鹿回头造礁石珊瑚群落多样性的现状及动态

通过对鹿回头岸礁（１０９°２８＇Ｅ,１８°１３＇Ｎ）造礁石珊瑚群落进行系统取样调查,分析了现有群落整体的成分组成,α－多样性和β－多样性及其在环境梯度上的变化;根据现有群落实际是处于不同演替时期地段的复合体的特点,把处于相同演替时期地段的综合特征作为分析群落整体在相应时期多样性特征的依据,探讨了群落演替过程中的多样性动态。研究发现：①中等水深（２．５￣５．０ｍ）地段的物种多样性平均值高于其他地段,     

应用最优分割法划分森林群落演替阶段的研究

 本文以闽北山区自然状态下马尾松群落的进展演替过程为代表,讨论了定量划分群落演替阶段的方法。首先从分析树种关联、确定演替种组入手,重构其群落的演替系列,在此基础上采用有序样本的最优分割法将演替过程划分成五个演替阶段,即1．马尾松纯林阶段;2．马尾松、枢木、苦槠群落阶段：3．亮叶腊梅、马尾松、米槠群落阶段;4．米槠、黄瑞木、青冈群落阶段;5．少叶黄杞、细柄阿丁枫、米槠群落阶段。划分结果较真实地反映了马尾松群落向中生性稳定群落的发展过程,克服了主观判断划分方法的缺陷,在定量的水平上处理群落演替阶段的划分问题。     

海岛矿区岩质边坡植物群落演替中物种多样性的变化

通过植物群落调查,采用Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数,结合DCA排序和一元线性回归分析,考察了舟山海岛矿区岩质边坡植物物种构成特征,研究了植物群落演替过程中生物多样性的变化。结果表明:研究区可划分为3个植物群落演替阶段(草本植物群落阶段、灌丛群落阶段和灌乔群落阶段);演替过程中,物种丰富度指数显著上升,多样性指数和优势度指数逐渐升高;具有矿区特殊生境适应性的植物配置在边坡植被恢复进程中与自然植被表现出一定的差异,演替过程依次为迁入物种生长期、迁入物种与人工导入种竞争期、迁入物种与人工导入种稳定共存期;人工导入群落演替后期的植物种大大加速了群落演替进程;合理的植物配置更能促进群落向正演替方向发展。     

广西拟赫杨林分类和演替的研究

拟赫杨林是亚热带落叶阔叶林的一个群落类型,属于常绿阔叶林演替系列的一个演替阶段,主要见于东部中亚热带地区海拔１３００ｍ以下的红壤和黄壤山地山坡中下部环境比较湿润的地方,本研究划分出３个群丛纲和１３个群丛。它向常绿阔叶林恢复的演替趋向,从１３个群丛之间的群落外貌,结构和种类组成变化的分析可以得到充分的证明。     

广西拟赤杨林分类和演替的研究

拟赤杨林是亚热带落叶阔叶林的一个群落类型 ,属于常绿阔叶林演替系列的一个演替阶段 ,主要见于东部中亚热带地区海拔 1 30 0m以下的红壤和黄壤山地山坡中下部环境比较湿润的地方 ,本文研究划分出 3个群丛纲和 1 3个群丛。它向常绿阔叶林恢复的演替趋向 ,从 1 3个群丛之间的群落外貌 ,结构和种类组成变化的分析可以得到充分的证明。     

广西拟赤杨林分类和演替的研究

拟赤杨林是亚热带落叶阔叶林的一个群落类型 ,属于常绿阔叶林演替系列的一个演替阶段 ,主要见于东部中亚热带地区海拔 1 30 0m以下的红壤和黄壤山地山坡中下部环境比较湿润的地方 ,本文研究划分出 3个群丛纲和 1 3个群丛。它向常绿阔叶林恢复的演替趋向 ,从 1 3个群丛之间的群落外貌 ,结构和种类组成变化的分析可以得到充分的证明。     

