2个软枣猕猴桃品种的花粉育性研究

猕猴桃为雌雄异株植物,但在丹东宽甸地区栽培的软枣猕猴桃‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’在不配置授粉雄株的情况下,仍能正常结果,且种子发育正常。该研究通过花粉活力测定、花粉扫描电镜观察、花粉管行为的荧光显微镜观察以及不同套袋授粉技术等,研究其授粉坐果特性,以明确‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’的生殖特性,为软枣猕猴桃栽培生产提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’的花粉均没有活力。(2)‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’花粉粒空瘪,与正常雄性花粉存在很大差异,果园中的蜜蜂携粉足携带花粉中可见少量雄性花粉。(3)自花授粉的柱头未见花粉萌发,人工正常授粉(绿王花粉)的花粉萌发率显著高于自然授粉。(4)人工套硫酸纸袋或防虫网不授粉的结实率均为0,人工正常授粉的坐果率、单果重和果实纵横径略高于自然授粉,而果实侧径和单果种子数显著高于自然授粉。(5)该栽培地区周边山上约1km处可见野生软枣猕猴桃分布。研究认为,‘龙成2号’和‘桓优1号’为雌性品种,其在丹东宽甸地区不需配置授粉树即可结果的原因是周边有野生软枣猕猴桃分布,授粉昆虫为蜜蜂。充分授粉有助于提高其坐果率及果实大小,因此在正常栽培生产中应配置授粉雄株。     

对‘长富2号’苹果授粉后11个海棠品种花粉直感效应的综合评价

以11个海棠（Malus spp.）品种的花粉为材料、‘新红星’苹果（Malus pumila‘Starkrimson’）花粉为对照,对‘长富2号’苹果（M.pumila‘Changfu 2’）进行人工授粉并测定其坐果率及14个果实品质指标;在此基础上,采用因子分析法确定影响苹果授粉后花粉直感效应评价的主要因子,并对供试海棠品种的花粉直感效应进行综合评价和排序。结果表明：除海棠品种‘雪倩’（‘Xueqian’）外,用其他海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率均显著提高,其中用品种‘红波’（‘Hongbo’）授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率最高（达86.18%）;经11个海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率以及果实的果形指数、单果质量和可滴定酸含量均高于对照（用‘新红星’苹果授粉）;经大部分海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果果实的果棱数、果梗存留率、梗洼深度、梗洼开裂率、VC含量和花青苷含量也均高于对照,但果实的着色面积百分率、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比则低于对照。因子分析结果表明：前7个公因子的特征值均大于1,累计方差贡献率达88.187%,按照在授粉性能质量评价中的作用从大到小依次排序为果实甜度因子（包括可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量）、果实酸度因子（包括可滴定酸含量和糖酸比）、果个与果形因子（包括单果质量、梗洼深度和果形指数）、果梗因子（包括梗洼开裂率和果梗存留率）、果肉硬度因子、保健与外形因子（包括花青苷含量、VC含量、果棱数和着色面积百分率）及坐果率因子。综合评价结果表明：在供试的11个海棠品种中,仅品种‘红艳’（‘Hongyan’）、‘红亮’（‘Hongliang’）和‘红纱’（‘Hongsha’）的花粉直感效应综合得分高于‘新红星’苹果,表明这3个海棠品种的花粉直感效应优良,可作为‘长富2     

CPPU对美味猕猴桃果实重量、可溶性固形物及糖酸含量的影响

谢花后用20mg/L CPPU浸果,对美味猕猴桃单果重、可溶性固形物及酸含量均有影响。(1)谢花后10d处理一次和谢花后10d及17d处理两次都可使单果重明显增加,且两次处理优于一次处理。(2)经CPPU处理过的果实可溶性固形物含量下降,但酸度无显著影响。(3)CPPU处理的畸形果比率比对照明显上升。     

