用电子克隆新基因C17orf32和ZNF362对NCBI人类基因数据库模式参考序列5种错误类型的分析与纠正

采用生物信息学分析与实验确认相结合的技术路线,通过所识别的基因在非冗余数据库比对发现了网上公布的计算机注释人类基因组编码序列存在各种类型的多处错误。该策略既有助于发现更多的人类新基因,又有助于纠正美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)基因组注释项目公布的参考序列(REFSEQs)中所存在的错误。比如他们采用基因预测方法通过自动计算分析从NCBIcontig NT_010808预测到两个模式参考序列LOC124919和LOC147007,本该都是C17orf32,但却都是C17orf32的不同错误形式,分别为第1和2类型错误;再如,他们采用基因预测方法通过自动计算分析从NCBIcontig NT_004511预测到3个模式参考序列LOC14907、LOC200084和LOC91126,实际上都是．ZNF362一种基因,却提交了ZNF362的3种不同错误形式,分别为第4、5和7类型错误。本研究利用计算机识别并结合实验验证能够纠正或避免现有的人类基因组编码序列错误。以前公开发表的文献没有明确指出NCBI人类基因模式参考序列存在错误,因此直当慎重看待计算机注释的可能存在各种类型错误的人类基因组编码序列。人类新基因的正确识别和注释仍是一项长期而繁重的任务。     

通过新基因计算机识别与实验确认对NCBI人类基因数据库一些模式参考序列错误的分析与纠正

采用生物信息学分析与实验确认相结合的技术路线,通过所识别的基因在非冗余数据库比对发现了网上公布的计算机注释人类基因组编码序列存在各种类型的多处错误,包括cDNA水平的一个或一段碱基插入、缺失或突变,或是这些错误的不同排列组合,其中以错误插入为多,往往导致编码氨基酸的移码突变。最先举证了NCBIGENOME Annotation Project预测人类新基因的下列错误类型：(1)开放读码框架(0RF)中错误插入一个碱基造成编码氨基酸移码;(2)错误拼接;(3)开放读框中错误插入一个或一段碱基造成该读框提前终止。只编码N-端氨基酸的cDNA序列而不完整;(4)只有编码c一端氨基酸序列的cDNA而不完整;(5)只是正确基因0RF中间的一段编码蛋白cDNA序列而不完整,缺N-端与C-端氨基酸序列,并且将不完整蛋白氨基酸序列的第一个非起始码氨基酸错误地预测为起始码氨基酸,如将L错误地预测为M;(6)开放读框中错误插入一个或一段碱基造成前面出现不该有的终止码,因而编码蛋白缺开头部分氨基酸;(7)可能将污染基因组序列当作完整基因cDNA序列对待而预测出所谓单一外显子基因。即便真是基因,也只是较长单一外显子mRNA中有一小0RF,而0RF起始码上游同一相位确实存在终止码,无其他特点符合基因条件;(8)所预测基因只有0RF,而0RF两端没有任何EST证据,可据此0RF拼接出受EST和人类基因组双重支持的完整基因cDNA(开放读框上游同一相位有终止码),预示所预测0RF参考序列可能不正确;(9)有EST实验证据支持存在基因的人类基因组序列范围内又被预测出一条相似但更小的蛋白编码基因,因而新预测基因有可能是错误的。     

长春花钙调素基因克隆及其假基因的识别

以长春花[Catharanthus roseus(L.)G.Don]叶片cDNA和基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增得到了长春花钙调素基因447 bp的全长编码cDNA序列和2个大小不同的DNA片段.序列分析表明,DNA长片段全长1 551 bp,由2个外显子和1个内含子构成,为长春花钙调素基因编码区DNA片段;DNA小片段全长447 bp,与447 bp的长春花钙调素基因cDNA核苷酸一致性高达87%,有56个碱基的差异,其中位于226 bp处的碱基A突变为T,即由AAG突变为终止密码子TAG使翻译提前终止.推测此447 bp的DNA小片段可能为长春花钙调素基因的假基因,命名为CCaMP1.     