基于孢粉记录研究长白山最近两次火山爆发后的植被演替特征

利用不同时期土壤孢粉组成推断长白山火山爆发后的植被演替规律,还原该区域植被群落变化过程,对于揭示该研究区不同时期植被演替规律具有重要意义。该研究通过对长白山最近两次火山爆发后形成的土壤剖面所含的孢粉组成进行分析,揭示火山爆发后高山带的植被变化特征。结果表明:(1)两次火山爆发后的植被演替具有相似的过程,即孢子植物阶段、草本植物阶段及木本植物阶段。(2)最近一次火山爆发后的海拔1 800 m处演替过程为:苔藓蕨类群落→草本群落→岳桦(Betula ermanii)群落。(3)较早一次火山爆发后的海拔2 050 m处演替过程为:苔藓蕨类群落→草本群落→岳桦群落;海拔2 160 m处演替过程为:苔藓蕨类群落→草本群落→偃松(Pinus pumila)群落。研究认为,火山爆发对植被产生重大破坏作用,使高山林线下降、偃松群落消失;最后一次火山爆发后经历1 000多年,高山林线仍未恢复到火山爆发前的水平。     

内蒙古草原退化群落恢复演替的研究II. 恢复演替时间进程的分析

 根据内蒙古典型草原地带的羊草+大针茅草原退化变型一冷蒿群落封育12年(1983—1994)的动态监测数据进行分析,对群落恢复演替轨迹取得以下认识： 1．依据群落优势种的更替及主分量分析结果可将恢复演替过程划分为冷蒿优势阶段、冷蒿+冰草阶段、冰草优势阶段、羊草优势阶段。 2;退化草原群落在恢复演替过程中,群落生产力的变化表现出阶梯式跃变和亚稳态阶面相间的特点。第一次跃变发生在1984年,上升到第二个阶面,第二次跃变发生在1990年,进入了第三个阶面,已接近于原生群落的生产力。 3．群落生产力与水资源量的关系因恢复演替阶段不同而异。第一亚稳态时期,群落地上现存生物量大体处于166g·m-2的水平上,生长季降水量达176mm以上时,增加降水对群落生产力的提高不发生显著影响。第二亚稳态时期,群落生物量与降水量之间的相关性显著。可推算出群落于物质生产用水量介于1.1～1.6mm·g-1之间。此值在1.1mm·g-1时,群落对水资源的利用效率最高,而在1.6mm·g-1时群落生物量达到最大值。 4．在恢复演替进程中,群落密度的位点常数约为271.5株·m-2,循此常数上下波动,表现出拥挤与稀疏交替发生的过程,构成了恢复演替的节奏性变化。群落生物量的跃变与亚稳态的形成,以及群落密度的拥挤与稀疏交替作用是群落恢复演替的内在机制。恢复演替的速度,到第10年发生了1.78个半变的生态距离。5．草原退化群落恢复演替过程中,按照其节奏性及生产力跃变与亚稳态的规律,调控放牧利用强度或采取技术措施,调节群落拥挤和稀疏的交替过程可加速恢复演替进程。     

广西拟赤杨林分类和演替的研究

拟赤杨林是亚热带落叶阔叶林的一个群落类型,属于常绿阔叶林演替系列的一个演替阶段,主要邮于东部中亚热带地区海拔１３００ｍ以下的红壤和黄壤山地山坡中下部环境比较湿润的地方,本研究划分出３个群丛纲和１３个群丛。它向常绿阔叶林恢复的演替趋向,从１３个嫩丛之间的群落外貌,结构和种类组成变化的分析可以得到充分的证明。     

鼎湖山厚壳桂群落演替过程的组成和结构动态

森林群落的演替是以群落结构的变化为表现特征的。本项研究系统地研究鼎湖山森林群落的不同演替阶段的代表性群落在群落演替过程中的群落结构动态。本文以永久样地１２年的前后调查为基础,并比较１９５５年的调查结果,研究了鼎湖山地带性植被季风常绿阔叶林厚壳桂群落在演替过程中的结构动态。结果表明该群落在演替过程中,其种类结构没有大的变化,但优势种群的个体数量有一定的变化。阳生性的类群更趋于衰亡,中生性类群更趋壮大。在群落的组成结构上,其物种多样性指数较为稳定,而生态优势度指数略微下降和群落均匀度指标略微增加,反映了该群落作为接近地带性气候顶极类型的相对稳定的特征。     

