较多。不同温度下发育的胚胎对卵内物质和能量的利用一定的差异,但差异不显。雌性幼体的体长,尾长和总长均大于雄性幼体,这些两性差异与孵化温度无关。孵出幼体和新生卵内容的灰分含量无显差异,孵化前后卵壳灰分含量也无显差异,表明灰鼠蛇的卵黄可提供胚胎发育所需的所有无机物。     

水热环境对中国石龙子孵化卵、孵化成功率及孵化幼体特征的影响

用8种水热条件孵化中国石龙子（Eumeces chinensis）卵,观测孵化卵质量变化、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量及孵出坳体特征,孵化卵因净吸水增重,卵增重与入孵卵质量、孵化温度和基质湿度有关。孵出幼体湿重的处理间差异主要是因为幼体水分含量不同。温度显著影响孵化期、孵化卵吸水量、胚胎利用孵内物质和能量几乎所有被检的幼体特征;温度甚至影响胚胎动用卵壳无机物。然而,在24－32℃范围内,温度对卵孵化成功率无显著的影响。32℃孵出幼体比较低于此温度的孵出幼体发育差,表现为躯干小、未利用的卵黄多。此外,32℃孵出幼体的运动表现比低温孵出幼体差,表现为特定体长（snout-vent length,SVL）的疾跑速小于低温孵出幼体,表明高温孵化卵对孵出幼体的运动能力有不利的影响,潮湿基质中旗子同幼体的体长和尾长大于干燥基质中孵出的幼体,并特征性地具有较小的剩余卵黄。24℃胚胎发育能耗较大,胚胎从卵壳动用的无机物较少。温度影响孵出幼体的体形和头部大小,30℃孵出幼体的尾长最大,32℃孵出幼体的头部最小,其质湿度对孵出幼体的体形和头部大小无显著的影响。温度对孵出幼体特征的影响与湿度的影响无关。孵化水热环境诱导的幼体大小、质量和形态差异可能对幼体的生存和适应性具有重要的影响。26－30℃为孵化中国石龙子卵的适宜温度范围。     

水热环境对白条草蜥孵化卵和孵出幼体表型特征的影响

用4×2(温度×湿度)八种水热环境孵化安徽滁州琅琊山白条草蜥(Takydromus wolteri)卵,观测孵化卵重量变化、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量以及孵出幼体的特征。卵从孵化环境中吸水导致重量增加,卵重量的增加与入孵卵重量、孵化温度和基质湿度有关。两种孵化基质湿度对孵化期、孵化成功率、孵出幼体性比和大小都无显著影响。孵化期随恒定孵化温度的升高而缩短,27℃、30℃和33℃孵化期分别为32.5、24.9和23.0d,波动温度孵化期为31.1d。33℃孵化成功率最低(42.8%)。温度对孵化成功率和孵出幼体的性别无显著影响,但显著影响胚胎对卵内物质的动用、幼体的大小和重量。33℃不适宜孵化白条草蜥卵,该温度下孵出的幼体躯干小,剩余卵黄多,运动能力差。27℃和波动温度中孵出幼体躯干发育良好,各项被测定的特征指标极其相似。     

恒定和波动温度下丽斑麻蜥孵出幼体的表型变异

作者以丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)为模型动物研究恒定和波动孵化温度对孵化成功率和孵出幼体表型的影响。卵在四个恒定[24 ,27 ,30 and 33 (±0·3)℃]、一个波动温度下孵化。不同温度处理下的孵化成功率相同,但孵出幼体表型不同。孵化期随孵化温度升高呈指数式缩短;在相同平均温度下,波动温度孵化卵的孵化期比恒温孵化卵长。在所有被检表型特征中,幼体的干重、剩余卵黄干重和运动表现更易受孵化温度影响。总体而言,低温(24℃、27℃)孵出幼体运动表现最佳,高温(33℃)孵出幼体最差、温和温度(30℃和波动温度)孵出幼体居中。本文研究数据显示: (1)丽斑麻蜥卵每日短期暴露于潜在致死的极端温度下对孵化成功率和孵出幼体形态特征无明显的不利效应; (2)温度波动对孵出幼体运动表现无促进作用,对孵化期的影响则不同于平均值相同的恒定温度。     

