运用染色质免疫沉淀技术筛选出AP-2α的靶基因GALK1

在后基因组时代,DNA-蛋白质的相互作用是研究基因表达调控的一个重要领域.与其他方法相比,染色质免疫沉淀技术 (chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, ChIP ) 是一种近来研究体内 DNA 与蛋白质相互作用的最好方法之一.本研究利用 ChIP 克隆方法, 找出了 AP-2α所调控的新的下游靶基因 GALK1,并应用 Luciferase assay和 RT-PCR 实验进行了初步的验证.这一新发现,有利于我们进一步研究转录因子AP-2α的功能.     

运用染色质免疫沉淀技术筛选AP-2α的靶基因

在后基因组时代,DNA-蛋白质的相互作用是研究基因表达调控的一个重要领域.染色质免疫沉淀技术(chromatin immunoprecipitation assay,简称CHIP)是目前唯一研究体内DNA与蛋白质相互作用的方法.对与ChIP有关的实验条件进行了优化,获得了较优的实验条件,并运用ChIP实验筛选出了转录因子activator protein-2 alpha (AP-2a)的未知靶基因,对于进一步研究AP-2a的功能和调控网络打下了基础.     

染色质免疫沉淀技术——一种研究基因表达调控的工具

染色质结构在基因表达调节中起着重要的调节作用。利用甲醛固定活细胞中的DNA与蛋白质,通过免疫沉淀分离复合物的染色质免疫沉淀法是研究体内DNA和蛋白质相互作用的一种新方法,它不仅可用来研究体内反式因子与DNA的相互作用,也可以用来研究组蛋白修饰与基因表达的关系,从而分析蛋白质及其体内的DNA结合序列。目前,该方法在染色质结构研究中获得了广泛的应用。     

ChIA-PET技术

配对末端标签测序分析染色质相互作用(chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing,ChIA-PET)技术是一项在全基因组范围内分析远程染色质相互作用的新技术。它把染色质免疫沉淀(chromatin immunoprecipitation,ChIP)技术、染色质邻近式连接(chromatin proximity ligation)技术、配对末端标签(paired-endtag,PET)技术和新一代测序(next-generation sequencing)技术融为一体,在基因组三维折叠和套环状态下分析基因表达和调控。ChIA-PET技术已用于确定人乳腺腺癌细胞内雌激素受体a的结合位点之间的相互作用。随着更多蛋白质因子的发现及其抗体的应用,该技术可实时捕获全基因组范围内参与复制、转录过程的蛋白质因子结合位点以及结合位点间的相互作用,这对于阐明基因调控和疾病发生机制具有重大意义。     

体内甲醛交联及染色质免疫沉淀--研究DNA和蛋白质作用的新方法

甲醛交联及染色质免疫沉淀作用研究体内DNA和蛋白质相互作用的一种新方法,在染色质结构研究中获得了广泛的应用。该方法利用甲醛固定活细胞中的DNA与蛋白质,通过免疫沉淀分离复合物,从而分析蛋白质及其体内的DNA结合序列。     

ChIP技术及其在基因组水平上分析DNA与蛋白质相互作用

染色质免疫沉淀(Chromatin immunoprecipitaion, ChIP)技术是分析细胞内生理状态下DNA结合蛋白与基因组DNA相互作用的技术。ChIP与高密度芯片(ChIP-chip)或高通量测序(ChIP-Seq)相结合能产生大量的研究数据, 在细胞的基因表达调控网络研究中发挥重要作用。文章主要介绍ChIP、ChIP-chip和ChIP-Seq的技术特点以及发展趋势, 重点讨论了ChIP-Seq数据分析方法及相关的应用实例。     

DNA与蛋白质的相互作用及其生物学研究方法

DNA和蛋白质是构成生物体最为重要的两类生物大分子,两者特异性或非特异性识别及相互作用在整个基因组表达调控过程中发挥着重要的作用,是了解生命活动基本过程的分子基础。为此,从DNA与蛋白质相互作用的概述及其作用形式入手,对目前应用较多的几种分子生物学检测方法,如电泳迁移率变动分析(EMSA)、DNase I足迹法(DNase I footprinting)、酵母单杂交技术(Y1H)以及染色质免疫沉淀技术(Ch IP)的原理、优缺点、优化方法及其最新应用等进行了综述。     

Reverse ChIP:研究DNA-蛋白质相互作用的新方法

反向染色质免疫共沉淀技术(reverse chromatin immunoprecipitation assay,Reverse ChIP)是一种在体内状态下分析DNA-蛋白质相互作用的新方法.它用特异的核酸探针捕获靶DNA片段及与其相结合的蛋白质,蛋白质用质谱仪检测,以达到确定靶DNA位点全部相关蛋白质的目的.其可对靶DNA位点相关蛋白质进行全面、系统地鉴定,特别是寻找已知DNA元件相应的调节蛋白.在发现、鉴定靶DNA位点相关蛋白质和研究DNA-蛋白质相互作用中有重要应用价值.     

