热带假丝酵母转化烷烃过程中P450酶活的研究

a-、ω-长链二元酸(α-、ω-Long Chin Dicarboxylic Acid,DCA)是一种重要的化工原料,是合成工程塑料、香料、耐寒性增塑剂、涂料和液晶等物质的主要原料.目前,人们主要通过热带假丝酵母(Candidatropicalis)代谢烷烃来生产从DCA11到DCA18等不同碳链长的二元酸[1,2].多年来在各种微生物,尤其是假丝酵母的烷烃氧化途径方面有大量的研究[3,4].在假丝酵母转化烷烃生成长链二元酸的代谢过程中[5-7],烷烃被吸引进入细胞后,首先经过细胞色素P450酶(Cy-tochrome P450)氧化生成a-一元醇,再进一步被氧化生成a-一元酸,引过程称为a-氧化.     

DCA_(13)发酵产酸期代谢动力学模型的建立

根据产酸期烷烃代谢分析和底物质量平衡,针对使用Candidatropicalis生产十三碳二元酸反应体系,建立了热带假丝酵母在产酸期的代谢动力学模型,并对模型进行了数据拟合和实验验证。采用该代谢动力学模型,首先估算出在以烷烃为单一碳源的培养条件下,烷烃对二元酸的最高理论摩尔转化率为64%,最高理论质量转化率为85%,在此基础上,进一步提出补加其它碳源是提高烷烃转化率最为有效的措施。     

二元酸发酵过程中流加H2O2对细胞色素P450酶及产物生成的影响

在二元酸发酵过程中流加H2O2对热带假丝酵母发酵生产二元酸有明显的促进作用,2mmol/L的H2O2对产酸的促进作用最为明显,比对照提高了26%。对细胞色素P450酶的分析表明,流加H2O2对细胞色素P450酶的活性有明显的促进作用,并且细胞色素P450酶的活性跟产酸成正相关。此外,还进一步分析了流加H2O2对产酸的促进机理。     

互营烃降解菌系M82的脂肪酸降解特性

【目的】通过分子生态学手段筛选适合互营烃降解菌Syntrophus sp.生长的非烃碳源。【方法】利用实验室驯化获得的正十六烷烃降解产甲烷菌系M82为接种物,添加不同碳源(正十二烷二元酸、正十四烷二元酸、正十六烷烃、十六烷酸钠、乳酸钠和丙酸钠)传代培养,通过PCR-DGGE和qPCR技术研究不同碳源条件下Syntrophaceae科细菌的丰度与变化趋势;利用T-RFLP方法分析古菌群落结构。【结果】菌系M82可以利用多种脂肪酸生长并产生甲烷,但是细菌群落结构发生了变化,只在添加正十二烷二元酸和正十四烷二元酸的培养液中检测到了代表Syntrophaceae细菌的条带,并且每毫升菌液中Syntrophaceae细菌的log丰度分别达到7.4和7.6,比添加其它几种非烃碳源的实验组丰度高2-3个单位。古菌群落结构主要由乙酸营养型产甲烷古菌(Methanosaeta)和氢营养型产甲烷古菌(Methanoculleus)组成。【结论】Syntrophus sp.细菌可以利用正十二烷二元酸和正十四烷二元酸这两种非烃碳源生长,这为我们定向分离互营烃降解菌和研究起始烃降解机制和代谢机理提供了依据。     

热带假丝酵母代谢烷烃过程中的β-氧化和代谢调控

热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)能利用烷烃作唯一碳源和能源.当以烷烃或脂肪酸为碳源时,在细胞内可形成大量的过氧化物酶体(peroxisome),同时诱导生成脂肪酸β-氧化酶系,当以葡萄糖为碳源时,则极少有过氧化物酶体形成[1],一些C.tropicalis能氧化烷烃生成长链二元酸(long chain dicarboxylicacid,DCA).由于这些特征,人们从酶学、分子生物学和实际应用等方面对这种酵母进行了深入研究,并阐述了C.tropicalis代谢烷烃的途径、脂肪酸β-氧化酶系的生理功能及其几种重要酶的基因结构和酶活性的调控,阐明了它与哺乳动物细胞在脂肪酸代谢及调控方面上的差异;通过C.tropicalis突变株的筛选和发酵工艺的优化,使长链二元酸发酵技术实现了产业化[2,3].     

