番茄Tm-22基因是一个受外源乙烯调节的抗病基因

Tm-22基因编码一CC-NBS-LRR抗病蛋白,Tm-22植株的抗病毒反应表现为系统性坏死症状.试验结果表明,Tm-22基因转化体种胚下胚轴的伸长受到外源乙烯的抑制,乙烯的持续性刺激能够诱导H2O2的产生和氧离子自由基(ROS)的猝发,以及PR-1a基因mRNA的转录.可以初步认为Tm-22转化体的抗ToMV反应是一个与乙烯信号转导途径有关的反应.     

番茄花叶病毒移动蛋白和番茄抗病基因Tm-2^2的互作诱导烟草转化体程序性细胞死亡

番茄的抗病基因Tm -2 2 与番茄花叶病毒 (ToMV)的移动蛋白MP基因是一对互作的基因 ,Tm- 2 2 基因和ToMV MP基因同时在烟草中表达 ,并分别获得单一基因整合的纯合转化体植株。病毒接种试验表明 ,Tm -2 2 基因转化体与Tm- 2 2 番茄对Tobamavirus病毒的特异抗性结果一致 ;Tm -2 2 转基因植株和ToMV MP转基因植株杂交试验及其农杆菌注射试验均证明 :(1)Tm -2 2 基因与ToMV- MP在转基因烟草上保持“基因对基因”的互作关系 ;(2 )在外源乙烯的参与下 ,ToMV的移动蛋白与Tm -2 2 基因编码蛋白的互作能够诱导转化体程序性细胞死亡。这一结果为今后研究Tm -2 2 与MP互作的分子机制奠定了基础。     

人乳头瘤病毒2(HPV-2)变异株的突变E2蛋白转录抑制作用的研究

皮肤寻常疣的发生与多种基因型别HPV的感染密切相关.本研究利用PCR方法对1例临床罕见的寻常疣患者感染的HPV-2毒株LCR及E2基因序列进行扩增、测序,分别构建含HPV-2变异株及原毒株LCR的重组CAT基因报导质粒pBLCAT-LCR和表达突变及野生型E2蛋白的重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-E2,通过瞬时转染HeLa细胞,研究变异株启动子活性及突变E2蛋白的转录抑制作用.结果显示,患者感染的HPV-2变异株LCR及E2基因均存在多处点突变.变异株早期启动子活性明显高于原毒株;突变的E2蛋白转录抑制作用较野生型E2蛋白显著降低;变异株LCR上E2结合位点核苷酸的突变明显降低E2蛋白对病毒早期启动子的抑制作用.提示HPV-2变异株启动子活性增强及突变E2蛋白转录抑制作用的降低与这一罕见巨大寻常疣临床表型之间存在着重要的联系.     

PCV2 Rep基因启动子区vISRE突变株的生物学特性

摘要：【目的】为了初步揭示PCV2 Rep基因启动子区类干扰素刺激反应元件（vISRE）的生物学功能。【方法】应用感染性克隆技术构建了2株vISRE点突变的重组PCV2,对突变病毒在PK15细胞上的增殖特性、遗传稳定性及对干扰素刺激的反应特性进行了分析。【结果】Rep基因启动子区ISRE点突变后PCV2仍可在PK15细胞中正常复制,但病毒滴度比亲本毒株下降。PCV2 1740G-C在PK15细胞上3至10代之间遗传稳定,PCV2 1741A-T在PK细胞上第3代病毒保持突变基因的特征,但传至第7代时1743和1744位的AC突变为TT,并一直保持到第10代。100U/mL的PoIFN-α处理感染病毒的PK15细胞后,亲本毒株和2个突变毒株的阳性感染细胞数量均有增加,但亲本毒株病毒粒子数的增加显著高于2个突变毒株。【结论】Rep基因启动子区vISRE的突变影响PCV2在PK15上的增殖和对干扰素刺激的反应,推测其可能在干扰素促进病毒增殖中发挥调控作用。     