哺乳动物转录因子DNA结合谱

基因差异表达是生物发育和对刺激作出应答的分子基础,转录因子在这种基因差异表达中发挥着重要的调控作用。因此,要弄清楚转录因子调控基因差异表达的机理,就必须鉴定出它们全部的靶基因并构建其操纵的转录调控网络。对基因组DNA的序列特异性结合是转录因子调控基因转录的关键环节,因此,要鉴定转录因子的靶基因,就必须从它们与DNA相互作用的分子水平,鉴定它们能够识别并结合的全部DNA序列,即转录因子DNA结合谱。近年来随着DNA微阵列芯片和高通量DNA测序技术的产生和快速发展,出现了建立转录因子体内及体外DNA结合谱的一系列革命性的新技术,对该领域的研究带来重大影响。这些新技术主要包括建立转录因子体内DNA结合谱的染色质免疫沉淀-芯片技术(ChIP-chip)和染色质免疫沉淀-测序技术(ChIP-Seq),以及建立转录因子体外DNA结合谱的双链DNA微阵列芯片技术(dsDNA microarray)、指数富集配体系统进化-系列分析基因表达技术(SELEX-SAGE)、结合-n-测序技术(Bind-n-Seq)、多重大规模并行SELEX技术(MMP-SELEX)、凝胶迁移实验-测序技术(EMSA-Seq)和高通量测序-荧光配体互作图谱分析技术(HiTS-FLIP)。文章将对这些新技术做一综述。     

免疫沉淀技术的最新进展

免疫沉淀(Immunoprecipitation,IP)技术是以抗体和抗原之间的专一性作用为基础的用于研究蛋白质相互作用的经典方法.也是确定两种蛋白质在完整细胞内生理性相互作用的有效方法.免疫沉淀技术现已广泛应用于基因、蛋白质以及它们之间相互作用等领域的研究,并且其可与多种技术联合应用,也可合并一些实验方法进行多方面探索.本文将主要介绍染色质免疫沉淀技术、蛋白质免疫沉淀技术和放射免疫沉淀技术的原理和方法,并对它们相应的应用作简要的说明.     

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP): revisiting the efficacy of sample preparation, sonication, quantification of sheared DNA, and analysis via PCR

The "quantitative" ChIP, a tool commonly used to study protein-DNA interactions in cells and tissue, is a difficult assay often plagued with technical error. We present, herein, the process required to merge multiple protocols into a quick, reliable and easy method and an approach to accurately quantify ChIP DNA prior to performing PCR. We demonstrate that high intensity sonication for at least 30 min is required for full cellular disruption and maximum DNA recovery because ChIP lysis buffers fail to lyse formaldehyde-fixed cells. In addition, extracting ChIP DNA with chelex-100 yields samples that are too dilute for evaluation of shearing efficiency or quantification via nanospectrophotometry. However, DNA extracted from the Mock-ChIP supernatant via the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCIA) method can be used to evaluate DNA shearing efficiency and used as the standard in a fluorescence-based microplate assay. This enabled accurate quantification of DNA in chelex-extracted ChIP samples and normalization to total DNA concentration prior to performing real-time PCR (rtPCR). Thus, a quick ChIP assay that can be completed in nine bench hours over two days has been validated along with a rapid, accurate and repeatable way to quantify ChIP DNA. The resulting rtPCR data more accurately depicts treatment effects on protein-DNA interactions of interest.     

Faster and easier chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with high sensitivity

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays are widely used to investigate where chromatin-binding proteins bind to the genome. The standard assay is very time consuming. We have developed a rapid ChIP assay in which the immunoprecipitates serve directly as PCR templates. This assay eliminates the step to reverse the crosslinking, shortening the assay by 1 day. It also requires a less immunoprecipitating antibody, permits many samples to be tested simultaneously, and is more sensitive than the standard ChIP assay.     

Bi-functional cross-linking reagents efficiently capture protein-DNA complexes in Drosophila embryos

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is widely used for mapping DNA-protein interactions across eukaryotic genomes in cells, tissues or even whole organisms. Critical to this procedure is the efficient cross-linking of chromatin-associated proteins to DNA sequences that are in close proximity. Since the mid-nineties formaldehyde fixation has been the method of choice. However, some protein-DNA complexes cannot be successfully captured for ChIP using formaldehyde. One such formaldehyde refractory complex is the developmentally regulated insulator factor, Elba. Here we describe a new embryo fixation procedure using the bi-functional cross-linking reagents DSG (disuccinimidyl glutarate) and DSP (dithiobis[succinimidyl propionate). We show that unlike standard formaldehyde fixation protocols, it is possible to capture Elba association with insulator elements in 2–5 h embryos using this new cross-linking procedure. We show that this new cross-linking procedure can also be applied to localize nuclear proteins that are amenable to ChIP using standard formaldehyde cross-linking protocols, and that in the cases tested the enrichment was generally superior to that achieved using formaldehyde cross-linking.     

Bi-functional cross-linking reagents efficiently capture protein-DNA complexes in Drosophila embryos

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is widely used for mapping DNA-protein interactions across eukaryotic genomes in cells, tissues or even whole organisms. Critical to this procedure is the efficient cross-linking of chromatin-associated proteins to DNA sequences that are in close proximity. Since the mid-nineties formaldehyde fixation has been the method of choice. However, some protein-DNA complexes cannot be successfully captured for ChIP using formaldehyde. One such formaldehyde refractory complex is the developmentally regulated insulator factor, Elba. Here we describe a new embryo fixation procedure using the bi-functional cross-linking reagents DSG (disuccinimidyl glutarate) and DSP (dithiobis[succinimidyl propionate). We show that unlike standard formaldehyde fixation protocols, it is possible to capture Elba association with insulator elements in 2–5 h embryos using this new cross-linking procedure. We show that this new cross-linking procedure can also be applied to localize nuclear proteins that are amenable to ChIP using standard formaldehyde cross-linking protocols, and that in the cases tested the enrichment was generally superior to that achieved using formaldehyde cross-linking.