烷烃发酵产生1，13-十三碳二元酸及其诱导作用的研究

从能利用正十二烷产生1,12-十二碳二元酸的热带假丝酵母突变株D28出发,经两次紫外线照射诱变,选育到一株从正十三烷产生1,13-十三碳二元酸较高的突变株2—23号菌。该突变株较出发菌株提高产酸率20％,达40．4g／L。突变株2—23也能将一定链长的长链烷烃以较高的产率转变成相应的单一二元酸。此外,在产酸摇瓶条件试验中观察到烷烃的诱导作用,使突变株产酸能力得以提高。用烷烃预培养的种子发酵正十三烷,其产生1,13一十三碳二元酸的量较糖质碳源培养的种子发酵时要提高30％。     

烷烃发酵产生1，13-十三碳二元酸及其诱导作用的研究

从能利用正十二烷产生1,12-十二碳二元酸的热带假丝酵母突变株D28出发,经两次紫外线照射诱变,选育到一株从正十三烷产生1,13-十三碳二元酸较高的突变株2—23号菌。该突变株较出发菌株提高产酸率20％,达40．4g／L。突变株2—23也能将一定链长的长链烷烃以较高的产率转变成相应的单一二元酸。此外,在产酸摇瓶条件试验中观察到烷烃的诱导作用,使突变株产酸能力得以提高。用烷烃预培养的种子发酵正十三烷,其产生1,13一十三碳二元酸的量较糖质碳源培养的种子发酵时要提高30％。     

热带假丝酵母代谢烷烃过程中的β-氧化和代谢调控

热带假丝酵母 (Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ)能利用烷烃作唯一碳源和能源。当以烷烃或脂肪酸为碳源时 ,在细胞内可形成大量的过氧化物酶体 (ｐｅｒｏｘｉｓｏｍｅ) ,同时诱导生成脂肪酸 β 氧化酶系 ,当以葡萄糖为碳源时 ,则极少有过氧化物酶体形成[1] ,一些Ｃ .ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ能氧化烷烃生成长链二元酸 (ｌｏｎｇｃｈａｉｎｄｉｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄ ,ＤＣＡ)。由于这些特征 ,人们从酶学、分子生物学和实际应用等方面对这种酵母进行了深入研究 ,并阐述了Ｃ .ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ代谢烷烃的途径、脂肪酸β 氧化酶系…     

石油发酵长链二元酸的研究——Ⅲ.热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)多倍体变种生产十三烷1∶3二羧酸的发酵条件研究

对热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)多倍体变种NP_(CO)N22的十三烷1:13二羧酸高产发酵进行了研究。乙醇、可溶性淀粉、尿素、磷酸氢二铵等为较好的碳、氮源,但尿素等氮源的量增加时则完全抑制了二元酸的合成。烷烃发酵的适宜起始pH值在6～7之间,而发酵过程中则以维持pH值在8～8.5为佳。通气量Ks=0.8毫克分子O_2/升/分时,二元酸的产量最高。苯巴比妥和巴比妥酸钠能明显促进二元酸的合成。以乙醇和蔗糖为碳源,结合补料及调节pH,发酵190小时,十三烷1:13二羧酸产量分别达77.2克/升和72.5克/升。热带假丝酵母多倍体变种能氧化从癸烷至十八烷的正烷烃为相应碳链的长链二元酸,但以十三烷1:13二羧酸的产量为最高。     

