内蒙古典型草原羊草种群遗传分化的RAPD分析

运用 RAPD技术对内蒙古典型草原不同生境 8个羊草种群进行分析。采用 2 4个随机引物 (10 nt)在 8个种群中共检测到2 2 4个扩增片断 ,其中多态性片断 173个 ,总的多态位点百分率达 77.2 % ,特异性片断 2 2个 ,占 9.82 % ,平均每个引物扩增的DNA带数为 9.3 3条。利用 Nei指数和 Shannon指数估算了 8个种群的遗传多样性 ,并计算种群相似系数和遗传距离 ,运用UPGMA法进行聚类分析。结果表明 :羊草大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内 ,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于种群间 ,Nei指数和Shannon指数计算结果分别为 85.4%和 66.8% ;羊草不同种群的遗传多样性存在差异 ;8个羊草种群平均遗传距离为 0 .2 3 16,变异范围为 0 .1587～ 0 .2 70 0 ,说明 8个羊草种群间的遗传变异不大 ,即 :在较小地理范围内羊草的遗传分化程度较小 ;8个种群可聚为 3个类群 ,聚类结果显示生境相似的种群能够聚在一起 ,而地理距离最近的种群不一定归为一类 ,说明小范围内羊草种群间的遗传分化与地理距离不存在相关性 ,而与其生境间的相似度相关。影响遗传相似性的不是单一因子而是各种因子的综合作用 ,较小地理范围内羊草种群间的遗传分化主要是由环境的异质性所引起的     

内蒙古扁蓿豆遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR分子标记对分布于内蒙古不同地区的扁蓿豆(Medicago ruthenica)8个地理种群进行了遗传多样性研究.结果表明:扁蓿豆具有较高的遗传多样性;15个引物共扩增出363个位点,物种水平上Nei s基因多样性指数为0.198 9,Shannon多样性指数为0.303 7;种内总基因多样性为0.308 6,种群内基因多样性为0.198 9,64.45%的遗传变异存在于种群内,35.55%的遗传变异存在于种群间,种群间的遗传分化系数为0.355 5,基因流为0.906 4,8个种群间基因交流较少,遗传分化较强.UPGMA遗传距离聚类结果表明,生态地理条件相似的种群优先聚集.     

内蒙古小花棘豆遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR分子标记对内蒙古西部地区小花棘豆（Oxytropis glabra DC.）6个地理种群进行了遗传多样性研究.结果表明：小花棘豆具有较高的遗传多样性;14个引物共扩增出327个位点,物种水平上Nei＇s基因多样性指数为0.1972,Shannon多样性指数为0.3287;种内总基因多样性为0.1976,种群内基因多样性为0.1653,83.67%的遗传变异存在于种群内,16.33%的遗传变异存在于种群间,种群间的遗传分化系数为0.1633,基因流为2.5613,6个种群间有一定遗传分化,但遗传漂变不会引起遗传分化.UPGMA遗传距离聚类结果表明,生态地理条件相似的种群优先聚集.     

基于SCoT分子标记的裸果木遗传多样性分析

为了揭示裸果木的遗传多样性和遗传结构,采用SCoT分子标记对新疆7个裸果木自然种群201个植株进行分析。结果表明12条引物共扩增出145个位点,在物种和种群水平上裸果木多态位点百分率分别为97. 24%和76. 45%,Nei’s遗传多样性指数分别为0. 263 8和0. 213 7,Shannon’s信息多样性指数分别为0. 408 1和0. 331 6,说明裸果木具有较高的遗传多样性,且物种水平遗传多样性略高于种群水平;遗传分化系数为0. 183 9,说明其遗传变异主要来自种群内,种群间存在一定程度的分化; Mantel检验结果表明裸果木种群地理距离与遗传距离不存在显著相关性;运用主坐标分析(PCoA)和STRUCTURE分析对裸果木个体间亲缘关系聚类分析的结果存在一定差异,但总体上结果是一致的。裸果木的遗传多样性和遗传结构可能与进化历史、繁育系统、地理隔离和人为干扰有关。     

