母鹿舔肛癖的克服办法

母鹿分娩后,哺乳时常舔舐仔鹿肛门,能够促进胎便的排除,对仔鹿是有益的。但是在梅花鹿的驯养实践中,往往由于饲养条件不好,密度过大,管理不善,饲料中矿物质不足等原因,或因阴雨连绵,圈舍泥泞,造成仔鹿下痢时,则母鹿对下痢的哺乳仔鹿的肛门舔舐不止,以至     

仔鹿缺硒病

黑龙江省萝北县某鹿场,1973年饲养梅花母鹿75只,春季产仔鹿73只,生后56—67日龄时,其中23只发生仔鹿缺硒病(是一种营养代谢性疾病),死亡7只。黑龙江省密山县某鹿场于1978年4—6月间,在116只仔鹿中有25只又发生缺硒病,死亡11只,其余用亚硒酸钠防治,全部好转。     

交叉抚育经历对根田鼠体重发育的影响

为检验交叉抚育经历对根田鼠体重发育的可能影响,监测了雌雄亲生和寄养幼仔的体重生长.结果发现: 在不同发育时期(2 ～ 70日龄),雄性亲生与寄养幼仔的体重没有差异; 除第18和20日龄外,其它时期(2 ～ 16,25 ～ 70日龄)雌性亲生与寄养幼仔的体重没有差异; 亲生和寄养幼仔在25日龄前两性体重差异不明显;25日龄后两性体重差异显著; 随着日龄的增加,根田鼠的体重日增长率呈现下降趋势.这些结果表明交叉抚育经历对雄性个体的发育没有影响,对雌性体重发育可能存在短暂影响,但持续时间不长(3 d ≤ T ＜ 9 d);根田鼠亲生和寄养幼仔体重生长的性别差异均在25日龄前后形成.     

影响北京南海子半散放麋鹿新生幼仔存活原因探讨

1999～2006年北京南海子麋鹿苑出生麋鹿幼仔224只,新生麋鹿幼仔存活率81.70%,死亡率18.30%.41只麋鹿幼仔死亡的主要原因为死胎、弱胎和弃子等.分析仔鹿初生体重与仔鹿死亡关系发现,存活仔鹿与死亡仔鹿的初生体重具有极显著性差异,体重大的幼仔更容易存活,事实上初生体重小于6.00 kg时仔鹿基本不能存活.北...     

梅花鹿难产与助产

梅花鹿难产发病率约占母鹿全年总发病率40—50％。由于难产处理不当,不仅造成母鹿和仔鹿死亡,还可以引起母鹿不育。     

四川梅花鹿生命表和种群增长率的研究

1987年、1989。1991年四川梅花鹿产仔期,在四川省若尔盖县铁布自然保护区用耳缺法连续标记了111只(♂♂56,♀♀55)3～10日龄的四川梅花鹿幼仔,根据野外对这批标记仔鹿生长、繁殖、死亡的观察数据编绘出四川梅花鹿的生命表、存活曲线、死亡曲线、种群自然增长率和繁殖价。这批标记仔鹿中,雄鹿和雌鹿的最大寿命分别为14岁和15岁;初生仔鹿的雌雄性比为1：1,5～6岁时雌雄性比为3：1;雌鹿最早的产仔年龄为3～4岁,最晚产仔年龄为11～12岁;雄鹿最早在4～5岁时拥有雌鹿,10～11岁以后就都失去了曾占有的雌鹿群。雄鹿2。3岁时期望寿命最大为5．111,雌鹿1～2岁时期望寿命最大为6．148。雌鹿的存活曲线接近于Odum有关存活曲线的A型,雄鹿的存活曲线属B型。净生殖率、种群自然增长率和平均世代时间分别为1．228、0．031和7．015。雌鹿3～4岁时的繁殖价最高。     

人工育幼豚鹿幼仔的生长发育规律初步研究

测定了成都动物园圈养种群中9只人工育幼豚鹿幼仔(2004～2007年)体重和8只豚鹿的体尺,并观察了8只豚鹿的牙齿(0～63 d)的生长情况.结果为:幼仔在0～54 d内体长、肩高、后足长、耳长和尾长以及体重都随日龄呈直线增长趋势,其中体长和肩高与幼仔的日龄显著相关(P<0.01).初生幼仔齿式2(I 0/2, C 0/0, P 0/0),2周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/0, P 2/2),7周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/2或C 1/2, P 2/2).     