番茄花叶病毒移动蛋白和番茄抗病基因Tm-22的互作诱导烟草转化体程序性细胞死亡

番茄的抗病基因Tm22与番茄花叶病毒（ToMV）的移动蛋白MP基因是一对互作的基因,Tm22基因和ToMVMP基因同时在烟草中表达, 并分别获得单一基因整合的纯合转化体植株。病毒接种试验表明,Tm22基因转化体与Tm22番茄对Tobamavirus病毒的特异抗性结果一致;Tm22转基因植株和ToMVMP转基因植株杂交试验及其农杆菌注射试验均证明： （1）Tm22基因与ToMVMP在转基因烟草上保持“基因对基因"的互作关系; （2）在外源乙烯的参与下,ToMV的移动蛋白与Tm22基因编码蛋白的互作能够诱导转化体程序性细胞死亡。这一结果为今后研究Tm22与MP互作的分子机制奠定了基础。     

利用多重PCR反应同时筛选番茄Cf-9和Tm-1基因

利用同一PCR反应体系,对分别与番茄抗叶霉病的Cf-9基因和抗番茄烟草花叶病毒病的Tm-1基因紧密连锁的PCR标记进行了同时扩增筛选,扩增的特异性片段与单引物扩增片段吻合。其中与Cf-9基因紧密连锁的CAPs标记在抗感试材均可扩增出560bp的特异片段,且都存在TaqⅠ酶切位点,抗病基因型酶切后分别产生了450bp、330bp和290bp的不同特异性片段,而感病基因型试材酶切后产生450bp和290bp的特异性片段;与Tm-1基因紧密连锁的SCAR标记为显性标记,只有抗病试材产生750bp的特异片段,不能被TaqⅠ酶切。经反复验证,结果稳定准确,可用于在同一PCR反应体系中对两个抗病基因进行同时筛选鉴定。该体系的建立不仅省时、省工、节省费用,而且可用于苗期辅助选育,加快番茄抗病育种进程。     

温度对番茄花叶病毒(TOMV)增殖及番茄叶片可溶性蛋白变化的影响

局部枯斑法测定结果表明,番茄GCR—267品系叶片内ToMV的含量仅为番茄GCR-26品系叶片内病毒含量的1/40—1/50;GCR-267品系含有的Tm-2~(?)基因对ToMV增殖的抑制作用不受温度变化的影响;而ToMV在GCR-26体内的增殖却依赖于环境温度,高温对它有部分的抑制作用。用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和SDS—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析上述两个品系在常温和高温下接种ToMV后其叶片可溶性蛋白的变化,结果发现在GCR-26品系中,ToMV的增殖与寄主体内新产生的14.2KD蛋白呈正相关,而在GCR—267品系中未检测到这种蛋白。我们推测14.2KD蛋白可能是一种能参与或促进ToMV增殖过程的温度敏感因子,称之为番茄“S”蛋白。     

转反义LeETR2基因番茄的表型

转反义LeETR2基因番茄植株的表型与普通番茄有所不同。用乙烯25μL／L处理,转基因番茄能够表现出正常的“三重反应”,但根的伸长和根毛形成受到显著抑制。同时,转基因番茄植株对乙烯处理的偏上生长反应敏感度不及普通番茄,叶柄和花柄的脱落被延迟。这几方面的表型特点并不完全一致,我们推测LeETR2在番茄发育的不同阶段可能发挥不同的功能。     

地上部特异性启动子驱动番茄原系统素表达的载体构建及转基因植株的获得

克隆地上部特异表达的启动子——cab2(chlorophyll a/b binding protein 2,cab2)基因的启动子,构建该启动子驱动下的番茄原系统素(Prosystemin;PS)与GFP融合的植物表达载体并获得转基因植株。利用农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥,通过RT-PCR的方法及激光共聚焦显微镜观察启动子驱动PS-GFP的表达及其亚细胞定位。以拟南芥基因组为模板,利用高保真聚合酶获得了cab2启动子的目的片段,并将其与接GFP的番茄原系统素载体(SlPS)融合,激光共聚焦显微镜观察表明,该启动子驱动的基因正常表达和并定位于细胞质中。克隆获得到了cab2基因的启动子,该启动子能够驱动番茄原系统素和GFP的融合蛋白正常表达和定位。     

