SPR生物传感器研究缺乏3′→5′核酸外切酶活性的DNA聚合酶对DNA的分子识别功能

Taq聚合酶 (Taq pol)、失去核酸酶结构域的鼠白血病逆转录酶 (MMLV RT－) 和人源的聚合酶β(pol β) 缺少3′→5′外切核酸酶活性. 利用表面等离子激元共振 (SPR) 生物传感器,研究了Taq pol与引物末端完全匹配和含有1、2、3个错配碱基的DNA 模板-引物 (T-P) 的结合动力学,并分析比较了在“正确”或“错误”dNMP环境中Taq pol和引物末端完全匹配的DNA T-P的结合. 实验结果表明,随着引物末端错配碱基逐个增加,Taq pol和DNA的结合亲和力呈下降趋势,说明增强和引物末端完全匹配的DNA T-P的亲和力是Taq pol选择正确配对碱基的途径之一. 在 “错误”的dNMP环境中, Taq pol与DNA T-P的结合动力学能够用简单的1∶1 Langmuir模型进行拟合,但是MMLV RT－与DNA T-P的结合动力学可能存在构象变化. 而在“正确”的dNMP环境中,Taq pol或MMLV RT－与DNA T-P的结合符合构象变化模型,而且亲和力常数分别是无dNMP时的20倍和64倍,说明“正确”的dNMP诱导酶 (Taq pol或MMLV RT－) - DNA复合物发生构象变化,大大增强了酶-DNA复合物结合的紧密程度. 在存在大量dNMP的环境中, pol β与DNA T-P的结合动力学明显与缺乏dNMP时相异, pol β和DNA的亲和力显著增强.     

高保真酶特异性检测大鼠SNP基因型新方法

目的应用高保真酶（Pfu）和3’末端修饰引物在单管双向等位基因特异性扩增（SB-ASA）中区分SNP基因型,建立高保真酶特异性检测SNP基因型的新方法。方法选取近交系大鼠SNP位点,以RS8149053为例,设计两个外部引物和两个等位基因特异性引物,四引物3’末端进行硫代磷酸化修饰,应用高保真聚合酶（Pfu）进行特异性扩增,扩增结果测序验证其可靠性。结果在RS8149053 SNP位点（C/T）上,等位基因型CC扩增出179 bp目的片段,基因型TT扩增出597 bp目的片段,基因型不同则扩增出分子量不同的片段,目的条带测序结果与Rat Genome Database数据库基因型结果一致,高保真酶扩增结果稳定且特异性强。结论高保真酶等位基因特异性扩增技术能有效降低假阳性率,是一种快速、特异的SNP基因分型新方法。     

Taq DNA聚合酶结构改造与功能改进及其在医药领域的应用前景

TaqDNA聚合酶（ThermusaquaticusDNApolymerase）是重要的生物技术工具酶,广泛应用于疾病诊断与治疗、传染病检测、药物作用机理等医药领域。TaqDNA聚合酶在结构上由三部分构成：DNA聚合酶区、3’核酸外切酶区和5’核酸外切酶区。由于3’核酸外切酶区的氨基酸序列的变化而使其失去了3’-5＇的外切校读功能,因此TaqDNA聚合酶有错误复制倾向。利用特定位点的突变、与其他酶互换功能区和删除N末端的5’核酸外切酶区等方式可以改进TaqDNA聚合酶的性能,使它的忠实性、热稳定性和聚合性能得到提高。本文介绍了TaqDNA聚合酶的结构与功能改造的研究现状,并展望了TaqDNA聚合酶在医药领域的应用前景。     

GM-CSF PCR产物的克隆:一种快速克隆PCR产物方法的建立

由于Taq DNA聚合酶对腺苷A的优先聚合,PCR产物两单链3′端带有一非模板依赖的碱基,所加多余碱基几乎总是A,因此用克隆平端DNA片段的方法克隆这种PCR产物,很难得到阳性重组子。解决上述问题的方法有3种,一是利用T_4 DNA聚合酶的3′外切酶活性,将PCR产物的多余碱基切掉;二是利用3′端带有dT的T-载体进行克隆;另外还可以用Pfu等DNA聚合酶扩增出不带多余碱基的PCR产物,尔后进行平端克隆。我们利用T-载体克隆的原理,酶切、     