濒危植物连香树居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用ISSR分子标记技术对濒危植物连香树10个居群的遗传多样性和遗传变异进行了分析,结果表明:连香树物种水平遗传多样性较高,多态位点百分率(PPB)达到69.59%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.231 3和0.351 4;而在居群水平上,多态位点百分率(PPB)为30.61%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.115 6和0.173 3。遗传变异分析表明,居群间遗传分化程度高,遗传分化系数(GST)为0.500 3,居群间基因流Nm为0.527 3。Mantel检测,居群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间不存在显著的相关性。生境的片断化使居群间的基因流受阻,可能是导致居群间高遗传分化和居群水平低遗传多样性的主要原因。     

蜡梅种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术，对蜡梅种质资源7个野生种群和2个栽培种群的遗传多样性进行了研究。用11条引物，共扩增出124条谱带，其中110条多态带，多态位点占88.70％。用POPEGEN1.31版软件对数据进行分析，结果显示：种群总的Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.272 6，Shannon信息多态性指数为0.411 7，蜡梅总的遗传多样性水平较高。蜡梅不同种群遗传多样性水平差异较大，种群多态位点百分率在52.94％~90.00％之间，Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.143 4~0.378 2，Shannon信息多态性指数为0.232 2~0.546 6。神农架种群（SN）和保康种群（BK）的遗传多样性水平较高。种群间的基因分化系数为0.353 6，种群内的遗传变异大于种群间的遗传变异。用NTSYS2.01版软件对样品进行UPGMA聚类分析，结果9个种群并没有按地理距离进行聚类。种群间的地理距离和遗传距离之间没有显著的相关性(r＝0.437 1，P＝0.921 3)。     

浙江省境内七子花天然种群遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD技术对浙江省境内的七子花9个天然种群遗传多样性和遗传分化进行研究.结果表明,12种随机引物对180棵植物进行检测,共得到164个可重复的位点.多态位点百分率在14.60%～27.44%(平均为20.73%),以括苍山种群最高,其次是四明山种群,最低是观音坪种群.Shannon指数和Nei指数均反映出七子花各种群具有较低的遗传多样性,但遗传分化明显.Shannon指数显示种群内遗传多样性只占总遗传多样性的27.28%,而种群间遗传多样性却占72.72%;Nei指数表明种群内的遗传变异较小,种群间的遗传变异较大,种群间的遗传分化系数为0.7157.七子花种群间的基因流为0.1987,遗传相似度平均为0.7306,遗传距离平均为0.3150,各种群间的遗传分化明显.根据遗传距离聚类分析,大致可以将9个七子花种群分为东部和西部两大类群.     

井冈山血水草种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对江西省井冈山5个血水草种群进行了遗传多样性研究。从50条随机引物中筛选出16条随机引物对血水草的90个个体进行了扩增,共得到180条可统计条带,其中156条为多态带,占总条带数的85.56%。根据Shannon指数和Nei’s遗传分化指数分析显示5个种群间的遗传多样性为31.50%、遗传分化系数为0.302 9,表明血水草大部分遗传变异存在于种群内,少部分存在种群间。血水草的基因流（Nm）为1.150 8。采用算数平均数的非加权成组配对法（UPMGA）对Nei’s的一致度进行的聚类分析结果显示梨坪种群和水口种群的遗传距离最近（0.120 9）,茨坪种群和荆竹山种群的遗传距离最远（0.234 9）。Mantel相关性分析结果显示血水草种群间的遗传距离不仅与海拔梯度有关,还与其生境有关。     