核基质结合区在番茄转基因表达调控中的应用

核基质结合区（matrix attachment region,MAR）的应用是提高植物基因转化和表达效率的有效方法之一。将烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）核基质结合区TM2构建在植物表达载体pBI121上报告基因GUSA表达盒和选择标记基因NPTII表达盒的两侧翼,利用农杆菌介导的子叶浸染转化番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）。结果表明,MAR序列能够显著提高转基因植株的转化效率和转基因的表达水平。不同长度的CaMV35S启动子比较表明,TM2的调控活性依赖于启动子的存在,并且具有一定的功能重叠。热诱导型启动子的研究表明,TM2仅提高热诱导的表达强度,而不改变启动子的热诱导表达调控特性。TM2的表达调控特性符合转基因的表达要求,该MAR序列可广泛应用于各种植物的基因工程中。     

Two amino acid substitutions in the tomato mosaic virus 30-kilodalton movement protein confer the ability to overcome the Tm-2(2) resistance gene in the tomato.

The Tm-2(2) resistance gene is used in most commercial tomato cultivars for protection against infection with tobacco mosaic virus and its close relative tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). To study the mechanism of this resistance gene, cDNA clones encompassing the complete genome of a ToMV strain (ToMV-2(2)) that was able to break the Tm-2(2) resistance were generated. Chimeric full-length viral cDNA clones were constructed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter, combining parts of the wild-type virus and ToMV-2(2). Using these clones in cDNA infection experiments, we showed that the 30-kDa movement protein of ToMV-2(2) is responsible for overcoming the Tm-2(2) resistance gene in the tomato. DNA sequence analysis revealed four amino acid exchanges between the 30-kDa proteins from wild-type ToMV and ToMV-2(2), Lys-130 to Glu, Gly-184 to Glu, Ser-238 to Arg, and Lys-244 to Glu. To clarify the involvement of the altered amino acid residues in the resistance-breaking properties of the ToMV-2(2) movement protein, different combinations of these amino acid exchanges were introduced in the genome of wild-type ToMV. Only one mutant strain which contained two amino acid substitutions, Arg-238 and Glu-244, was able to multiply in Tm-2(2) tomato plants. Both amino acid exchanges are found within the carboxy-terminal region of the movement protein, which displays a high variability among different tobamoviruses and has been shown to be dispensable for virus transport in tobacco plants. These observations suggest that the resistance conferred by the Tm-2(2) gene against ToMV depends on specific recognition events in this host-pathogen interaction rather than interfering with fundamental functions of the 30-kDa protein.     

Coevolution and Hierarchical Interactions of Tomato mosaic virus and the Resistance Gene Tm-1

During antagonistic coevolution between viruses and their hosts, viruses have a major advantage by evolving more rapidly. Nevertheless, viruses and their hosts coexist and have coevolved, although the processes remain largely unknown. We previously identified Tm-1 that confers resistance to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), and revealed that it encodes a protein that binds ToMV replication proteins and inhibits RNA replication. Tm-1 was introgressed from a wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites into the cultivated tomato species Solanum lycopersicum. In this study, we analyzed Tm-1 alleles in S. habrochaites. Although most part of this gene was under purifying selection, a cluster of nonsynonymous substitutions in a small region important for inhibitory activity was identified, suggesting that the region is under positive selection. We then examined the resistance of S. habrochaites plants to ToMV. Approximately 60% of 149 individuals from 24 accessions were resistant to ToMV, while the others accumulated detectable levels of coat protein after inoculation. Unexpectedly, many S. habrochaites plants were observed in which even multiplication of the Tm-1-resistance-breaking ToMV mutant LT1 was inhibited. An amino acid change in the positively selected region of the Tm-1 protein was responsible for the inhibition of LT1 multiplication. This amino acid change allowed Tm-1 to bind LT1 replication proteins without losing the ability to bind replication proteins of wild-type ToMV. The antiviral spectra and biochemical properties suggest that Tm-1 has evolved by changing the strengths of its inhibitory activity rather than diversifying the recognition spectra. In the LT1-resistant S. habrochaites plants inoculated with LT1, mutant viruses emerged whose multiplication was not inhibited by the Tm-1 allele that confers resistance to LT1. However, the resistance-breaking mutants were less competitive than the parental strains in the absence of Tm-1. Based on these results, we discuss possible coevolutionary processes of ToMV and Tm-1.     