大兴安岭森林火烧后不同演替阶段土壤细菌多样性动态

【目的】研究我国最大的林区之一——大兴安岭森林火烧后不同演替阶段土壤细菌多样性动态,为天然林保护工程对于生物多样性的影响增添新的认识。【方法】以空间替代时间的方法分析大兴安岭森林演替对于土壤细菌多样性动态的影响。大兴安岭森林火烧后典型的自然演替序列为火烧迹地(LG-BA)、灌丛(SHR)、白桦林(BP)、白桦落叶松混交林(BP-LG)、落叶松林(LG-OM)。在演替序列的每个典型样地上采集0-10 cm土样,采用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术测定土壤细菌群落组成及其多样性。【结果】细菌操作分类单位(OTU)数量从少到多的顺序为火烧迹地落叶松白桦混交林灌丛落叶松林白桦林。随着森林演替,多样性指数Simpson先增高后降低;Shannon指数先增加后减少再增加;OTU的丰度变化比较平缓,表明物种变化较小。在各演替阶段中,土壤细菌种类主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),4个门的种类含量随演替顺序都呈现先增加后减少的趋势。主成分分析表明不同演替阶段土壤细菌群落存在一定的差异性。冗余分析表明有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和p H对于土壤细菌群落变化有影响。【结论】随着森林演替,大兴安岭地区土壤细菌种类和生物多样性会发生变化,其变化与土壤化学成分和p H有关。     

南亚热带演替群落的边缘效应及其对森林片断化恢复的意义

通过对鼎湖山两个群落及其边缘群落的长期定位研究,探讨南亚热带演替群落的边缘效应与森林片断化恢复,通过１６ａ的定位研究,从测度群落的物种结构,多样性,生物量与生产力等指标的比较表明,马尾松林群落和混交林群落本身经过１６ａ的演变,虽然有所发展,但变化不大,群落性质没有改变;边缘群落原非常接近马尾松林群落,经过６ａ的演变,已经发展成为混交林群落,说明边缘效应的作用。边缘群落总体的边缘效应强度Ｅ值为１．６     

云南松林次生演替阶段土壤细菌群落的变化

土壤细菌多样性是维持森林生态系统功能的关键因子,森林演替是影响其动态变化的重要因素。研究云南松林不同演替阶段土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性的变化规律,有助于深入理解森林生态系统恢复过程的驱动机制。本研究以云南省永仁县皆伐后形成的针叶林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为对象,基于Illumina Hiseq高通量测序技术,分析森林演替过程中土壤细菌群落组成、结构、多样性及其影响因子的变化。结果表明: 土壤细菌的种群分类单元、Ace指数、Chao1指数和Shannon指数均随着演替进行呈减少趋势,演替早期阶段土壤的细菌总数、菌群丰富度及复杂程度最高。不同演替阶段细菌群落结构存在显著差异,其中,针阔混交林的差异最大,变形菌门和酸杆菌门为各演替序列共有的优势类群,放线菌门、绿弯菌门和Patescibacteria是演替早期的优势类群,且随着演替进行呈现减少趋势;变形菌门和WPS-2相对多度随演替进行呈增加趋势。土壤pH和乔木层物种丰富度是驱动次生演替过程中土壤细菌群落组成变化的关键因子。随着演替的进行,土壤细菌多样性减少,群落组成差异加大。     

Change in community phylogenetic structure during tropical forest succession: evidence from New Guinea

