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1.
抗生素抗性基因在环境中的传播扩散及抗性研究方法   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
抗生素在医药、畜牧和水产养殖业的大量使用造成了环境中抗性耐药菌和抗性基因日益增加,抗生素抗性基因作为一种新型环境污染物引起人们的广泛关注.本文综述了近年来国内外有关抗生素抗性基因的研究进展,其在水、土壤、空气等环境介质中和动,植物体内的传播扩散,以及开展环境中抗生素抗性基因研究的必要性,重点介绍了有关抗生素抗性(包括抗性细菌和抗性基因)的研究方法,指出抗性基因研究中存在的问题,并对未来的相关研究进行了展望.  相似文献   

2.
抗生素的不合理使用导致细菌耐药问题日趋严峻,给人类健康造成巨大威胁。学者们对抗生素抗性菌和抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)在多种环境介质中的环境行为开展了大量研究。气溶胶作为ARGs的潜在储存库,是抗生素抗性基因在环境中的重要传播途径之一。目前缺乏对其来源、传播、人类接触和健康风险系统性的梳理。本文针对人类生活功能场所、养殖场、城市污水处理厂和医院等4类气溶胶研究的典型场所,重点综述了上述4类典型场所中气溶胶ARGs的来源、传播途径及对人体的暴露和对健康的危害,为气溶胶中ARGs的预防和控制提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
环境和医疗实践中广泛存在的细菌抗生素抗性已经成为食品安全和人类健康领域的主要威胁。近年来的研究表明,病原菌主要通过水平基因转移而不是基因突变获得抗性,大量的研究支持病原微生物抗生素抗性基因的环境来源。系统论述了环境微生物抗生素抗性起源、进化及病原菌抗性基因与环境抗生素抗性组相互之间的交叉传播和水平转移机制,介绍了近年来环境微生物抗生素抗性组生态和进化生物学研究的最新进展和方法学应用。  相似文献   

4.
活性污泥抗生素抗性基因研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
抗生素抗性在全球范围内的传播扩散严重威胁人类健康。活性污泥是污水处理系统重要的处理工艺,同时也是抗生素抗性及其发生水平基因转移的一个重要储库和热区。目前,随着研究手段和技术的不断更新,活性污泥中抗生素抗性的研究不断增加,但是仍有许多科学问题亟待解决。本文主要针对活性污泥抗生素抗性的5个主要方面进行深入讨论:(1)活性污泥中抗性基因的丰度和分布的影响因素;(2)污泥抗性基因的研究方法;(3)活性污泥抗性基因的传播与扩散;(4)污泥中抗性基因环境风险评估;(5)研究展望。本综述在活性污泥抗生素抗性研究基础上,阐述了驱动抗生素抗性扩散的基本微生物生态过程研究进展,旨在为污水处理工艺的发展和优化及抗性基因控制政策的制定提供科学基础。  相似文献   

5.
抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)传播对人类健康具有潜在的风险。胞内抗性基因(iARGs)和胞外抗性基因(eARGs)是抗生素抗性基因的两种存在形式,其在不同环境介质中的分布与传播过程具有截然不同的特征。本文首先基于ARGs赋存形态的差异,对染色体抗性基因、质粒抗性基因、噬菌体抗性基因等ARGs的胞内/胞外分类给予明确界定,并根据环境样品来源归纳了现有分离检测技术的应用场景,总结了iARGs和eARGs在养殖场、污水处理厂、河道、海洋、大气等环境中的分布特征,同时比较了其在传播方式和传播能力上的差异,以期为ARGs的分类阻控和健康风险评估提供理论参考。  相似文献   

6.
近年来,由于抗生素的滥用而造成的抗性基因污染问题越来越严重,抗性基因在环境中的危害也逐渐受到人们的重视.本文针对抗生素抗性基因这一"新型污染物",综述了抗性基因在水体环境中的来源与污染情况;分析了抗性基因在环境中的传播途径与生态风险.此外,还重点讨论了污泥消化、人工湿地、消毒以及深度处理等不同水处理工艺对抗生素抗性基因的去除效果,指出不同去除技术的改进方向.并针对目前的污染状况,对今后的研究重点进行了展望.  相似文献   

7.
环境中抗生素抗性基因的水平传播扩散   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
抗生素抗性基因作为一类新型环境污染物,其在不同环境介质中的传播扩散可能比抗生素本身的环境危害更大,其中,水平基因转移是抗生素抗性基因传播的重要方式,是造成抗性基因环境污染日益严重的原因之一.本文系统阐述了抗生素抗性基因在环境中发生水平转移的主要分子传播元件及其影响因素,这对于正确揭示抗性基因的分子传播机制具有重要意义.结合多重抗药性的传播扩散机制,探讨了行之有效的遏制抗生素抗性基因传播扩散的方法和途径,并针对目前的污染现状,对今后有关抗生素抗性基因水平转移的研究重点进行了展望.  相似文献   