鹿的剖腹产术一例

养鹿场中产仔期难产母鹿在病例中占一定比例,死亡率较高。为了扩大鹿群,增加生产,我们曾多次对分娩有机械性困难的母鹿进行剖腹产手术获得成功,而且不影响母鹿以后的妊娠。 术前检查 1.手术前对破水后4—8小时还未产仔的母鹿拨入吊圈(是固定鹿的装置,便于治疗和锯茸),全面细致     

海南坡鹿（Cervus eldi hainanus）仔鹿对卧息地的选择

1986年和1987年的10月至12月共发现14个海南坡鹿仔鹿的卧息地。研究表明,仔鹿对卧息地的选择不受母鹿影响。在保护区围栏内的多种栖息地中,仔鹿对次生落叶季雨林白下的茅、黄茅草坡有明显偏爱,有12个卧息地被发现于这种环境中。该环境在每10平方米面积内约有1—2株小乔木,30一60株灌木,草本植物高于50厘米,通视条件良好。仔鹿对卧息地的选择似乎与水源无关,但不能排除风向对仔鹿选择卧息地坡向有所影响。适当地清除过于密集的灌丛,有利于仔鹿栖息。     

高锰酸钾治疗仔鹿舔肛咬尾症的观察

仔鹿舔肛咬尾症,是仔鹿一种经常发生的外科疾病。死亡率较高,严重危害仔鹿和鹿群的发展。为此,我场于1975年开始试用高锰酸钾涂抹治疗,收到满意的效果,现将结果介绍如下: (一)治疗方法 保定时由助手或饲养员两手握住仔鹿的两后肢,背朝外、用腿夹住上半     

Maternal behavior and early development of pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) fawns in a semi-captive environment

Maternal–infant interaction and behaviors are adapted to reduce the risk of predation and increase the probability of survival of the species. We determined how mother–young encounters and communication change by the development of the fawn (locomotion and feeding) throughout lactation in pampas deer (Ozotocerus bezoarticus). We registered the behavior of mother–fawn dyads for the first 60 postnatal days. Our results revealed three main developmental stages in the fawn, hiding (~0–19 days), active (~20–39 days), and adult-like (~40–60 days). In the hiding stage, the fawn stayed hidden, closer to the mother, and spent less time active, the mothers vocalized more often than the fawn, licked the fawns intensively while nursing, and were responsible for initiating nursing. In the active stage, licking behavior and vocalizations of the mother decreased while the fawns ate solid food, initiated nursing bouts, and displayed bursts of running activity. Finally, in the adult-like stage, the fawn showed many signs of nutritional weaning, and similar patterns of activity to their mothers. However, the duration and frequency of nursing bouts were unchanged during the study. We described mother–fawn interaction in pampas deer for the first time, and found that increased running activity in fawns anticipates nutritional weaning. Our results also suggest that to adapt to the development of the fawn, mothers only modify the dynamics of interaction and encounters rather than the time invested in nursing, an activity that also plays a role in maintaining mother–young affiliation.     

饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究

对饲养在上海崇明岛东平林场的林麝种群特征以及 1998～ 2 0 0 0年间该种群所出生的 74只幼麝存活情况进行分析研究。结果表明 :该林麝种群中能繁殖的个体占 5 1 1% ,种群数量逐渐增长。种群存活率曲线呈C型 ,说明林麝的死亡主要发生在幼麝时期。从不同年龄段性比变化来看 ,初生幼麝的性比接近 1∶1,由于雌幼麝比雄幼麝具有更高的存活率 (P <0 0 5 ) ,进入亚成体以后雄性比例逐渐下降 ,显示幼麝时期存在偏雄性死亡。早出生幼麝的存活率明显高于晚出生幼麝 (P <0 0 5 )。引起幼麝死亡的主要原因是疾病 (45 .9% )。     

Attainment of early puberty in female black-tailed deer. (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus).