Ecologists have recently interpreted patterns of phylogenetic distance among coexisting species as indicative of processes affecting community assembly during forest succession. We investigated plant community phylogenetic structure along a successional gradient in New Guinean lowland rain forest. We surveyed all trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm in nineteen 0.25 ha plots representing younger secondary, older secondary, and primary forest. We estimated plant community phylogeny from rbcL gene sequences to quantify change in phylogenetic structure during succession. Mean phylogenetic distance among co‐occurring trees increased with total basal area per plot, a proxy for forest age. Significant phylogenetic clustering was detected in secondary forest whereas primary forest was significantly over‐dispersed relative to null expectations. We examined the sensitivity of these patterns to various methods of branch length estimation and phylogenetic uncertainty. Power to detect community phylogenetic patterns when equal branch lengths were assumed was weak in comparison to direct molecular and time‐calibrated measures of divergence. Inferred change during forest succession was also robust to phylogenetic uncertainty so long as temporal information was incorporated in estimates of divergence. The observed patterns are consistent with processes of environmental filtering during tropical forest succession giving way to other processes in primary forests including density‐dependence.     

Wildlife Recovery During Tropical Forest Succession: Assessing Ecological Drivers of Community Change

Despite the high proportion of secondary forests in the tropics, their conservation value remains poorly understood, particularly with regard to animals. Most theoretical studies of succession have focused on plants, linking life history trade‐offs to well‐known patterns of community change. However, the same trade‐offs proposed for plants should apply to animals, and indeed, animal studies show a change in community dominance from habitat generalist to forest specialist species during succession. Focusing on the diverse terrestrial small mammals of the endangered Atlantic Forest, we assessed which ecological drivers (habitat structure and food availability) affect community changes during succession. If the change in community dominance is driven by trade‐offs between productivity and efficiency, it should be mainly associated with a decrease in food availability. As expected, from younger to older forest, habitat generalists decreased in richness and total abundance, concurrent with a decrease in arthropod biomass. By contrast, the increase in richness and total abundance of forest specialists was not clearly supported by the data; however, this group was not affected by food availability. These results are congruent with a trade‐off between competitive ability and ability to use abundant resources, and indicate that the major community change during succession involves habitat generalists. Secondary forests may thus be valuable for conservation, at least where habitat loss and fragmentation are not high, and old growth forest is available.     

Legacy forest structure increases bird diversity and abundance in aging young forests

Many studies have demonstrated the importance of early‐successional forest habitat for breeding bird abundance, composition, and diversity. However, very few studies directly link measures of bird diversity, composition and abundance to measures of forest composition, and structure and their dynamic change over early succession. This study examines the relationships between breeding bird community composition and forest structure in regenerating broadleaf forests of southern New England, USA, separating the influences of ecological succession from retained stand structure. We conducted bird point counts and vegetation surveys across a chronosequence of forest stands that originated between 2 and 24 years previously in shelterwood timber harvests, a silvicultural method of regenerating oak‐mixed broadleaf forests. We distinguish between vegetation variables that relate to condition of forest regeneration and those that reflect legacy stand structure. Using principal components analyses, we confirmed the distinction between regeneration and legacy vegetation variables. We ran regression analysis to test for relationships between bird community variables, including nesting and foraging functional guild abundances, and vegetation variables. We confirmed these relationships with hierarchical partitioning. Our results demonstrate that regenerating and legacy vegetation correlate with bird community variables across stand phases and that the strength with which they drive bird community composition changes with forest succession. While measures of regeneration condition explain bird abundance and diversity variables during late initiation, legacy stand structure explains them during stem exclusion. Canopy cover, ground‐story diversity, and canopy structure diversity are the most powerful and consistent explanatory variables. Our results suggest that leaving varied legacy stand structure to promote habitat heterogeneity in shelterwood harvests contributes to greater bird community diversity. Interestingly, this is particularly important during the structurally depauperate phase of stem exclusion of young regenerating forests.     

