共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 171 毫秒
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遗传多样性是生物学研究中的一个重要领域,研究鸡的遗传多样性,不仅能加强生物多样性的保护。同时对起源进化、分类鉴定及遗传育种等都有重要的意义。本文对目前DNA水平鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法和研究进展进行了详细的阐述。重点介绍了DNA分子标记的特征;概括了在鸡遗传多样性分子标记的方法,包括微卫星分子标记(SSR)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、随机扩增多态性标记(RAPD)、限制性片段长度多态性标记(RFLP)和单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP)。本文综述了最近有关鸡DNA水平的遗传多样性的研究方法在系统学、遗传结构、生物地理等研究中的应用情况;提出在研究鸡遗传多样性时,可根据研究的目的,选择合适的方法。 相似文献
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从知识创新展望21世纪生物多样性科学 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
首先简要介绍汤佩松(1983)创新植物学,随后根据其创新思想分析了生物多样性三个层次研究的现状和问题。提出了一个根据DNA 序列变异尺度为标准的新的遗传多样性等级制度。为了避免物种和其他分类群的随意性, 建议以DNA 序列变异作为可操作的分类单元(OTU)和国际上进化上显著单元(ESU)相呼应。下一世纪的分子系统学和分子生态学可能重点研究DNA 变异, 特别是重复序列的变化对生物生命活动的调控, 在分子水平上揭示结构和功能的进化和适应。第三部分讨论Diversitas五个核心课题, 说明分子水平研究和生物技术对生物多样性保护和持续利用的重要性和迫切性。最后评论了" 天人合一" 为代表的反科学主义思潮, 坚持科学进步。 相似文献
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线粒体Cyt b基因与昆虫分子系统学研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
细胞色素b(cytochrorrle b,Cyt b)是线粒体13个蛋白质编码基因中结构和功能被研究得最为清楚的基因之一,该基因的进化速度适中,适合研究种内到种间甚至科间的系统发育关系,研究内容涉及种及种下阶元的分类鉴定、种上阶元的系统发育分析、种群的遗传变异和进化研究、分子进化研究等方面,本文对Cyt b基因的分子特点及其在昆虫系统学研究中的应用进行综述。 相似文献
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核基因在两栖爬行动物分子系统学中的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从DNA水平探索生物进化的理论、生物类群的演化历史具有重要的意义,应用DNA序列研究生物的系统发育和进化规律成为当前分子系统学研究的热点,与线粒体DNA相比,核基因由于包含有更加丰富的生物学信息,运用核基因序列或将核基因序列与线粒体基因序列相结合研究两栖爬行动物的系统发育,正成为分子系统学领域的新的发展趋势.Rag-1、Rag-2、tyrosinase、rhodopsin、C-mos等核基因已在两栖爬行动物分子系统学中得到了广泛的应用.由于目前的技术手段等诸多因素,限制了更多的核基因用于两栖爬行动物分子系统学研究.为此简要介绍了目前核基因在两栖爬行动物分子系统学方面的研究进展,并分析了核基因序列在分子系统学应用上面临的问题和应用前景. 相似文献
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COⅡ基因在昆虫分子系统学研究中的作用和地位 总被引:21,自引:5,他引:16
细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ(cytochromeoxidaseⅡ,COⅡ)基因位于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上,编码细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅱ,该亚基为细胞色素c提供重要的结合位点。COⅡ基因进化速率较快,是昆虫分子系统学研究中理想的分子标记。目前,已经利用该基因从各个分类水平对昆虫系统发育关系、物种形成与分化、种群遗传与变异及生物地理等方面做了广泛的研究。研究表明,利用该基因可以很好地解决昆虫属、种及种下分类单元的系统发育问题,但是在解决科、亚科等高级阶元的系统发育关系时仍存在一些局限,COⅡ基因与其他mtDNA及核基因的联合分析能够更好地解决昆虫的系统发育问题。 相似文献
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Toru Terachi 《Journal of plant research》1993,106(1):75-79
Recent advances in manipulating nucleic acids have opened a new research field called plant molecular systematics. This short
review provides an overview of molecular techniques which have been used in the analysis of DNA molecules for the study of
plant systematics, with a special emphasis on PCR. The early application of DNA analysis, DNA/DNA hybridization, has not become
popular with plant systematists, because of several disadvantages inherent in the method. The survey of restriction fragment
length polymorphisms (RFLPs), on the contrary, has become one of the preferred methods used by plant molecular systematists,
since the method is relatively easy to perform. Although unambiguous data can be obtained by both long-range restriction mapping
and nucleotide sequencing, these approaches may have limited use in plant molecular systematics because of their laborious
experimental procedures relying on conventional molecular cloning techniques. To date, PCR based analyses of the DNA molecule
seem to be the most suitable experimental approach for plant molecular systematics. Several advantages of the method have
changed both the quality and quantity of the DNA data. Further application of PCR to plant molecular systematics will open
up a new era in the field.