运用重叠延伸PCR技术构建在甘丙肽全长cDNA嵌入第二内含子的重构分子

构建嵌入第二内含子的甘丙肽(Galanin,GAL)全长基因组cDNA的重构分子。通过RT-PCR扩增出cDNA编区的序列,分别从基因组中扩增出cDNA的5′和3′端部分非编码序列;使用重叠延伸PCR(overlap extention PCR,OE-PCR)方法将三个片段重叠获得全长cDNA序列;再将全长cDNA从第三外显子第15个碱基处分成两部分,分开的cDNA前半部分和后半部分以及第二内含子进行重叠延伸获得重构分子,含有第二内含子的甘丙肽(GAL)全长基因组cDNA;将重构分子连入pMDI9-Tsimple载体。电泳分析观察到清晰的重构分子片段;测序显示重构分子由所设计的序列组成,第二内含子插入的位置准确,且无移码。使用重叠延伸PCR能够成功在cDNA中插入内含子获得一段重构基因。     

3种鲤科鱼β珠蛋白基因的比较研究

根据 β珠蛋白的N末端和C末端氨基酸序列的保守性设计 2 0bp长的简并引物 ,用RT PCR方法扩增并克隆了鲤、草鱼、鲫的 β珠蛋白基因cDNA。结果显示克隆 3种鱼的 β珠蛋白基因cDNA全长为 4 4 1bp。对它们所编码的氨基酸序列的比较可以看出虽然它们都属于鲤科但氨基酸的组成却有较大的差异。根据所克隆的cDNA分别设计特异引物用PCR方法克隆了 3种鱼的基因组DNA全长 ;从起始密码子到终止密码子的长度分别为鲤 6 6 7bp、草鱼6 2 9bp、鲫 6 6 7bp。 3种鱼中均含有 3个外显子和 2个内含子且内含子的插入位置相同。内含子的碱基序列差异很大。鲫与鲤内含子 1和 2的长度完全相同 ,而与草鱼的内含子长度则相差较大。     

一个巴西橡胶树钙调素基因假基因的识别

以巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)基因组DNA为模板,根据胶乳钙调素基因HbCaM序列设计引物,利用PCR方法克隆获得了1 319 bp和447 bp的两个DNA片段.序列分析表明,1 319 bp的DNA长片段为胶乳钙调素基因HbCaM的DNA片段,含有两个外显子(77 bp和373 bp)和1个内含子(869 bp),包含了HbCaM cDNA编码区447 bp的全部序列;447 bp的DNA小片段与HbCaM cDNA核苷酸序列同源性高达98%,ORF分析发现,位于406?bp处的碱基C突变为T,即三联体密码CAG突变为终止子TAG使翻译提前终止,其余5个差异碱基都不影响或改变正常的翻译.推测此447 bp的DNA片段为巴西橡胶树钙调素HbCaM基因的假基因,命名为HbCaMP1.     

牛Irak-1基因的电子克隆及生物信息学分析

电子克隆提供了一种利用基因组数据库克隆新基因全长cDNA序列的策略。利用小鼠Irak-1基因编码序列(NM_008363)为种子序列进行电子克隆获得了牛Irak-1基因完整编码序列。然后,用生物信息学方法分析了该基因的结构,微卫星位点,密码子偏性和氨基酸的同源性等。结果表明:该基因cDNA全长2 645bp,无内含子,最大开放阅读框2 157bp,编码718个氨基酸,与小鼠的同源性为77%。     