五鹿山国家级自然保护区森林群落演替分析

植物群落演替分析对植被恢复,森林管理等有重要的意义。以空间代替时间的方法,搜集数据,运用TWINSPAN和DCA进行分析。结果表明:五鹿山植物群落的演替系列:酸枣灌丛→荆条灌丛→黄刺玫灌丛→白皮松+侧柏林→白皮松林→油松林→辽东栎林;虎榛子灌丛→茶条槭灌丛→华北落叶松林→白桦林。这可以作为五鹿山植物群落演替的模型。在演替进程中物种的结构、组成以及生活型变化显著。使用六个指数来分析演替过程中物种的异质性、均匀度和丰富度变化。随着演替的进行,物种异质性、丰富度均有所增加,均匀度逐渐降低。     

Landscape Pattern Dynamics and Mechanisms during Vegetation Restoration: A Multiscale,Hierarchical Patch Dynamics Approach

The spatial pattern of vegetation changes during ecological restoration, and these changes are affected by the process of restoration. The objective of this study was to integrate the pattern and mechanism of forest restoration in the Dinghushan Nature Reserve (DNR), Guangdong, China, based on data from remote sensing and long‐term field observations. We studied the pattern dynamics of three main forest types and their underlying mechanisms during restoration following a multiscale, hierarchical patch dynamics framework that integrates population, community, and landscape processes. Remote sensing data were used to determine the changes in landscape pattern during different periods of forest restoration from 1978 to 2006. At the landscape scale, the number, area, and perimeter of the needle/broad‐leaved mixed forest (MF) and the evergreen broad‐leaved forest (BF) increased, whereas those of the tropical needle‐leaved forest (NF) decreased during succession. Our analysis based on long‐term field observations indicated that the change rate of NF was lower than that of MF during 1981–1996, but became much higher during 1996–2007. The rate of change in landscape pattern and the progression of succession stages were consistent with each other. Our results also showed that species regeneration and community succession are the biological basis of forest landscape dynamics during vegetation restoration. Landscape pattern analysis allowed us to show “what” happened during vegetation restoration and “where,” and population and community analysis indicated “why” and “how” it happened.     

长白山红松阔叶林不同演替阶段优势种的变化

以皆伐后长白山红松阔叶林4个不同演替阶段的林分为对象,分析其群落和优势树种的变化特征.结果表明:在长白山红松阔叶林不同演替阶段中,乔木树种的丰富度、Shannon多样性和Simpson优势度变化较小,多度和均匀度变化较大.随着演替的进程,群落的优势树种组成发生变化,种数逐渐减少,优势种的胸高断面积加和和最大重要值逐渐增加,说明不同演替阶段群落的优势种地位不断提高.长白山红松阔叶林的演替过程是白桦、山杨、黄檗、春榆等阳性或半阴性树种不断减少,而紫椴、水曲柳、红松、色木槭等阴性树种不断增加的过程.     

天童常绿阔叶林五个演替阶段凋落物中的土壤动物群落

为探讨森林凋落物中土壤动物群落的结构特征以及土壤动物群落随植被演替而发生的变化 ,于 2 0 0 3年冬季 ,对浙江天童常绿阔叶林 5个演替阶段凋落物中的土壤动物群落 ,按代表不同分解阶段的新鲜凋落物层、腐叶层和腐殖土层进行了调查研究。共获得土壤动物 13381只 ,分别隶属于 2门 8纲 2 0目。优势类群为蜱螨目 (Arcarina)和弹尾目 (Collem bola) ,二者共占总数的 94 .2 4 % ,A/ C为 7.6 6 ;常见类群为双翅目 (Diptera)。研究结果表明 :(1)凋落物中的土壤动物群落存在明显的有别于真土层的垂直分布 ,类群数和个体数总体表现为向下递增的趋势。共有 19类、5 9.0 3%的土壤动物分布在底部腐殖土层 ,仅 8类、5 .35 %的土壤动物分布在新鲜凋落物层 ,其余共 8类分布在中间腐叶层。而且 ,不同类群在各演替阶段的分布表现出一定的差异 ;(2 )凋落物中土壤动物群落随植物群落的演替而发生明显的变化 :个体总数和类群总数在演替顶极阶段最高 ,其次为中期阶段 ,演替初期最低。但是 ,在目这一分类等级上 ,各演替阶段凋落物中土壤动物群落的主要类群基本一致 ,均为蜱螨目、弹尾目、双翅目和鳞翅目 (L epidoptera) ;(3)相似性分析表明 ,演替中期凋落物中土壤动物群落与顶极阶段最为相似 ;但它们的Shannon- Wiener多样性