Type I J-Domain NbMIP1 Proteins Are Required for Both Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection and Plant Innate Immunity

Tm-2² is a coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat resistance protein that confers durable extreme resistance against Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by recognizing the viral movement protein (MP). Here we report that the Nicotiana benthamiana J-domain MIP1 proteins (NbMIP1s) associate with tobamovirus MP, Tm-2² and SGT1. Silencing of NbMIP1s reduced TMV movement and compromised Tm-2²-mediated resistance against TMV and ToMV. Furthermore, silencing of NbMIP1s reduced the steady-state protein levels of ToMV MP and Tm-2². Moreover, NbMIP1s are required for plant resistance induced by other R genes and the nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. In addition, we found that SGT1 associates with Tm-2² and is required for Tm-2²-mediated resistance against TMV. These results suggest that NbMIP1s function as co-chaperones during virus infection and plant immunity.     

The Resistance Protein Tm-1 Inhibits Formation of a Tomato Mosaic Virus Replication Protein-Host Membrane Protein Complex

The Tm-1 gene of tomato confers resistance to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Tm-1 encodes a protein that binds ToMV replication proteins and inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA replication of ToMV. The replication proteins of resistance-breaking mutants of ToMV do not bind Tm-1, indicating that the binding is important for inhibition. In this study, we analyzed how Tm-1 inhibits ToMV RNA replication in a cell-free system using evacuolated tobacco protoplast extracts. In this system, ToMV RNA replication is catalyzed by replication proteins bound to membranes, and the RNA polymerase activity is unaffected by treatment with 0.5 M NaCl-containing buffer and remains associated with membranes. We show that in the presence of Tm-1, negative-strand RNA synthesis is inhibited; the replication proteins associate with membranes with binding that is sensitive to 0.5 M NaCl; the viral genomic RNA used as a translation template is not protected from nuclease digestion; and host membrane proteins TOM1, TOM2A, and ARL8 are not copurified with the membrane-bound 130K replication protein. Deletion of the polymerase read-through domain or of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the genome did not prevent the formation of complexes between the 130K protein and the host membrane proteins, the 0.5 M NaCl-resistant binding of the replication proteins to membranes, and the protection of the genomic RNA from nucleases. These results indicate that Tm-1 binds ToMV replication proteins to inhibit key events in replication complex formation on membranes that precede negative-strand RNA synthesis.     

Activation of Tm-22 resistance is mediated by a conserved cysteine essential for tobacco mosaic virus movement

The tomato Tm-2² gene was considered to be one of the most durable resistance genes in agriculture, protecting against viruses of the Tobamovirus genus, such as tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). However, an emerging tobamovirus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), has overcome Tm-2², damaging tomato production worldwide. Tm-2² encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class immune receptor that recognizes its effector, the tobamovirus movement protein (MP). Previously, we found that ToBRFV MP (MP^ToBRFV) enabled the virus to overcome Tm-2²-mediated resistance. Yet, it was unknown how Tm-2² remained durable against other tobamoviruses, such as TMV and ToMV, for over 60 years. Here, we show that a conserved cysteine (C68) in the MP of TMV (MP^TMV) plays a dual role in Tm-2² activation and viral movement. Substitution of MP^ToBRFV amino acid H67 with the corresponding amino acid in MP^TMV (C68) activated Tm-2²-mediated resistance. However, replacement of C68 in TMV and ToMV disabled the infectivity of both viruses. Phylogenetic and structural prediction analysis revealed that C68 is conserved among all Solanaceae-infecting tobamoviruses except ToBRFV and localizes to a predicted jelly-roll fold common to various MPs. Cell-to-cell and subcellular movement analysis showed that C68 is required for the movement of TMV by regulating the MP interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum and targeting it to plasmodesmata. The dual role of C68 in viral movement and Tm-2² immune activation could explain how TMV was unable to overcome this resistance for such a long period.     