The present paper is based on the contribution which was read in a symposium entitled “Organellar DNA Variations in Higher
Plants and their Taxonomic Significance”, at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of Japan in Shizuoka on October
2, 1990, under the auspices of the Japan Society of Plant Taxonomists. 相似文献
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分子遗传标记技术在蜻蜓目昆虫研究中的应用 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5
分子生物学技术应用于昆虫系统学研究在近些年发展相当迅速。目前已出现了几十种分子遗传标记。该文简述了酯酶同工酶电泳、核酸序列分析以及AFLP、RAPD、核酸探针等分子生物学技术在蜻蜓目昆虫研究中的应用情况。 相似文献
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The importance of systematics in parasitological research. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
P T Monis 《International journal for parasitology》1999,29(3):381-388
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Both population genetics and systematics are core disciplines of evolutionary biology. While systematics deals with genealogical relationships among taxa, population genetics has mainly been based on allele frequencies and the distribution of genetic variants whose genealogical relations could for a long time, due mainly to methodological constraints, not be inferred. The advent of mitochondrial DNA analyses and modern sequencing techniques in the 1970s revolutionized evolutionary genetic studies and gave rise to molecular phylogenetics. In the wake of this new development systematic approaches and principles were incorporated into intraspecific studies at the population level, e.g. the concept of monophyly which is used to delineate evolutionarily significant units in conservation biology. A new discipline combining phylogenetic analyses of genetic lineages with their geographic distribution ('phylogeography') was introduced as an explicit synthesis of population genetics and systematics. On the other hand, it has increasingly become obvious that discordances between gene trees and species trees not only result from spurious data sets or methodological flaws in phylogenetic analyses, but that they often reflect real population genetic processes such as lineage sorting or hybridization. These processes have to be taken into account when evaluating the reliability of gene trees to avoid wrong phylogenetic conclusions. The present review focuses on the phenomenon of non-phylogenetic sorting of ancestral polymorphisms, its probability and its consequences for molecular systematics. 相似文献
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哺乳动物是一类最进化并在地球上占主导地位的动物类群,重建其系统发育关系一直是分子系统学的研究热点。随着越来越多物种全基因组测序的完成,在基因组水平上探讨该类动物的系统发育关系与进化成为研究的热点。本文从全基因组序列,稀有基因组变异及染色体涂染等几个方面简要介绍了当前系统发育基因组学在现生哺乳动物分子系统学中的应用,综合已有的研究归纳整理了胎盘亚纲的总目及目间的系统发育关系,给出了胎盘动物19 个目的系统发育树。本文还分析了哺乳动物系统发育基因组学目前所面临的主要问题及未来的发展前景。 相似文献
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DNA分子标记技术为真菌系统进化研究提供了许多新的方法,真菌分子系统学已成为一门成熟的学科。简述了真菌分子系统学的发展简史和代表性的研究方法以及对真菌系统学的主要贡献,包括将广义的真菌划分为3个类群,粘菌和卵菌不再属于真菌界成员。真菌生命之树项目的研究结果对真菌界高阶分类系统作出重大调整,将先前的4个门(壶菌门、接合菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门)变为7个门(微孢子虫门、壶菌门、新丽鞭毛菌门、芽枝霉门、球囊菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门)和4个亚门,并对真菌各类群概念作出修订。此外,DNA分子标记技术对真菌种概念的认识、有性型-无性型关联及分子生态学等研究领域产生了重要影响。 相似文献
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Relationships within the family Actiniidae (Cnidaria,Actiniaria) based on molecular characters 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Current sea anemone systematics is based on relatively few morphological characters, and potentially could benefit from the use of molecular characters. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationships of 12 species from 6 genera in the family Actiniidae have been investigated using electrophoretically separated isozymes. A numerical cladistic analysis has produced an estimated phylogeny. The implications of this phylogeny for the taxonomic use of certain morphological characters are discussed. 相似文献