Female black-tailed deer fawns were hand-raised until four months of age and bred to bucks in their first fall. Over 50% conceived and subsequently gave birth to single fawns. Conceptions occurred later than for wild adults but at weights which equalled the weights of the heaviest wild fawns. A high proportion of the fawns born to fawn does died due to presumed lactation failure. Further work is continuing on the factors governing puberty attainment in this species.     

Behavioral and physiological responses of forest musk deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Moschus berezovskii</Emphasis>) to experimental fawn manipulation

High stress response is an important factor impeding the breeding of wild animals in captivity. Experimental fawn manipulation is considered a suitable approach to reduce the negative effects of behavioral and physiological stress. The forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) is classified as “endangered” by the IUCN Red List due to over-exploitation for musk production. Musk is highly valued for its cosmetic and alleged pharmaceutical properties and has stimulated the enthusiasm of captive musk deer breeding in recent years. This study attempts to reduce behavioral and physiological stress responses in juvenile musk deer using experimental fawn manipulation. Habituation started 5 days after birth and lasted until weaning age (90 days). We determined the behavioral stress response at the age of 30, 60, 90, 150, and 360 days by measuring acceptance or rejection of three treatment intensities (i.e., stroking, embracement) and quantified behavioral responses (urination, approaching the investigator). At the same time, physiological stress parameters were established, measuring the fecal glucocorticosteroid metabolite (FGM) concentration. Our results indicate that fawn manipulation initially reduced the behavioral stress, but after termination of treatments, stress symptoms reoccurred. We detected no difference in the FGM concentrations between treatment and control groups, suggesting that the experimental fawn manipulation did not decrease the physiological stress response. This implies that behavioral stress reduction cannot be sustained if the physiological stress remains unaltered. We argue that the socio-positive reactions of musk deer fawns to humans could be phenotypic and that the physiological stress response rather reflects their intrinsic characteristics than a successful manipulation.     

Parelaphostrongylus andersoni (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) in white-tailed deer from Michigan

Dorsal-spined larvae in fecal samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan and Pennsylvania were used as a source of larvae to infect a hand-raised white-tailed deer fawn. The fawn receive 200 third-stage larvae and passed dorsal-spined larvae in feces 66 days later. Muscleworm (Parelaphostrongylus andersoni), and meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were recovered at necropsy. Two white-tailed deer and seven wapiti (Cervus elaphus) exposed to larvae of the source from Pennsylvania harbored only P. tenuis. This is the first report of P. andersoni in the midwestern United States and extends the known range of this muscleworm in free-ranging white-tailed deer. Concurrent infections of P. andersoni and P. tenuis have not been established previously in experimentally infected fawns.     

Chronoethologische Untersuchung zur Jungtierentwicklung beim Weißlippenhirsch (Cervus albirostris) im Tierpark Berlin

A group of eight (2.6) White-lipped deer (Cervus albirostris) and four (1.3) fawns, born in 2010, kept in Tierpark Berlin were observed with focal point at circadian behavioural pattern, mother-child-interaction and the ontogeny of behaviour.The circadian rhythm of the animals proved to be bimodal and in its activity periods clearly synchronized with daily routine in the zoo. The animals showed different types of behaviours concerning metabolism (47%), comfort and resting (25%), movement (11%) and other behaviour (17%). The parallels between the distribution of behaviour and spatial use during the day point to an obvious relevance of different shaped enclosure areas to the behaviour. Calves of White-lipped deer are considered to be typical hiders („Ablieger“). Initially the fawns entered the enclosure trough the fence four to five times a day, exclusively for suckling. Until the fourth week of life their distribution of behaviour and their daily rhythm were well-adjusted to that of the adults. Despite of an age difference up to 17 days, the hiding period of all four fawns ended more or less at the same point of time; in case of the oldest fawn after 6, in case of the youngest fawn already after 3½ weeks of life. This indicates a synchronisation of the ontogeny of behaviour between older fawns and younger ones living with each other. In the process of dietary change from milk to solid food this synchronization was also to be seen. During the first two weeks the fawns were almost exclusively in contact with their mothers, but with time the bonding between the four fawns got stronger. The young affect each other in their development of behaviour. Above-mentioned traits of weaning in mammals point to the onset of weaning in the observed animals at three to four weeks of live.All in all the behavioural development of White-lipped deer obviously depends on physiological needs and abilities as well as social environment.     