8.
宏基因组学在微生物抗生素抗性基因检测中的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
抗生素广泛应用于人类和动物疾病的治疗等过程中。不合理利用和滥用抗生素导致耐药细菌、抗性基因的产生和传播。宏基因组学能够分析不同环境中抗生素抗性基因的多样性,并且完善目前已有的或构建新的宏基因组文库,从而为将来进行基因比对提供有力的参考。本文将综述宏基因组学在人类、动物和环境中微生物抗生素抗性基因检测的应用,以期为未来评估抗性基因风险和解决抗生素耐药性问题提供技术支持。  相似文献   

9.
抗性基因在环境中的垂直及水平传播,致使抗生素耐药性成为危及人类和动物生命健康的全球性问题。动物源食品是中国美食不可或缺之物,而由于抗生素超用与滥用等行为让公众不得不关注动物源食品源头——养殖场的抗生素抗性基因环境安全问题。本文综述了养殖环境中抗生素抗性基因的研究进展,分析了养殖环境中抗生素抗性基因产生原因、传播途径以及影响因素,介绍了现有风险评估方法和控制技术,并对今后养殖环境中抗生素抗性基因的控制策略、技术及研究方向提出了建议。  相似文献   

10.
沙门氏菌抗生素抗性机理研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
沙门氏菌的多重耐药性问题已经成为世界范围内的公共卫生和经济问题.目前沙门氏菌抗生素抗性机理的研究主要集中以下方面:(1)基因突变与抗生素抗性;(2)外排泵与抗生素抗性:(3)耐药基因编码的钝化酶和灭活酶引起的抗生素抗性;(4)可移动的细菌遗传耐药基因元件及其转移与抗生素抗性.本文基于以上几个方面综述了与沙门氏菌抗生素抗性机理研究相关的研究动态和研究进展.  相似文献   

11.
12.
Using capillary high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry (MS), both positive and negative FAB mass spectra of 24 cephem antibiotics with diethanolamine (DEA) and glycerol (GLY) as matrices are presented. In the positive mode, an internal quasi-molecular peak together with relatively abundant fragment peaks were obtained from all 24 drugs with both matrices, though DEA provided more information on molecular mass of a compound than did GLY for some drugs. In the negative mode, the background was generally lower than that in the positive, but neither the quasi-molecular nor molecular peak was detected in several drugs with either matrix. The drugs were isolated from serum samples using an octadecyl reversed-phase cartridge; recoveries were generally over 60%. With this isolation and the capillary HPLC-FAB-MS in the positive mode, ceftriaxone and cefazolin, two of the most popular cephem antibiotics, were successfully identified in 0.5 ml of sera obtained from a clinical or an autopsy case.  相似文献   

13.
The Introduction of antibiotics into the clinical use in the middle of the 20th century had a profound impact on modern medicine and human wellbeing. The contribution of these wonder molecules to public health and science is hard to overestimate. Much research has informed our understanding of antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance at inhibitory concentrations in the lab and in the clinic. Antibiotics, however, are not a human invention as most of them are either natural products produced by soil microorganisms or semisynthetic derivatives of natural products. Because we use antibiotics to inhibit the bacterial growth, it is generally assumed that growth inhibition is also their primary ecological function in the environment. Nevertheless, multiple studies point to diverse nonlethal effects that are exhibited at lower levels of antibiotics. Here we review accumulating evidence of antibiosis and of alternative functions of antibiotics exhibited at subinhibitory concentrations. We also speculate on how these effects might alter phenotypes, fitness, and community composition of microbes in the context of the environment and suggest directions for future research.  相似文献   