Identification of an amino acid residue required for differential recognition of a viral movement protein by the Tomato mosaic virus resistance gene Tm-2(2)

The Tm-2 gene of tomato and its allelic gene, Tm-2², confer resistance to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and encode a member of the coiled-coil/nucleotide binding-ARC/leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein class of plant resistance (R) genes. Despite exhibiting only four amino acid differences between the products of Tm-2 and Tm-2², Tm-2² confers resistance to ToMV mutant B7, whereas Tm-2 is broken by ToMV-B7. An Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system was used to study the mechanism of differential recognition of the movement proteins (MPs), an avirulence factor for ToMV resistance, of ToMV-B7 by Tm-2 and Tm-2². Although resistance induced by Tm-2 and Tm-2² is not usually accompanied by hypersensitive response (HR), Tm-2 and Tm-2² induced HR-like cell death by co-expression with MP of a wild-type ToMV, a strain that causes resistance for these R genes, and Tm-2² but not Tm-2 induced cell death with B7-MP in this system. Site-directed amino acid mutagenesis revealed that Tyr-767 in the LRR of Tm-2² is required for the specific recognition of the B7-MP. These results suggest that the Tyr residue in LRR contributes to the recognition of B7-MP, and that Tm-2 and Tm-2² are involved in HR cell death.     

Cloning and characterization of the durable tomato mosaic virus resistance gene Tm-22 from Lycopersicon esculentum

In tomato, infections by tomato mosaic virus are controlled by durable Tm-2² resistance. In order to gain insight into the processes underlying disease resistance and its durability, we cloned and analysed the Tm-2² resistance gene and the susceptible allele, tm-2. The Tm-2² gene was isolated by transposon tagging using a screen in which plants with a destroyed Tm-2² gene survive. The Tm-2² locus consists of a single gene that encodes an 861 amino acid polypeptide, which belongs to the CC-NBS-LRR class of resistance proteins. The putative tm-2 allele was cloned from susceptible tomato lines via PCR with primers based on the Tm-2² sequence. Interestingly, the tm-2 gene has an open reading frame that is comparable to the Tm-2² allele. Between the tm-2 and the Tm-2² polypeptide 38 amino acid differences are present of which 26 are located in the second half of the LRR-domain. Susceptible tomato plants, which were transformed with the Tm-2² gene, displayed resistance against ToMV infection. In addition, virus specificity, displayed by the Tm-2² resistance was conserved in these transgenic lines. To explain the durability of this resistance, it is proposed that the Tm-2²-encoded resistance is aimed at the Achilles' heel of the virus.     

The products of the broken Tm-2 and the durable Tm-2(2) resistance genes from tomato differ in four amino acids

To gain an insight into the processes underlying disease resistance and its durability, the durable Tm-2(2) resistance gene was compared with the broken Tm-2 resistance gene. The Tm-2 gene of tomato could be isolated via PCR with primers based on the Tm-2(2) sequence. The Tm-2 gene, like the Tm-2(2) gene, encodes an 861 amino acid polypeptide, which belongs to the coiled coil/nucleotide binding site/leucine-rich repeat class of resistance proteins. The functionality and the nature of the isolated Tm-2 gene were confirmed by introducing the gene under the control of the 35S promoter into tomato mosaic virus-susceptible tobacco. This transgenic tobacco was crossed with transgenic tobacco plants producing the movement protein (MP)-authenticated MP as the Avr protein of the Tm-2 resistance. The Tm-2(2) and Tm-2 open reading frames only differ in seven nucleotides, which on a protein level results in four amino acid differences, of which two are located in the nucleotide binding site and two are located in the leucine-rich repeat domain. The small difference between the two proteins suggests a highly similar interaction of these proteins with the MP, which has major implications for the concept of durability. Comparison of the two resistance-conferring alleles (Tm-2 and Tm-2(2)) with two susceptible alleles (tm-2 and lptm-2) allowed discussion of the structure-function relationship in the Tm-2 proteins. It is proposed that the Tm-2 proteins display a partitioning of the leucine-rich repeat domain, in which the N-terminal and C-terminal parts function in signal transduction and MP recognition, respectively.