大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶Ⅰ的“碱基选择”作用

用双脱氧核苷酸研究了大肠杆菌ＤＮＡ聚合酶Ⅰ的Ｋｌｅｎｏｗ片段的“碱基选择”作用．当引物末端为３’ＯＨ时,Ｍｎ２＋代替Ｍｇ２＋对ｄＮＴＰ的Ｋｍ影响不大,而使ｄｄＮＴＰ的Ｋｉ大大降低,非配对的ｄｄＮＴＰ仍无抑制作用。当引物末端为ｄｄＮＭＰ且与模板配对时是ＤＮＡ合成的抑制剂,与模板配对的下一个ｄＮＴＰ可增强这一抑制作用,Ｍｎ２＋代替Ｍｇ２＋使ｄＮＴＰ的诱导作用大大增强而ｄｄＮＴＰ无诱导作用。这些结果表明引物末端对于酶选择核苷酸起着重要作用,ＤＮＡ聚合酶Ⅰ选择核苷酸的过程应是个有序的构象变化的过程。下一互补核苷酸的结合抑制３＇→５＇外切活性对引物末端ｄｄＮＭＰ的水解作用为此提供了又一证据。     

四引物PCR扩增反应的单管SNP快速测定法

建立一种在单管中进行单核苷酸多型性 (SNP)快速测定的高效廉价方法 .以人ABCA1基因中的I82 3M为研究对象 ,设计 4种引物进行PCR扩增 ,其中两种引物用于扩增一段含有SNP位点的DNA片段 ,另两种引物为SNP位点特异性引物 ,4种引物在单管中同时进行PCR扩增反应 ,根据延伸产物的长度确定SNP的类型 .为提高SNP测定的特异性 ,在特异性引物的 3′端倒数第 3个碱基引入了一个人为错配碱基 ,使引物的错误延伸率显著降低 ,大大提高了SNP分析的准确性 .实验结果表明 ,所建立的方法简单 ,操作简便 ,可在单管中完成SNP的测定反应 .     

一种简单高效的5''''-突出末端平端化方法

目的:报道一种利用Pfu DNA聚合酶延伸法补平限制片段5’-突出末端的平端化方法。方法:Pfu DNA聚合酶是用于PCR扩增的常规高保真DNA聚合酶,可在DNA模板和dNTPs存在条件下,沿5’→3’方向催化寡聚核苷酸聚合。由于终产物为平末端,可利用这一特点进行限制片段5’-突出末端补平。本文采用这一方法消除pAN7-1潮霉素抗性标记末端的XbaⅠ位点,以便载体构建中能够利用这一常见位点。pAN7-1先用XbaⅠ酶切成线性化载体,产生的5’-突出末端再用Pfu DNA聚合酶延伸法补平,通过平端化载体自连后XbaⅠ位点的消除来评价Pfu DNA聚合酶的平端化效果。结果:随机挑取3个重组子提取质粒均不能再用XbaⅠ切开,表明XbaⅠ位点成功消除。结论:Pfu DNA聚合酶具有高效率及高保真特性,因此本法简单高效而且经济适用。     

一种简单高效的5＇-突出末端平端化方法

目的：报道一种利用Pfu DNA聚合酶延伸法补平限制片段5’-突出末端的平端化方法。方法：Pfu DNA聚合酶是用于PCR扩增的常规高保真DNA聚合酶,可在DNA模板和dNTPs存在条件下,沿5’→3’方向催化寡聚核苷酸聚合。由于终产物为平末端,可利用这一特点进行限制片段5’-突出末端补平。本文采用这一方法消除pAN7-1潮霉素抗性标记末端的XbaⅠ位点,以便载体构建中能够利用这一常见位点。pAN7-1先用XbaⅠ酶切成线性化载体,产生的5’-突出末端再用Pfu DNA聚合酶延伸法补平,通过平端化载体自连后XbaⅠ位点的消除来评价Pfu DNA聚合酶的平端化效果。结果：随机挑取3个重组子提取质粒均不能再用XbaⅠ切开,表明XbaⅠ位点成功消除。结论：Pfu DNA聚合酶具有高效率及高保真特性,因此本法简单高效而且经济适用。     

