共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 203 毫秒
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向日葵细胞质雄性不育系线粒体基因组atpA位点的研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
对21种向日葵细胞质雄性不育(CMS)品系的线粒体基因组atpA基因位点处的DNA分子变异进行了分析和研究。首次通过基因组DNA及mtDNA与一含有部分atpA基因和orf H522的4.1kb探针Southern分子杂交分析及mtDNA限制性内切酶图谱分析证明,在atpA基因位点区域有4种DNA序列存在于21种细胞质雄性不育品系中。首次指出在向日葵CMS品系中即使细胞质来源相同,不育基因却有多种存在形式,并通过实验结果推测了导致细胞质雄性不育的机理。 相似文献
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PCR-RAPD分子生物学技术及其在植物抗病性研究中的应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
PCR—RAPD技术是一种高效的基因组DNA多态性分析技术,能够在对生物细胞或组织中DNA遗传多样性、亲缘关系及系统进化分子标记检测的同时进行基因定位与遗传作图。本综述了PCR—RAPD技术的基本原理和应用范围,以及近年来在植物抗感病品种(品系)间亲缘远近关系分析、植物抗病性遗传基因的DNA分子标记与检测、植物抗病基因的标记和定位、植物抗病基因的分离与克隆、植物抗病育种的分子标记辅助选择与检测等植物抗病性分子机制研究方面的应用,并对该技术所存在的问题及应用前景进行了探讨。 相似文献
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干旱是限制向日葵生长发育的重要因素之一。为探究向日葵苗期抗旱性分子机制,该研究以向日葵K55与K58杂交构建的150个F7重组自交系群体为材料,对其在正常浇水和干旱胁迫两种水分处理条件下的叶片相对电导率、叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶片相对含水量、根长进行表型测定,利用前期建立的SNP、SSR分子标记遗传连锁图谱,通过复合区间作图法对5个抗旱相关的性状进行QTL定位。结果表明:(1)共定位到向日葵QTL位点11个,其中正常浇水条件下5个,干旱胁迫条件下6个,表型贡献率为0.768%~7.547%,且5号连锁群上定位到的QTL位点最多(3个)。(2)QTL置信区间内共筛选到62个与干旱相关的候选基因,包括位于qLA 8 1上的rna23019、rna23004、rna22661、rna22193、rna23294、rna22783和位于qCC 13 1上的rna40140,这些基因可作为后续基因克隆及功能研究的重点候选基因。该研究结果为向日葵抗旱性研究及其遗传改良奠定了基础。 相似文献
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重要花卉植物高密度遗传连锁图谱构建研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
遗传连锁图谱是以遗传标记间重组频率为基础的染色体或基因组内位点相对位置的线性排列图,高密度遗传图谱构建可实现物理图谱和遗传图谱的整合,对促进基因图位克隆具有重要作用。利用遗传图谱可有效地提高育种效率和改良品种。重要花卉植物高遗传图谱精密度尚无法满足精细定位研究的要求,百合、紫薇、郁金香、向日葵等重要花卉高密度遗传图谱构建研究较少,制约了花卉植物分子育种研究进程。概述了高密度遗传图谱构建流程及作图方法,综述了牡丹、梅花、月季、菊花、兰花、荷花、桂花等重要花卉植物遗传图谱构建研究进展,讨论了重要花卉植物高密度遗传图谱构建存在的主要问题,对今后重要花卉植物遗传图谱构建研究的发展方向及其在育种中的应用前景进行了展望,以期为花卉植物基因定位、辅助基因组组装、比较基因组学、基因克隆、分子标记辅助育种等提供参考。 相似文献
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Tang S Knapp SJ 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2003,106(6):990-1003
The contemporary oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) gene pool is a product of multiple breeding and domestication bottlenecks. Despite substantial phenotypic diversity, modest differences in molecular genetic diversity have been uncovered in anciently and recently domesticated sunflowers. The paucity of molecular marker polymorphisms in early analyses led to the hypothesis of a single domestication origin. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on 47 domesticated and wild germplasm accessions using 122 microsatellite loci distributed throughout the sunflower genome. Extraordinary allelic diversity was found in the Native American land races and wild populations, and progressively less allelic diversity was found in germplasm produced by successive cycles of domestication and breeding. Of 1,341 microsatellite alleles, 489 were unique to land races, exotic domesticates and wild populations, whereas only 15 were unique to elite inbred lines. The number of taxon-specific alleles was 35-fold greater among wild populations (26.27) than elite inbred lines (0.75). Microsatellite genotyping uncovered the possibility of multiple domestication origins. Land races domesticated by Native Americans of the southwestern US (Hopi and Havasupai) formed a clade independent of land races domesticated by Native Americans of the Great Plains and eastern US (Arikara and Seneca). Predictably, domestication and breeding have ratcheted genetic diversity down in sunflower. The contemporary oilseed sunflower gene pool, while not imperiled, could profit from an infusion of novel alleles from the reservoir of latent genetic diversity present in wild populations and Native American land races. 相似文献
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Determination of Physiological Races and Evaluation of Sunflower for Resistance to Puccinia helianthi Schw 下载免费PDF全文
Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi Schw., is a widespread disease of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in China. To study physiological races, sunflower field surveys were undertaken in major sunflower growing areas of China in 2010. Forty‐four rust‐infected sunflower leaf samples were collected from 25 geographical locations. Freshly produced spores were used to study physiological race differentiation on a set of nine differentials. Race 300 was the most prevalent race observed over all locations with a 59% frequency followed by races 735, 310, 500, 724 and 737. To evaluate hybrids and varieties for resistance screening, spores of race 300 were used to inoculate 65 hybrids, and five open‐pollinated varieties selected from breeding programmes and from the seed market. None of the confection hybrids and open‐pollinated varieties was immune to race 300. Conversely, among oilseed hybrids, 3% of them showed immunity, 12% highly resistant, 59% resistant and 26% showed susceptible reactions. Open‐pollinated varieties were the most susceptible to race 300 followed by confection and oilseed sunflower hybrids. Results from this study are projected to assist breeders in selection of hybrids and varieties against prevalent race as our results showed a diversity of resistance levels to race 300. 相似文献