14.
15.
The bacterial D-alanyl-D-alanine transpeptidases (DD-peptidases) are the killing targets of beta-lactams, the most important clinical defense against bacterial infections. However, due to the constant development of antibiotic-resistance mechanisms by bacteria, there is an ever-present need for new, more effective antimicrobial drugs. While enormous numbers of beta-lactam compounds have been tested for antibiotic activity in over 50 years of research, the success of a beta-lactam structure in terms of antibiotic activity remains unpredictable. Tipper and Strominger suggested long ago that beta-lactams inhibit DD-peptidases because they mimic the D-alanyl-D-alanine motif of the peptidoglycan substrate of these enzymes. They also predicted that beta-lactams having a peptidoglycan-mimetic side-chain might be better antibiotics than their non-specific counterparts, but decades of research have not provided any evidence for this. We have recently described two such novel beta-lactams. The first is a penicillin having the glycyl-L-alpha-amino-epsilon-pimelyl side-chain of Streptomyces strain R61 peptidoglycan, making it the "perfect penicillin" for this organism. The other is a cephalosporin with the same side-chain. Here, we describe the X-ray crystal structures of the perfect penicillin in non-covalent and covalent complexes with the Streptomyces R61 DD-peptidase. The structure of the non-covalent enzyme-inhibitor complex is the first such complex to be trapped crystallographically with a DD-peptidase. In addition, the covalent complex of the peptidyl-cephalosporin with the R61 DD-peptidase is described. Finally, two covalent complexes with the traditional beta-lactams benzylpenicillin and cephalosporin C were determined for comparison with the peptidyl beta-lactams. These structures, together with relevant kinetics data, support Tipper and Strominger's assertion that peptidoglycan-mimetic side-chains should improve beta-lactams as inhibitors of DD-peptidases.  相似文献   

16.
Zervamicins (Zrv) IIA and IIB are membrane modifying peptide antibiotics of fungal origin, characterized by a sequence of 15 amino acid residues. The primary structure of Zrv-IIA contains five alpha-aminoisobutyric acid residues at positions 4, 7, 9, 12 and 14 of the linear peptide. The sequence of Zrv-IIB is similar, but contains a D-isovaline at position 4. When the free amino acid Aib was added to the peptone-glucose culture medium, the fungus Emericellopsis salmosynnemata produced Zrv-IIA as the major secondary metabolite, whereas addition of DL-Iva to the culture led to a high production of Zrv-IIB. This observation is rationalized by a lack of selectivity of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase with respect to the thiolester activated amino acid substrates during step 12 of peptide synthesis. Analysis of the configuration of the Iva residue of Zrv-IIB showed a high enantiomeric purity of the D-enantiomer, indicating a high stereoselectivity of the peptide synthetase for this substrate.When the culture was supplemented with [(15)N]DL-Iva, the nitrogen isotope was not only found at the D-Iva residue, but surprisingly also at the Aib residues as well as at the proteinogenic residues of Zrv. The partial catabolism of exogenous [(15)N]DL-Iva is explained by the assumption of a decarboxylation-dependent transamination reaction, catalysed by 2,2-dimethylglycine decarboxylase. The same enzyme might also be involved in the reversed carboxylation reactions of acetone and 2-butanone, during the anabolic biosynthesis of Aib and Iva, respectively. Zrv might possibly act as a thermodynamic sink to shift these equilibrium reactions towards the reversed side.  相似文献   

17.
Kuhlmann I 《Cytotechnology》1995,19(2):95-105
This article describes the historical development of the prophylactic use of antibiotics in cell culture as well as their effects on cells. The influence of antibiotics on cell morphology, cellular degeneration and cell death and cellular function is summarized. Cellular DNA as well as protein synthesis are affected which can lead to interference with, or even changes in, metabolic processes. Such effects must be considered in cell culture research. As antibiotics are used in multifold ways, the otherwise standardized conditions in cell culture are no longer comparable. The prophylactic use of antibiotics is rejected for scientific reasons.  相似文献   

18.
One of the promising directions of the combined approach is the design of dual-acting antibiotics – heterodimeric structures on the basis of antimicrobial agents of different classes. In this study a novel series of azithromycin-glycopeptide conjugates were designed and synthesized. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data including MS/MS analysis. All novel hybrid antibiotics were found to be either as active as azithromycin and vancomycin against Gram-positive bacterial strains or have superior activity in comparison with their parent antibiotics. One compound, eremomycin-azithromycin conjugate 16, demonstrated moderate activity against Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains resistant to vancomycin, and equal to vancomycin’s activity for the treatment of mice with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis.  相似文献   

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20.
One of the most serious threats to human health is antibiotic resistance, which has left the world without effective antibiotics. While continuous research and inventions for new antibiotics are going on, especially those with new modes of action, it is unlikely that this alone would be sufficient to win the battle. Furthermore, it is also important to investigate additional approaches. One such strategy for improving the efficacy of existing antibiotics is the discovery of adjuvants. This review has collected data from various studies on the current crisis and approaches for combating multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens using phytochemicals. In addition, the nano antibiotic approaches, are discussed, highlighting the high potentials of essential oils, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and nano antibiotics in combating antibiotic resistance.  相似文献   

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