核酸及蛋白质合成、提取、纯化

921196C产一甲甚一2’脱级核昔5尹三磷酸的合成及其在ONA聚合醉催化的ONA合成中的底物特性〔俄〕/Chid-geavadze,2.G.…了Bioorg.Khim一1901,17(5)、一6了s~654〔译自DBA,1991,10(15),91一10248〕 制备了C产一甲基一2产一脱氧核昔5尹三磷酸,并研究其在DNA聚合酶催化的DNA合成中的底物特性。在各种底物同系物存在下,采用一种14碱基引物、M13mp10DNA、逆转录酶和末端转移酶等,合成了DNA。在反转录反应中,同系物被加成到引物的3产端。三磷酸化合物本身却不能作反转录酶或末端转移酶的底物。在由牛胸腺DNA聚合酶一a和大肠杆菌DNA…     

一种DNA扩增的新技术： 利用热稳定的Bst DNA聚合酶驱动跨越式滚环等温扩增反应

Bst DNA聚合酶具有热稳定性、链置换活性及聚合酶活性,在体外DNA等温扩增反应中起重要作用. 本文利用Bst DNA聚合酶的5′→3′聚合酶、核苷酸（末端）转移酶及链置换酶活性发展了一种新的体外环式DNA扩增技术跨越式滚环等温扩增(saltatory rolling circle amplification,SRCA)．在SRCA反应中,Bst DNA聚合酶以上游引物P1为模板合成其互补链RcP1,并和P1形成双链DNA|之后,Bst DNA聚合酶用其核苷酸转移酶活性在其P1的3′末端沿5′→3′方向随机掺入脱氧核糖核苷酸聚合形成寡聚核苷酸（dNMP)m序列,即DNA的合成反应跨越了RcP1 与下游引物P2之间的缺口|然后,以下游引物P2为模板形成互补序列（RcP2）;接着,Bst DNA聚合酶继续将脱氧核糖核苷酸随机添加到RcP2的3′末端,形成（dNMP)n序列．继而,Bst DNA聚合酶以RcP1为模板,继续催化聚合反应合成互补新链,并通过其链置换酶活性替换P1|如此往复,形成［P1-(dNMP)m-RcP2-(dNMP)n …］序列．本文通过电泳、酶切、测序等方法对扩增产物进行分析,演绎出上述扩增过程,并就工作原理进行了讨论．该反应可能对开发等温扩增技术检测微生物有一定助益,也为解释环介导等温扩增技术中假阳性反应和滚环等温扩增反应中的背景信号提供了线索．     

SNP discrimination through proofreading and OFF-switch of Exo+ polymerase

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are useful physical markers for genetic studies as well as the cause of some genetic diseases. To develop more reliable SNP assays, we examined the underlying molecular mechanisms by which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerases with 3' exonuclease activity maintain the high fidelity of DNA replication. In addition to mismatch removal by proofreading, we have discovered a premature termination of polymerization mediated by a novel OFF-switch mechanism. Two SNP assays were developed, one based on proofreading using 3' end-labeled primer extension and the other based on the newly identified OFF-switch, respectively. These two new assays are well suited for conventional techniques, such as electrophoresis and microplates detection systems as well as the sophisticated microchips. Application of these reliable SNP assays will greatly facilitate genetic and biomedical studies in the postgenome era.     

Single-base discrimination mediated by proofreading 3' phosphorothioate-modified primers

It has been well known for decades that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerases with proofreading function have a higher fidelity in primer extension as compared to those without 3' exonuclease activities. However, polymerases with proofreading function have not been used in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays. Here, we describe a new method for single-base discrimination by proofreading the 3' phosphorothioate-modified primers using a polymerase with proofreading function. Our data show that the combination of a polymerase with 3' exonuclease activity and the 3' phosphorothioate-modified primers work efficiently as a single-base mismatch-operated on/off switch. DNA polymerization only occurred from matched primers, whereas mismatched primers were not extended at the broad range of annealing temperature tested in our study. This novel single-base discrimination method has potential in SNP assays.     