热带假丝酵母1230细胞色素P450基因CYPA14与CYPA16的克隆和表达

细胞色素P450(CYP)是一种单加氧酶,在热带假丝酵母(Candidatropicalis)ω-氧化过程中发挥关键作用。通过对来源不同的P450基因进行同源性分析,首先克隆到热带假丝酵母1230中P450基因的部分序列,再利用基因组步行法克隆其未知序列,结果分别获得了两个P450同工酶基因CYPA14和CYPA16的完整序列。经PCR方法证实,二者在染色体上的位置相邻,其读码框分别编码522和540个氨基酸残基的肽链。经NCBIBLAST搜索比较后发现,二者与热带假丝酵母ATCC20336中的P450成员CYP52A14和CYP52A16分别编码的序列几乎完全一致,与热带假丝酵母ATCC750中的P450成员CYP52A2和CYP52A1也具有较高的相似性。同时,对经诱变后的几株二元酸生产菌株的CYPA14与CYPA16也进行了克隆和序列比较,发现部分序列中的个别氨基酸残基发生了突变。CYPA14和CYPA16均在酿酒酵母中获得了有效表达,其中CYPA16的P450表达含量高于CYPA14,后者有部分表达产物发生了变性。     

Characterization of a second alkane-inducible cytochrome P450-encoding gene, CYP52A2, from Candida tropicalis

A second alkane-inducible cytochrome P450-encoding gene (CYP52A2) from the yeast Candida tropicalis was sequenced and characterized. CYP52A2 is located 1 kb upstream from CYP52A1, the previously characterized P450 gene [Sanglard and Loper, Gene 76 (1989) 121-136] and shows the same orientation. Like CYP52A1, CYP52A2 is induced by growth on alkane. Both promoter regions share repeats of the sequence CATGTGAA that could be of importance for the induction of the two genes. At the amino acid level, alk2 shows an overall identity of 68.2% and an overall similarity of 81.6% to alk1. Regions of high homology between the two proteins are found in the distal and proximal heme binding sites which contain the highly conserved cysteine residue as the fifth ligand to the heme iron. However, marked differences between the two proteins exist at their N-terminal end, which includes the transmembrane domain, and at the putative substrate-binding domain. Upon expression of CYP52A2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alk2 was shown to hydroxylate hexadecane, but had no hydroxylation activity towards lauric acid, whereas alk1 showed both activities. Comparative immunoblots demonstrate that neither alk1 nor alk2 expressed in S. cerevisiae corresponds to the main cytochrome P450 present in C. tropicalis when grown on alkane.     

Effect of carbon source on the accumulation of cytochrome P-450 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The appearance of cytochrome P-450 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae depended on the substrate supporting growth. Cytochrome P-450 was apparent in yeast cells grown on a strongly fermentable sugar such as D-glucose, D-fructose or sucrose. When yeast was grown on D-galactose, D-mannose or maltose, where fermentation and respiration occurred concomitantly, cytochrome P-450 was also formed. The cytochrome P-450 concentration was maximal at the beginning of the stationary phase of the culture. Thereafter the concentration decreased, reaching zero at a late-stationary phase. When the yeast was grown on a medium that contained lactose or pentoses (L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-ribose and D-xylose), cytochrome P-450 did not occur. When a non-fermentable energy source (glycerol, lactate or ethanol) was used, no cytochrome P-450 was detectable. Transfer of cells from D-glucose medium to ethanol medium caused a slow disappearance of cytochrome P-450, although the amount of the haemoprotein still continued to increase in the control cultures. Cytochrome P-450 appeared thus to accumulate in conditions where the rate of growth was fast and fermentation occurred. Occurrence of this haemoprotein is not necessarily linked, however, with the repression of mitochondrial haemoprotein synthesis.     

The distinction of different types of cytochromes P-450 from the yeasts Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces uvarum

The distinction between two types of cytochromes P-450 originating from microsomes of Candida tropicalis grown on glucose and on alkane was achieved. Criteria of differentiation between these two cytochrome P-450 forms were based on the characteristics of reduced carbon monoxide difference spectra, on substrate specificity, and on binding and inhibition kinetics of the fungistatic compound propiconazole. One cytochrome P-450 form catalyzed the 14 alpha-demethylation of lanosterol and bound propiconazole with an equimolar ratio. This form was present in microsomes from glucose-grown cells and shared similar characteristics with the cytochrome P-450 originating from Saccharomyces uvarum grown on the same carbon source. The other cytochrome P-450 form catalyzed the terminal hydroxylation of aliphatic hydrocarbons and showed a less specific binding ratio with propiconazole (10(3) mol propiconazole for 1 mol cytochrome P-450). This type of cytochrome P-450 was only present in the microsomes of C. tropicalis grown on alkane.     