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Genetic analyses of the domestication syndrome have revealed that domestication-related traits typically have a very similar genetic architecture across most crops, being conditioned by a small number of quantitative trait loci (QTL), each with a relatively large effect on the phenotype. To date, the domestication of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) stands as the only counterexample to this pattern. In previous work involving a cross between wild sunflower (also H. annuus) and a highly improved oilseed cultivar, we found that domestication-related traits in sunflower are controlled by numerous QTL, typically of small effect. To provide insight into the minimum genetic changes required to transform the weedy common sunflower into a useful crop plant, we mapped QTL underlying domestication-related traits in a cross between a wild sunflower and a primitive Native American landrace that has not been the target of modern breeding programs. Consistent with the results of the previous study, our data indicate that the domestication of sunflower was driven by selection on a large number of loci, most of which had small to moderate phenotypic effects. Unlike the results of the previous study, however, nearly all of the QTL identified herein had phenotypic effects in the expected direction, with the domesticated allele producing a more crop-like phenotype and the wild allele producing a more wild-like phenotype. Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that selection during the post-domestication era has resulted in the introduction of apparently maladaptive alleles into the modern sunflower gene pool. 相似文献
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E. H. Pryde 《Economic botany》1983,37(4):459-477
The United States is a major producer of many different types of oilseeds, but the predominant one is soybean, that remarkable legume whose meal and oil serve many animal feed, human food, and domestic industrial product needs. More than half of the soybeans and the products produced from them are exported. The 16 mill MT of soy meal processed and fed in the United States in 1981 constituted 88% of the total oilseed meal, 71% of the high-protein feeds, and 48% of total processed feeds. Of the total soy protein available, less than 5% goes into human food products such as meat extenders, simulated meats, baked goods, dairy product analogs, dietary foods, infant foods, and fermented food products. Less than 1% of soy protein in the United States is used in industrial products, mainly as a binder for pigmented paper coatings. Of the total soy oil available, about 95% is consumed in food products such as margarines, salad oils, and cooking oils. About 5% of soy oil is applied to nonfood uses such as alkyd paints, plasticizer/stabilizers for vinyl plastics, soaps, eraser factices, and many other lesser uses. Other major oilseeds produced in the United States include cottonseed, flaxseed, peanut, safflower, and sunflower. Corn oil is produced in significant quantities as a by-product of the corn starch industry. The oilseed crops having the greatest oil productivity are peanut and sunflower. However, sunflower meal has certain deficiencies for feed and food uses. If the United States is to draw upon oilseed crops as significant contributors to feed, food, industrial products, and agricultural fuel needs, greatly improved productivity will be needed either from new oilseed crops or from improved varieties of present commercial crops. 相似文献
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FRANCISCO J. CORPAS LUISA M. SANDALIO LUIS A. DEL RÍO & RICHARD N. TRELEASE 《The New phytologist》1998,138(2):307-314
The number and type of isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and their activities were compared in mitochondria and peroxisomes isolated from cotyledons of three different oilseed seedlings. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal isoforms of SOD could be distinguished in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels by their differential sensitivities to KCN and/or H2 O2 . The type of SOD was not the same for each organelle in each of the three oilseed species. For example, a single Mn–SOD was found in cotton and cucumber mitochondria, whereas four CuZn–SODs were present in mitochondria from sunflower. At least one CuZn–SOD isoform was found in the peroxisomes of all three species. Cucumber peroxisomes contained both a CuZn–SOD and a Mn–SOD, cotton peroxisomes contained a single CuZn–SOD, whilst four separate CuZn–SODs, but no Mn–SOD were found in sunflower peroxisomes. Using antibodies against CuZn–SOD from watermelon peroxisomes or from chloroplasts of Equisetum , a single polypeptide of c . 16·5 kDa was detected on immunoblots of peroxisomal fractions from the three species. Post-embedment, electron-microscopic double immunogold-labelling showed that CuZn–SOD, with malate synthase used as marker enzyme of peroxisomes, was localized in the matrix of these organelles of all three species. These results suggest that CuZn–SOD is a characteristic matrix enzyme of peroxisomes in oilseed cotyledons. 相似文献
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Silke Neu Ingo Müller Rolf Herzig E. Gert Dudel 《International journal of phytoremediation》2018,20(6):574-580