鳜鱼胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶与胃蛋白酶原基因的克隆与序列分析

采用RT-PCR及RACE法,克隆得到鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)肝胰脏胰蛋白酶(trypsin, Try)、淀粉酶(amylase, Amy)基因 cDNA全序列.结果表明,鳜鱼Try基因cDNA全长为896 bp,其中开放阅读框 (open reading frame,ORF)为744 bp,编码247个氨基酸. 序列同源性分析发现,鳜鱼Try与 斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)、 小鼠Try和人TRY氨基酸序列同源性分别为81.4%、75.3%、74.5%和71.4%.鳜鱼Amy 基因cDNA全长为1 647 bp,其中ORF为1 539 bp,编码512个氨基酸.鳜鱼Amy与斑马鱼 、非洲爪蟾、小鼠Amy和人AMY氨基酸序列同源性分别为79.7%、75.4%、71.9%和70.9%. 同时对鳜鱼基因组进行PCR,获得鳜鱼Try、Amy与胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen, Pep)全基因组DNA序列.序列分析表明,鳜鱼Try基因由4个内含子和5个外显子组成,全长1 362 bp;鳜鱼Amy基因由8个内含子和9个外显子组成,全长4 267 bp;鳜鱼Pep基因由8个内含子和9个外显子组成,全长 4 032 bp,与其它脊椎动物基因结构相似.应用Genome walker方法在鳜鱼克隆得到长度分别为1 189 bp、413 bp和527 bp的Try、Amy和Pep基因的5′侧翼区序列以及1段长为704 bp的Pep 基因3′侧翼区序列,并利用相关软件预测其中具有多个可调节其表达的调控元件.鳜鱼Try、Am y和Pep基因组全序列的克隆及其序列、结构分析和分子系统进化等的研究,为鱼类消化代谢相关基因的生理功能及表达调控机理进一步研究提供依据.     

人类SR蛋白超家族新成员——SFRS12(SRrp508)的基因克隆和特性分析

采用生物信息学方法克隆出全长3811bp的人类RC508cDNA片段,经核酸和蛋白质分析为人类新基因（Gen-Bank登记号：AF459094）,利用RT－PCR方法从人类胰脏组织中扩增出包含码508个氨基酸残基最大开放读码框架（ORF）的1680bp cDNA片段,经核酸测序证明与电子克隆结果完全一致。该基因具有启动子和TATA-box,ORF前同一相位有多个终子码,后有加尾信号,显示为客观存在基因。该基因含有12个外显子（96－2093bp)和11个内含子（140－5153bp),定位于人类5号染色体5q11.2-q12.1,无任何连锁基因存在。该基因ORF342－1868（1527）横跨10个外显子,所编码508氨基酸蛋白的全长序列与大鼠丝氨酸－精氨酸二肽富含性（SR）剪切调控蛋白86（1527）横跨10外显子,所编码508氨基酸蛋白的全长序列与全长序列与大鼠丝氨酸－精氨酸二肽富含性（SR）剪切调控蛋白86（SRrp86)高度同源,在核酸和蛋白水平的同源性分别为84％和86％,与其他已知蛋白无论在核酸水平是在氨基酸水平几乎均无整体的同源性。结果表明,所克隆的508氨基酸蛋白才是大鼠SRrp86的人类同源物,从而修正了Barnard(2000)所指出的人类同源物为人类精氨酸富含性核蛋白54（p54)这一论断,并提示它是日益增长的SR蛋白超家族的又一个新成员。该基因组织表达谱广泛,有可能具有转录因子活性,暂命名为SR相关剪切调控蛋白508（SRrp508)。国际人类基因命名委员会已将其命名为丝氨酸－精氨酸二肽含性剪切因子12（splicing factor,arginine/serine-rich),缩写为SFRZS12,化名为DKFZp564B176,SRrp86。     

棉花nodulin-like基因及其启动子的结构特征和遗传表达

用同尾酶反向PCR技术(Ⅱ-PCR)和快速分离目的基因cDNA 5'未知序列方法(RICUP)首次从陆地棉品种Y18(Gossypium arboreum L.Y18)中分离到nodulin-like基因的全长cDNA、DNA和启动子序列.结果表明,该基因全长为2 353 bp,具有5个内含子和6个外显子.cDNA全长1480 bp,含有一个1125 bp的ORF结构,编码375个氨基酸,在GenBank nr数据库中没有与之同源的基因序列,在EST数据库中仅有一条733 bp的亚洲棉纤维EST序列(GenBank登录号:BF271235)与之有92%的同源性.Nodulin-like基因的启动子全长1 969 bp,启动子区域具有Initiator、TATA box、CAAT-like box和富含AT序列等启动子特征序列.Southern blot结果表明:该基因在棉花基因组中有一个拷贝.Northern blot结果表明:该基因在棉花的蕾、花、纤维和铃壳等生殖器官中呈优势表达.本研究有望为改良棉花生殖器官的农艺性状提供靶基因,并为解决目前转基因抗虫棉"前期抗虫性强、后期抗虫性弱"这一生产实际问题提供有效的表达调控元件.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.