内蒙古地区刺叶柄棘豆(Oxytropis aciphylla Ledeb.)种群遗传多样性分析

用ISSR分子标记对内蒙古地区刺叶柄棘豆(Oxytorpis aciphylla Ledeb.) 5个地理种群进行了种群遗传多样性分析。结果表明：刺叶柄棘豆种群具有较高的遗传多样性,11个ISSR引物扩增出215条带,总的多态位点百分率为98.14%,Shannon多样性指数I=0.2108,Nei基因多样性指数 H=0.341 6,种内总基因多样性(H_t) 为0.2108,种群内基因多样性(H_s)为0.160 4, 大部分遗传变异(76.11%)的遗传变异存在于种群内, 23.89%的遗传变异存在于种群间。遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.238 9,基因流(Nm)为1.592 9。5个居群间已有遗传分化趋势,遗传漂变不会引起遗传分化。UPGMA遗传距离聚类结果表明, 5个地理种群中,植被类型为荒漠草原的4个种群之间遗传距离较近,与1个荒漠种群距离较远。     

濒危灌木长叶红砂遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用RAPD分子标记对濒危灌木长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)种群遗传多样性进行了分析.应用18条随机引物对长叶红砂5个种群的95个个体进行扩增,检测到118个位点,其中多态位点105个.结果表明:长叶红砂种群的多态位点比率(P)为88.98%,显示出长叶红砂种群存在较高的遗传多样性.Shannon多样性指数(0.4966)、Nei基因多样性指数(0.3303)和基因分化系数(Gst=0.1425)的分析结果显示,长叶红砂种群遗传变异大多存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化占14.25%.聚类分析表明,长叶红砂种群遗传距离与地理距离之间无直接相关关系.遗传多样性水平与物种特性和所处不同群落有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低.     

不同地理种群羊草分子水平上生态型分化的研究

将来自内蒙古不同地区及吉林盐碱地的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）种子同时栽培于校园,以５个样点（阿旗定位站、西乌旗、谢尔塔拉、吉林）的羊草幼叶为材料,选用２０个随机短引物（１００ｎｔ）进行了ＤＮＡ随机扩增,共计获得１００个多态性片段。所得ＲＡＰＤ数据利用自编的计算机软件进行聚类分析、构建分子进行树,结果表明：定位站和西乌旗遗传距离最近,应为同一生态型;而吉林和谢尔塔拉分属不同生态型;阿旗     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% (P ＜ 0.04), and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% (P ＜ 0.002). A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found (P ＜ 0.001), as well as 72.59% variation within populations (P ＜ 0.001). Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% （P 〈 0.04）, and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% （P 〈 0.002）. A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found （P 〈 0.001）, as well as 72.59% variation within populations （P 〈 0.001）. Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii Reshov. in Inner Mongolia steppe

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii populations in Inner Mongolia steppe of North China. Thirteen 10 bp oligonucleotide primers, which generated 237 RAPD bands, were used to analyze 90 plants of five populations from three regions, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe, from the east to the west. The genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii that was revealed by observed number of alleles (na), expected number of alleles (ne), Nei's diversity index (h), Shannon's diversity index (H), amplificated loci, polymorphic loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) increased from the east to the west. The Pearson's correlation analysis between genetic diversity parameters and ecological parameters indicated that the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations along the longitude (humidity were calculated by precipitation and cumulative temperature). Dendrogram based on Jaccard's genetic distance showed that the individuals from the same population formed a single sub-group. Although most variation (56.85%) was within populations, there was high genetic differentiation among populations of Stipa krylovii, high differentiation within and between regions by AMOVA analysis. Either Nei's unbiased genetic distance (G(ST)) or gene flow (Nm) among pairwise populations was not correlated with geographical distance by Mantel's test (P > 0.05), suggesting that there was no consistency with the isolation by distance model in these populations. Natural selection may have played a role in affecting the genetic diversity and population structure, but habitat destruction and degradation in northern grassland in China may be the main factor responsible for high genetic differentiation among populations, within and among regions.     