Single-base discrimination mediated by proofreading 3′ phosphorothioate-modified primers

It has been well known for decades that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerases with proofreading function have a higher fidelity in primer extension as compared to those without 3′ exonuclease activities. However, polymerases with proofreading function have not been used in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays. Here, we describe a new method for single-base discrimination by proofreading the 3′ phosphorothioate-modified primers using a polymerase with proofreading function. Our data show that the combination of a polymerase with 3′ exonuclease activity and the 3′ phosphorothioate-modified primers work efficiently as a single-base mismatch-operated on/off switch. DNA polymerization only occurred from matched primers, whereas mismatched primers were not extended at the broad range of annealing temperature tested in our study. This novel single-base discrimination method has potential in SNP assays.     

Single-base discrimination mediated by proofreading inert allele specific Primers

The role of 3' exonuclease excision in DNA polymerization was evaluated for primer extension using inert allele specific primers with exonuclease-digestible ddNMP at their 3' termini. Efficient primer extension was observed in amplicons where the inert allele specific primers and their corresponding templates were mismatched. However, no primer-extended products were yielded by matched amplicons with inert primers. As a control, polymerase without proofreading activity failed to yield primer-extended products from inert primers regardless of whether the primers and templates were matched or mismatched. These data indicated that activation was undertaken for the inert allele specific primers through mismatch proofreading. Complementary to our previously developed SNP-operated on/off switch, in which DNA polymerization only occurs in matched amplicon, this new mutation detection assay mediated by exo(+) DNA polymerases has immediate applications in SNP analysis independently or in combination of the two assays.     

Proofreading genotyping assays mediated by high fidelity exo+ DNA polymerases

DNA polymerases with 3'-5' proofreading function mediate high fidelity DNA replication but their application for mutation detection was almost completely neglected before 1998. The obstacle facing the use of exo(+) polymerases for mutation detection could be overcome by primer-3'-termini modification, which has been tested using allele-specific primers with 3' labeling, 3' exonuclease-resistance and 3' dehydroxylation modifications. Accordingly, three new types of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays have been developed to carry out genome-wide genotyping making use of the fidelity advantage of exo(+) polymerases. Such SNP assays might also provide a novel approach for re-sequencing and de novo sequencing. These new mutation detection assays are widely adaptable to a variety of platforms, including real-time PCR, multi-well plate and microarray technologies. Application of exo(+) polymerases to genetic analysis could accelerate the pace of personalized medicine.     

New performance from an old member: SNP assay and de novo sequencing mediated by exo+ DNA polymerases

DNA polymerases without the 3' exonuclease function (exo(-) pol) have been widely used in sequencing and SNP genotyping. As a major player that expedited the coming of the postgenomic era, exo(-) polymerases worked remarkably well in the Human Genome Sequencing Project. However, it has become a challenge for this class of polymerases to efficiently screen the large number of SNPs that are found in the human genome. For more than three decades it has been recognized that polymerase fidelity varied according to the presence of proofreading activity that is mediated by its internal 3' exonuclease. Polymerases with proofreading function are famous for their high fidelity in DNA replication both in vivo and in vitro, but this well-known class of polymerases has been almost completely neglected in genetic analysis in the postgenomic era. We speculate that exo(+) polymerases may exhibit higher nucleotide identification ability when compared to exo- polymerases for an in vitro genetic analysis. With the application of exo(+) polymerases in SNP assays, a novel mechanism for the maintenance of DNA replication, the on/off switch, was discovered. Two new SNP assays have been developed to carry out genome-wide genotyping, taking advantage of the enzymatic properties of exo(+) polymerases. Furthermore, the on/off switch mechanism embodies a powerful nucleotide identification ability, which can be used to discriminate the bases that are upstream of the 3' terminus, and thus defines a new concept in de novo sequencing technology. Application of exo(+) polymerases to genetic analysis, and especially SNP assays, will greatly accelerate the pace to personalized medicine.     