小报春不同授粉组合亲和性研究

利用小报春‘红星’、‘紫霞’、‘罗兰香’3个品种分别设置8种授粉组合,统计了不同授粉组合的结实情况和单果种子数量,并对‘红星’品种部分授粉组合的花粉萌发与花粉管伸长过程进行荧光显微观察。结果显示:(1)3个品种的结实率和单果种子数量均表现为异型植株授粉>长花柱同型异株授粉、长花柱自交>短花柱同型异株授粉、短花柱自交,不同授粉组合间单果种子数量差异极显著,异型植株授粉类型结实率均达到100%,单果种子数量为44～181粒,显著高于自交组合和同型异株杂交组合;以异型致死花粉作为蒙导对短花柱同型异株授粉组合的结实有一定促进作用,但对长花柱同型异株授粉组合的结实没有一致的促进作用;3个品种中‘红星’的结实率和单果种子数量最高。(2)荧光显微观察表明,异型授粉组合花粉在柱头上大量萌发并在花柱中伸长,授粉144h后花粉管开始进入子房;同型授粉组合授粉12h后花粉开始萌发,但直到授粉后144h花粉管还没有进入花柱;自交授粉组合授粉后144h仍无花粉萌发。实验结果说明,小报春存在明显的自交不亲和性,且短花柱类型的自交不亲和性比长花柱类型强。     

猕猴桃种间及种内杂交亲和性研究

以3个种的9个猕猴桃品种为试材,通过培养法比较它们的花粉活力,用荧光显微镜观察猕猴桃种间与种内杂交亲和性,并统计其亲和指数及坐果率,为猕猴桃的杂交育种以及最佳授粉树的选配提供依据.结果表明:猕猴桃花粉活力在种间表现为美味猕猴桃＞中华猕猴桃＞狗枣猕猴桃;中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃种间和种内杂交组合的柱头识别反应快,花粉在柱头粘附多、生长快且萌发率高、亲和性较强且坐果率较高,而用狗枣猕猴桃与中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃种间杂交的花粉在柱头上萌发生长发育缓慢,其亲和性弱,平均坐果率仅为19.81%;30个杂交组合中亲和指数最高的是'金阳'×'金阳'雄株,亲和指数为960.33,坐果率为95.56%,最低的是'狗枣'×'金阳'雄株,亲和指数201.60,坐果率为12.22%.研究发现,猕猴桃的种间亲和性小于种内亲和性,同种内不同品种间的亲和性与坐果率也不同.     

大花百子莲的结实和结籽格局及种子产量影响因素分析

在2007和2008年对大花百子莲(Agapanthus praecox subsp.orientalis‘Big Blue’)在群体、果序和单果水平上的结实和结籽格局进行了观测,并依据每花序单花数、单花胚珠数和单粒种子质量推算其单株潜在种子产量;此外,采用人工补充授粉方法研究了不同授粉方式对大花百子莲结实和结籽的影响,并对其种子产量的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:从始花期、盛花期至末花期,随开花时间的延迟,大花百子莲植株的每花序单花数和座果率均逐渐降低,其中始花期开花的植株每花序单花数和座果率均最高。从果序基部、中部至顶端,座果率和结籽率均逐渐减小且差异显著。在果序基部和中部,果实内种子败育率沿果实基部至顶端依次降低,而单粒种子质量则依次增加;且果序基部的果实各部位的种子败育率均低于果序中部的果实,而单粒种子质量则差异不大。大花百子莲的单株潜在种子产量约为43.18 g,而其单株实际种子产量约为2.87 g,远低于其潜在种子产量。自然授粉的大花百子莲每柱头花粉数为27.5粒,而自花授粉、同株异花授粉和异株授粉的每柱头花粉数均超过100粒;与自然授粉、自花授粉和同株异花授粉植株相比,异株授粉植株的座果率和结籽率均显著增加。研究结果显示:大花百子莲的结实和结籽格局呈现非随机分布规律,在引种地存在有性繁殖障碍;养分和授粉状况是制约大花百子莲种子产量的重要因素。     

几种猕猴桃种间杂交亲和性的探讨

以中华猕猴桃、毛花猕猴桃、美味猕猴桃及阔叶猕猴桃进行种间杂交,结果表明:各杂交组合的座果率与对照组一样,均为100％;父本花粉萌发率与对照组相近,其杂交当代果实重量、种子数量及种子千粒重也与对照组相近;相同的母本,其当代杂交果实的重量及种子数量与父本花粉萌发率的高低成正比。这不但说明了各杂交组合所采用亲本之间的亲和性,而且为生产上利用不同种生活力强的猕猴桃雄株花粉进行人工辅助授粉提供依据。     