中华稻蝗不同地理种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为研究中华稻蝗种群遗传多样性和遗传结构,文章对我国7省市的7个中华稻蝗种群进行AFLP分析。选取7对引物扩增128个个体,共产生336条带,多态性条带292条,占86.90%。结果表明:中华稻蝗种群具有较高的遗传多样性水平,其中海南万宁种群的遗传多样性高于其他各种群。Mantel检验(r=0.27,P=0.89)表明中华稻蝗各种群遗传距离与地理距离间没有显著相关性。种群间具有明显的遗传分化现象。UPGMA(Unweighted pair group method average)聚类分析显示,7个中华稻蝗种群按地理距离分为3支:北方北京昌平、山西太原和山东济宁为一支;南方陕西汉中、湖南长沙和广西来宾为一支;海南万宁单独为一支。上述结果以及PCA(Principal component analysis)分析均表明由于地理隔离中华稻蝗种群显示出明显的南北分化和岛屿大陆种群遗传分化现象。     

Analysis of genetic variability and population structure of the endemic medicinal Limonium sinense using molecular markers

Limonium sinense is an endemic medicinal herb used to treat fever, hemorrhage and other disorders. In the present study, population genetic diversity was elucidated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primers. Percentage of polymorphic bands, Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index revealed a high level of genetic diversity at species level. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that 69.88% (RAPD), 71.19% (ISSR) and 70.97% (AFLP) of variability were partitioned among individuals within populations, which indicated the coherent trend by Gst (0.3849/0.3577/0.3670). Gene flow number (Nm) was 0.581/0.618/0.612, which indicated that there was a limited gene exchange between populations. The UPGMA clustering results showed that the genetic distance had no significant correlation with geographic distance. These results indicate that these markers were reliable tools for the differentiation and determination of the genetic diversity among the populations of L. sinense and the conservation of existing natural population is necessary.     

苹果属小金海棠的遗传多样性初步研究

用RAPD技术建立了苹果属小金海棠（Malus xiaojinensis）2个自然分布区的3个群体内随机选取的30株树（10株／每群体）及其相应的子代实生苗共6个群体、60个样本植株的分子标记。通过对15个3承机引物产生的81条RAPD这的统计,计算了不同群体RAPD多态性带的数目。用TREECON软件分析了不同群体及所有个体间的遗传关系,并用AMOVA技术分析了物种的遗传变异。结果是15个引物在全部分析个体中产生了58条多态性带,平均每引物3.8条。现有分布3个群体及其相应的子代实生苗群体的平均多态性带的数目都为1.5条左右。其中平均多态性带的数目最低的群体仅有0.7条,最高的群体也只有2.5条。遗传关系分析表明,2个自然分布区的不同群体间存在遗传分化现象。AMOVA分析显示小金海棠的遗传变异有相当一部分来源于群体间。     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii reshov. in Inner Mongolia steppe

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii populations in Inner Mongolia steppe of North China. Thirteen 10-bp oligonucleotide primers, which generated 237 RAPD bands, were used to analyze 90 plants of five populations from three regions, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe, from the east to the west. The genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii that was revealed by observed number of alleles (na), expected number of alleles (ne), Nei’s diversity index (h), Shannon’s diversity index (H), amplificated loci, polymorphic loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) increased from the east to the west. The Pearson’s correlation analysis between genetic diversity parameters and ecological parameters indicated that the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations along the longitude (humidity were calculated by precipitation and cumulative temperature). Dendrogram based on Jaccard’s genetic distance showed that the individuals from the same population formed a single subgroup. Although most variation (56.85%) was within populations, there was high genetic differentiation among populations of Stipa krylovii, high differentiation within and between regions by AMOVA analysis. Either Nei’s unbiased genetic distance (G _ST) or gene flow (Nm) among pairwise populations was not correlated with geographical distance by Mantel’s test (P > 0.05), suggesting that there was no consistency with the isolation by distance model in these populations. Natural selection may have played a role in affecting the genetic diversity and population structure, but habitat destruction and degradation in northem grassland in China may be the main factor responsible for high genetic differentiation among populations, within and among regions. The text was submitted by the authors in English.