On-off regulation of 3' exonuclease excision to DNA polymerization by Exo+ polymerase

The role of 3' exonuclease excision in DNA polymerization was evaluated in primer extensions using 3' allele-specific primers that had exonuclease-digestible and exonuclease-resistant 3' termini. With exonuclease-digestible unmodified 3' mismatched primers, the exo+ polymerase yielded template-dependent products. Using exonuclease-resistant 3' mismatched primers, no primer-extended product resulted from exo+ polymerase. As a control, polymerase without proofreading activity yielded primer-dependent products from 3' mismatched primers. These data indicated that a successful removal of the mismatch is required for DNA polymerization from the 3' mismatched primers by exo+ polymerase. In addition to the well-known proofreading from this mismatch removal, the premature termination in DNA polymerization, due to the failure of the efficient removal of the mismatched nucleotides, worked as an off-switch in maintaining the high fidelity in DNA replication from exo+ polymerase.     

Evidence that errors made by DNA polymerase alpha are corrected by DNA polymerase delta

Eukaryotic replication begins at origins and on the lagging strand with RNA-primed DNA synthesis of a few nucleotides by polymerase alpha, which lacks proofreading activity. A polymerase switch then allows chain elongation by proofreading-proficient pol delta and pol epsilon. Pol delta and pol epsilon are essential, but their roles in replication are not yet completely defined . Here, we investigate their roles by using yeast pol alpha with a Leu868Met substitution . L868M pol alpha copies DNA in vitro with normal activity and processivity but with reduced fidelity. In vivo, the pol1-L868M allele confers a mutator phenotype. This mutator phenotype is strongly increased upon inactivation of the 3' exonuclease of pol delta but not that of pol epsilon. Several nonexclusive explanations are considered, including the hypothesis that the 3' exonuclease of pol delta proofreads errors generated by pol alpha during initiation of Okazaki fragments. Given that eukaryotes encode specialized, proofreading-deficient polymerases with even lower fidelity than pol alpha, such intermolecular proofreading could be relevant to several DNA transactions that control genome stability.     

Contribution of 3' leads to 5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme from Escherichia coli to specificity

The effects of deoxynucleoside monophosphates on the 3' leads to 5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme have been correlated with their effects on the fidelity of DNA replication. In particular, dGMP inhibits the proofreading activity of the enzyme and decreases the fidelity in those cases where a "following nucleotide effect" is also noted. This is strong evidence for proofreading. However, the absence of the effects of proofreading inhibitors or following nucleotides need not be evidence against the occurrence of proofreading: a theoretical analysis shows that these effects may not be observed even though there is active proofreading. This is suggested to be the case with the phage T4 enzyme system. The proofreading activity of Pol III appears to be directed primarily towards removing purine x pyrimidine-mediated rather than purine x purine-mediated misincorporations. recA protein inhibits the proofreading activity of Pol III on synthetic templates containing mismatched 3' termini. This is paralleled by a decrease in the fidelity of DNA replication in vitro. The inhibition is increased in the presence of dGMP or dAMP but there is no further increase in the infidelity of replication. The presence of both dNMPs and recA protein does not enable Pol III to copy past pyrimidine photodimers.     

Autonomous 3'-->5' exonucleases can proofread for DNA polymerase beta from rat liver

Autonomous 3'-->5'exonucleases are not bound covalently to DNA polymerases but are often involved in replicative complexes. Such exonucleases from rat liver, calf thymus and Escherichia coli (molecular masses of 28+/-2 kDa) are shown to increase more than 10-fold the accuracy of DNA polymerase beta (the most inaccurate mammalian polymerase) from rat liver in the course of reduplication of the primed DNA of bacteriophage phiX174 amber 3 in vitro. The extent of correction increases together with the rise in 3'-->5' exonuclease concentration. Extrapolation of the in vitro DNA replication fidelity to the cellular levels of rat exonuclease and beta-polymerase suggests that exonucleolytic proofreading could augment the accuracy of DNA synthesis by two orders of magnitude. These results are not explained by exonucleolytic degradation of the primers ("no synthesis-no errors"), since similar data are obtained with the use of the primers 15 or 150 nucleotides long in the course of a fidelity assay of DNA polymerases, both alpha and beta, in the presence of various concentrations of 3'-->5' exonuclease.