A climate index and mule deer fawn survival in Montana

A sign of deviation type of index was used to convert standard temperature and precipitation data into a readily used form for the study of deer population dynamics. Statistically significant correlations between the climate index and mule deer fawn survival were demonstrated for four different mule deer populations in Montana. These correlations led to reasonable biological hypotheses delineating the linkage between climate and fawn survival in each of the four areas. The correlations support the frequent observations in the wildlife literature concerning the importance of summer and winter range. They also suggest that human activities may interact with climate in a manner which affects deer fawn survival. In general, in these areas, fawn survival was favored by relatively warm-moist summer, warm-dry winter and cool-dry hunting season weather. The apparent affect of spring weather was variable. Fawn survival in two areas was enhanced by cool-dry summer weather. This reversed response could be the result of human use of the areas, including livestock grazing. It is concluded that this index of climatic fluctuations can be a versatile and useful tool in assessing the impact of climate upon deer populations. In general, weather can be described as a strong biasing factor even when direct effects cannot be consistently demonstrated.     

The effect of environmental gradients on the bed site selection of roe deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capreolus capreolus</Emphasis>)

A wildlife species’ selection of bedding sites is often characterised by strong trade-offs, as habitat quality, predator avoidance and foraging needs should be achieved simultaneously. Human activities often represent major threats in addition. In areas of intensive agriculture, e.g. mowing is one of the main causes of mortality of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns due their hiding strategy. For a species’ offspring, the selection of bedding sites is particularly crucial and thus, identifying how and when animals use such habitats is important for management. We used a long-term dataset of marked roe deer fawns in Switzerland (1971–2015) to reveal the characteristics of optimal bedding sites within the first two weeks of a fawn’s life in three contrasting landscapes and the potential trade-offs that may occur. We hypothesised that roe deer adjust the selection of bedding sites to current environmental conditions and available habitat to achieve sufficient levels of predator avoidance and thermoregulation necessary for the fawn’s survival, as well as the availability of sufficient food resources for the mother doe. We found that, in general, grassland habitats with medium vegetation height (20–50 cm) and habitats in close proximity to the edge of the forest were favoured to achieve those basic requirements. However, the use of bed site habitats differed between the three contrasting landscapes in dependence of elevation and hence vegetation phenology. Our results provide essential information to reduce mortality rates caused by mowing and improve the reproductive success of this species.     

Survival of White-Tailed Deer Fawns in Southern Illinois

Abstract: Survival of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns has been quantified throughout much of North America. However, few studies have assessed the influence of intrinsic factors (e.g., fawn age and birth mass) and habitat on fawn survival. During 2002-2004, we captured and radiocollared 166 fawns in southern Illinois, USA, to estimate survival rates, determine causes of mortality, and identify factors influencing fawn survival. We used a known fates model in program MARK to estimate survival rates and compare explanatory models based on Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AIC_c). We developed 2 candidate sets of a priori models to quantify factors influencing fawn survival: model set 1 included intrinsic factors and model set 2 focused on habitat variables. We recorded 64 mortalities and the overall survival rate was 0.59 (95% CI = 0.51-0.68). Predation was the leading source of mortality (64%) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were the most prominent predator. For model set 1, model {S_{age X year}} had the lowest AIC_c value suggesting that the age at mortality varied among capture years. For model set 2, model {S_{landscape+forest}} had the lowest AIC_c value and indicated that areas inhabited by surviving fawns were characterized by a few large (i.e., > 5 ha) irregular forest patches adjacent to several small nonforest patches, and survival areas also contained more edge habitat than mortality areas. Due to the magnitude of coyote predation, survival areas could have represented landscapes where coyotes were less effective at locating and capturing fawns when compared to mortality areas. This study was the first account of macrohabitat characteristics directly influencing fawn survival. Wildlife managers can use this information to determine how habitat management activities may affect deer populations.     

First record of Lipoptena depressa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) from Alberta, Canada

Lipoptena depressa is reported for the first time from Alberta on a 2 1/2-mo-old white-tailed deer fawn. This ked fly is one of four species occurring on deer in North America. The fawn had severe hemorrhagic enteritis of undetermined cause.