Multielement-contaminated agricultural land requires the adaptation of agronomic practices to meet legal requirements for safe biomass production. The incorporation of bioenergy plants with, at least, moderate phytoextraction capacity into crop rotations with cereals can affect trace elements (TE) phytoavailability and, simultaneously, constitute economic revenues for farmers outside the food or forage sector. Hence, in a crop rotation pot study sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), modified for high biomass and TE accumulation by chemical mutagenesis, was compared to winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) as pre-crop. On two agricultural soils with different TE loads, the crops´ potential for phytoextraction and for impacts on TE uptake by subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied. The results showed that rape tolerated high-level mixed contamination with metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) and As more than sunflower. In both soils, labile metals concentration increased and soil acidity remained high following sunflower. Furthermore, enhanced grain As accumulation in subsequent wheat was observed. By contrast, soil acidity and Cd or Zn accumulation of subsequent wheat decreased following rape. In the short term, moderate phytoextraction was superimposed by nutrient use or rhizosphere effects of pre-crops, which should be carefully monitored when designing crop rotations for contaminated land. 相似文献
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M. Sujatha S. Vijay S. Vasavi P. Veera Reddy S. Chander Rao 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2012,110(2):275-287
Lack of a genotype-independent transformation protocol for sunflower is a major bottleneck in improving this important oilseed crop. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol is described, which was adaptable across a broad range of sunflower genotypes. The improved transformation approach used cotyledons from mature seeds vertically split through the embryo axis. The LBA 4404 Agrobacterium strain was used, which carried pCAMBIA 2301 plasmid containing UidA as the reporter gene and nptII as the selectable marker for transformants on kanamycin. Bacterial titer, cotyledon type, acetosyringone concentration and vacuum application enhanced the transformation efficiency. Wounding, enzyme pretreatment and sonication significantly reduced the transformation frequency. Putative transgenic shoots were obtained through both axillary proliferation and adventitious shoot regeneration. Following two and three cycles of selection on kanamycin for axillary and adventitious shoots, respectively, putative transformed shoots were obtained at an average frequency of 3.0?%. Reporter gene histochemical assay and molecular characterization of primary and T1 transgenic plants revealed stable transgene integration, expression and monogenic inheritance. The standardized procedure was tested on 28 genotypes comprising sets of inbred, maintainer, restorer and hybrid lines. Transformation was successful in all genotypes albeit with variable frequency in all except the hybrid lines wherein it was stable around 4.0?%. The procedure opens possibilities of directly improving any commercial genotypes of sunflower. 相似文献
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Capsule Small field size and the maintenance of set-aside and lucerne are important to ensure high breeding pair densities and productivity. Aims To investigate the effects of crop types and their attributes on density and productivity of breeding Skylark. Methods At each of four selected study sites in western France, territory density, vegetation height, vegetation cover and field size was estimated by field and attempts were made to find nests. Crop types included winter and spring cereals, oilseed rape, sunflower, maize, grass, lucerne, set-aside, and bare ground. Results About 80% of Skylark territories included more than one crop type. Birds preferred small fields and territory density decreased with increasing field size. Density was highest in crops with low vegetation height and cover. Set-aside, lucerne and grass supported highest territory density. Fledging productivity was highest in set-aside and lucerne, and was zero on bare ground. Skylark density decreased throughout the breeding season (-26% in 1999 and -29% in 2000), suggesting an instability in territory distribution or activity in intensive farmland. Conclusions Farming systems that decrease field size and increase set-aside and lucerne instead of oilseed rape, maize and sunflower will benefit Skylark and other declining farmland species. 相似文献
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Jonh J. M ndez Jos S. L pez Ramon Canela Merc Torres 《Biocatalysis and Biotransformation》2006,24(3):201-208
The work evaluated the use of a bioreactor for the enzymatic transesterification of oilseed. Rhizopus oryzae resting-cells, isolated from Foeniculum vulgare Fennel, were used as a biocatalyst. The bioreactor consisted of two glass-jacketed flasks, interconnected by a circuit using isooctane as a solvent, which was recirculated with the help of a peristaltic pump. The system enabled the extraction and hydrolysis of triacylglycerides (TAG), and the subsequent esterification of the free fatty acids formed (FFA). Esterification was carried out by the addition of alcohol using a peristaltic pump. This reactive extraction of vegetable oil was optimized for sunflower seeds using 4-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (solketal) as alcohol. Subsequently, a variety of oil seeds and alcohols were tested. Final ester conversions ranged from 84 to 98% depending on the alcohol and the oilseed used. 相似文献