中华蜜蜂对猕猴桃的访花行为及授粉效果研究

本研究采用中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana(简称"中蜂")为猕猴桃授粉,研究中蜂对猕猴桃的访花授粉行为规律,以及中蜂授粉对猕猴桃果实生长发育及品质的影响,以期为规范猕猴桃中蜂授粉和产业提质增效提供理论依据.结果表明:中蜂既采集雄花又采集雌花,每日的访花活动时间为7:40-19:30,访花的温度区间为18.9～31.2℃,湿度区间为21％ ～76％.对单朵花的平均访问时间为25±5.77 s,62％ ±0.82％的中蜂单花访问时间分布在20～30 s.中蜂日访花活动的高峰时段为11:00-12:00,携粉回巢的高峰时段为11:00-11:20,携粉回巢蜂的数量随温度和湿度的变化规律均呈正态分布,分别符合方程y=14.36-25.58(x-24.81)2e/√π(R2=0.924)和y=12.67-0.96(x-53.90)2e/√π(R2=0.858),且在温度22.5～26.3℃、湿度43％ ～67％区间内数量达到高峰.经中蜂授粉的果实座果率、纵径、横径及侧径增长速率、单果重、可溶性固形物、总糖含量、固酸比、糖酸比和维生素C含量均显著高于人工授粉组(P<0.05),畸形率和果实硬度显著低于人工授粉组(P<0.05).本研究得出中蜂授粉可提高猕猴桃产量,改善果实品质,在生产中可代替人工授粉以获得更高的经济效益.     

云南不同栽培区域油梨果实品质差异分析

以云南9个不同栽培区域‘哈斯’(Hass)油梨果实为试材,在同一条件下分别观测油梨果实主要内在与外观品质,分析云南不同栽培区域油梨果实主要品质差异,为探索云南油梨栽培适宜生态区域提供借鉴。结果表明：(1)油梨果实外观品质以单果重、种子重量、可食率变异系数较大,分别达到31.31%、38.09%和8.08%,并以LJ产区的油梨单果重和可食率最大;油梨果肉内在品质中以脂肪、可溶性蛋白、维生素C(Vc)含量变异系数较大,分别为37.57%、22.42%和17.89%,脂肪含量以BS产区最高,可溶性蛋白和Vc含量均以BN产区最高。(2)油梨果实Vc、总黄酮、脂肪含量以及单果果肉重、果实纵径等显著受到树龄和气候因子的综合影响。其中：树龄与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系,与单果果肉重呈显著负相关关系;经度与脂肪、可溶性固形物、干物质、可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关关系;纬度与可溶性固形物、果肉密度、种子长度呈正相关关系,与Vc、总黄酮含量呈显著负相关关系;海拔与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系;年平均气温与果肉密度、单果重、单果果肉重、果实纵径呈正相关关系;年平均降雨量与...     

不同品种授粉对西梅‘法兰西''坐果及果实品质的影响

为选择西梅('法兰西')适宜授粉品种,该研究以'法兰西'西梅品种为母本,'斯泰勒'和'女神'等2个授粉品种为父本进行人工授粉,研究不同品种授粉对'法兰西'西梅坐果率和果实品质的影响,并利用主成分分析对不同授粉品种进行了综合评价.结果表明:不同授粉品种对'法兰西'坐果率具有一定的提高作用,其中'女神'授粉'法兰西'品种的坐果率最高;果实的果仁纵径、果核纵径、单核重、单果重、果实纵径、果实横径、含水量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C含量,不同授粉品种之间差异较大,果仁横径、单仁重、单核重、果柄、离核、果皮颜色、风味、可溶性固形物、硬度、总酸差异较小.通过主成分分析提取出了5个主成分,其累计方差贡献率达到90.694%,可以解释绝大部的原始信息.主成分分析得出不同授粉品种果实品质评价方法表达式为F=6.088F1+3.964F2+2.406F3+1.666F4+1.294F5.通过该模型计算出不同授粉品种综合得分,并排序.不同授粉品种综合得分为-1.263~1.260之间,综合得分排序为'女神'>'斯泰勒'>自然授粉.综合比较发现在实际生产中,推广'女神'来作授粉树效果较好.该研究结果为西梅('法兰西')授粉树优化配置果实品质提升提供了依据.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.