烷烃对P450酶的诱导及二元酸发酵工艺改进

α、ω 长链二元酸 (Ｌｏｎｇ ｃｈａｉｎα ,ω ｄｉｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄ ,ＤＣＡ)是一种重要的化工原料 ,是合成工程塑料、香料、耐寒性增塑剂、涂料、液晶等物质的重要原料。目前主要利用热带假丝酵母 (Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｒｏｐｌｉｃａｌｉｓ)转化烷烃生产[1,2 ] 。在以往发酵的过程中 ,通常在初始培养液中加入 5 %～10 %的烷烃。且有文献表明在发酵初期加入烷烃有利于产酸的提高。但我们的研究表明 ,在发酵初期加入烷烃也有其不利的一面 ,如高浓度的烷烃对于菌体的生长有一定的抑制作用。而且有实验表明 :适当提高细胞的培养液…     

Molecular cloning of CYP76B9, a cytochrome P450 from Petunia hybrida, catalyzing the omega-hydroxylation of capric acid and lauric acid

A cDNA encoding a cytochrome P450 (CYP76B9) was isolated from Petunia hybrida. Northern blot analysis revealed preferential expression of the gene in flowers and leaves. The recombinant yeast microsomes expressing CYP76B9 was allowed to react with capric acid and lauric acid as substrates. One major metabolite was produced from each fatty acid after incubation with yeast microsomes expressing CYP76B9. The metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as omega-hydroxy capric acid and omega-hydroxy lauric acid. The kinetic parameters of the reactions were Km=9.4 microM and Vmax=13.6 mol min(-1) per mol of P450 for capric acid, and Km=5.7 microM and Vmax=19.1 mol min(-1) per mol of P450 for lauric acid. We found that the omega-hydroxy metabolites of capric acid and lauric acid can affect the plant growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants grown in the presence of omega-hydroxy fatty acids exhibited shorter root length than control plants with the corresponding non-hydroxylated fatty acids.     

Effects of iron binding agents on Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth and cytochrome P450 content

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y222 was studied in the presence of the following iron-binding agents: Desferal, dipyridyl, and human and bovine transferrins. We report that cell growth and lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase cytochrome P450 are not affected by Desferal but that dipyridyl and serum transferrins decrease the cytochrome P450 content of the yeast. Paradoxically, while both human and bovine transferrins reduce cytochrome P450 content, only bovine transferrin appears to affect cell growth in this strain. No evidence for siderophore production by this strain was found under low iron conditions.     

Effect of carbon source on the accumulation of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c in the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides

The appearance of cytochrome content in the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides depended on the substrate supporting growth. The cells of R. toruloides growing on benzoate were found to contain cytochrome P-450. The concentration of cytochrome P-450 was maximal at the beginning of the exponential phase and then remained at a relatively constant level, but rapidly decreased at the beginning of the stationary phase. When benzoate was exhausted from the medium, the cytochrome P-450 level decreased to zero. On the other hand, cytochrome P-450 was not detected when R. toruloides grew on glucose. However, cytochrome P-450 was detected, when R. toruloides was grown on benzoate together with glucose.
The maximal content of cytochrome c in the cells was observed at the beginning of the exponential phase of growth on both substrates and decreased most rapidly during late stationary phase of growth. The content of cytochrome c in R. toruloides was 2–3 times lower during the growth on glucose as compared to the growth on benzoate.     

Cytochrome P-450 from lodderomyces elongisporus: Its purification and some properties of the highly purified protein

An effective method, based on the chromatography on ω-aminooctyl Sepharose 4B, for the purification of the alkane-induced cytochrome P-450 is described. The purified cytochrome P-450 was homogeneous in SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the oxidized state it showed a low spin type absorption spectrum. The reduced CO-complex is characterized by a Soret peak at 447 nm. The alkane hydroxylating enzyme system could be reconstituted combining purified cytochrome P-450 with partially purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase from the yeast microsomal fraction.