水热环境对中国石龙子孵化卵、孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响

用 8种水热条件孵化中国石龙子 (Eumeceschinensis)卵 ,观测孵化卵质量变化、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量及孵出幼体特征。孵化卵因净吸水增重 ,卵增重与入孵卵质量、孵化温度和基质湿度有关。孵出幼体湿重的处理间差异主要是因为幼体水分含量不同。温度显著影响孵化期、孵化卵吸水量、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量几乎所有被检的幼体特征 ;温度甚至影响胚胎动用卵壳无机物。然而 ,在 2 4～ 32℃范围内 ,温度对卵孵化成功率无显著的影响。 32℃孵出幼体比较低于此温度的孵出幼体发育差 ,表现为躯干小、未利用的卵黄多。此外 ,32℃孵出幼体的运动表现比低温孵出幼体差 ,表现为特定体长 (snout ventlength ,SVL)的疾跑速小于低温孵出幼体 ,表明高温孵化卵对孵出幼体的运动能力有不利的影响。潮湿基质中孵出幼体的体长和尾长大于干燥基质中孵出的幼体 ,并特征性地具有较小的剩余卵黄。 2 4℃胚胎发育能耗较大 ,胚胎从卵壳动用的无机物较少。温度影响孵出幼体的体形和头部大小 ,30℃孵出幼体的尾长最大 ,32℃孵出幼体的头部最小。基质湿度对孵出幼体的体形和头部大小无显著的影响。温度对孵出幼体特征的影响与湿度的影响无关。孵化水热环境诱导的幼体大小、质量和形态差异可能对幼体的生存和适应性具有重要的影响。 2     

南草蜥胚胎生长及物质和能量动用

用3种水热条件下(3温度×1湿度)孵化南草蜥(Takydomus sexlineatusDaudiin)卵以观测孵化卵质量变化、卵大小、孵化期、胚胎发育及孵出幼体特征。孵化过程中, 每5 d测定卵质量和大小。初生幼体称重后冰冻处死, 解剖分离为躯干、剩余卵黄和腹脂肪体, 65 ℃恒温干燥后称重。不同孵化温度对孵化期的长短有明显影响, 孵化期随孵化温度升高而缩短, 24 ℃平均41.8 d、27 ℃平均35.4 d、30 ℃平均34.0 d。卵孵化到14 d肉眼可见胚胎, 此后胚胎发育变化明显加速。孵化温度显著影响孵出幼体的质量、大小。本实验的受精卵在24 ℃、27 ℃中孵出的幼体质量较大。24 ℃、27 ℃发育的胚胎对卵黄的利用最充分, 剩余卵黄少。     

滑鼠蛇的繁殖输出及孵化热环境对孵出幼体表型特征的影响

用15条2002年6月中旬捕自浙江丽水的怀卵滑鼠蛇研究繁殖输出及孵化热环境对孵出幼体表型特征的影响。母体在捕后3周内各产一窝柔性卵。窝卵数、窝卵重和卵大小均随母体体长增加而增大,平均值分别为13．3(枚卵)、332．4g和24．8g。窝卵数和卵大小的变异系数分别为0．18和0．13。窝卵数与产后母体状态呈正相关,卵数量和大小无关。每窝部分可孵卵分别用恒温(24、27、30、33℃)和21．0-39．0℃(平均28．3℃)范围内的波动温度孵化,每隔5d记录恒温孵化卵的重量。孵化热环境对卵与环境之间的水分交换有显著影响,并影响孵化卵重量的时间变化。24、27、30、33℃和波动温度的平均孵化期分别为105．4、78．0、57．8、51．3和58．6d。不同热环境下的孵化成功率和幼体畸形率有一定差别,但统计上不显著。24℃和30℃孵出幼体雄性比例较高,27℃、33℃和波动温度孵出幼体雌性比例较高,但没有证据表明孵化温度能决定滑鼠蛇性别。除孵出幼体灰分含量外,孵化温度对其它幼体特征均有显著影响。33℃孵出幼体SVL较小,但剩余卵黄和其中的灰分含量大于其它温度孵出的幼体。24℃和30℃孵出幼体的总干重、总能量、躯干干重、脂肪体干重总体上小于27℃和波动温度孵出幼体。24℃孵出幼体特征性具有最小的剩余卵黄,33℃孵出幼体则特征性地具有最大的剩余卵黄。24℃和30℃孵出幼体特征较为接近,27℃和波动温度孵出幼体较为接近。对9个幼体特征变量做主成分分析发现,第一和第二主成分共解释81．2％的变异。幼体SVL、湿重、干重、脂肪含量、能量、躯干干重和脂肪体干重在第一主成分有较高的正负载系数(解释56．9％变异),剩余卵黄干重在第二主成分有较高的正负载系数(解释24．3％变异),第一和第二主成分的分值均差异显著。主成分分析进一步显示,24、30和33℃孵出幼体总体上小于27℃和波动温度孵出幼体[动物学报50(4)：541-550,2004]。     

温湿度对山地麻蜥孵化卵、孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响

用 6种温湿度条件孵化安徽宿州乾山山地麻蜥 (Eremiasbrenchleyi)卵 ,观测孵化卵质量变化、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量以及孵出幼体特征。卵在产出后 1h内收集 ,共设置 3× 2种温湿度处理 (温度分别为2 7、 30和 33℃ ;湿度分别为 - 2 2 0、 0kPa)。每隔 5d称卵重 ,直至幼体孵出。幼体经测量、称重后 ,解剖、分离为躯干、剩余卵黄和脂肪体三组分 ,用于成分测试。卵从环境中吸水导致质量增加 ,孵化温、湿度及其相互作用显著影响孵化卵的质量变化 :同一温度下 ,高湿度 (0kPa)孵化卵的终末质量大于低湿度 (- 2 2 0kPa)孵化卵 ;同一湿度下 ,低温 (2 7和 30℃ )孵化卵的终末质量大于高温 (33℃ )孵化卵。温度显著影响孵化期 ,随温度的升高孵化期缩短 ;湿度及其与温度的相互作用对孵化期无显著影响。孵化温湿度对孵化成功率无显著影响。温度显著影响胚胎对卵内物质的动用、幼体大小、质量以及剩余卵黄质量 ;除剩余卵黄外 ,湿度及其与温度的相互作用不影响山地麻蜥孵出幼体几乎所有的被检测特征。 33℃孵出幼体的大小和质量均显著小于 2 7和 30℃ ,并特征性地具有较大的剩余卵黄。因此 ,33℃不适宜孵化山地麻蜥卵。 2 7℃和 30℃中孵出幼体躯干发育良好 ,各项被测定的特征指标极其相似。     

孵化温度对白条草蜥孵出幼体大小、形态和运动表现的影响

实验用白条草蜥(Takydrous wolteri）卵由1999年和2000年4月捕自安徽滁州的19条成年雌体产出。用4个恒定温度（24-33℃）孵化白条草蜥卵,检测孵化温度对孵出幼体大小、形态和运动表现的影响。孵化卵从环境中吸不导致生量增加,卵重量增加与卵初始重量和孵化温度有关。24、27、30和33℃孵化期的平均值分别为41.9、30.6、6.25和22.6d。温度显著影响孵化成功率及孵出幼体的湿重、躯干干重和剩余卵黄干重,但对孵出幼体的性别、体长、尾长和干重无显著影响。24℃和27℃孵出幼体湿重和躯干干重大于33℃孵出幼体,剩余卵黄干则小于33℃孵出幼体;30℃和33℃孵出幼体的湿重、躯干干重和剩余卵黄干重无显著差异。孵化温度显著影响孵出幼体一些局部形态特征：24℃和27℃孵出幼体头长和头宽矫正值显著大于高温（33℃）孵出幼体,24℃孵出幼体耳径正值一般小于较高温度孵出的幼体。疾跑速与幼体体长成正相关,与幼体尾长和状态无关。高温孵出幼体运动能力较差。雄笥幼体腹鳞行数少于雌性幼体,尾长和后肢长大于雌性幼体,这些特征的两性差异与孵化温度无关。孵化热环境能诱导白条草蜥部分表型特征的变异,这些特征的变异可能对个体的适应性具有长期的影响。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.