重庆四面山5种不同配置模式人工林生物多样性研究

应用物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数)、均匀度指数(Pielou)和物种丰富度指数对重庆四面山地区5种人工水土保持林群落进行多样性分析.结果显示:(1)5种人工林群落以枫香+木荷+石栎+香樟+灌木混交林的物种多样性最为丰富,纯杉木林最次.(2)各多样性指数在不同群落间的变化以乔木层的枫香+木荷+石栎+香樟+灌木混交林、灌木层的石栎+木荷混交林、草本层的纯杉木林等的生物多样性最为丰富.(3)不同林型的物种多样性不同,其生态效益、环境效益也有较大差异.建议在四面山地区以及类似生态区的退耕还林过程中选择以常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林为主的乔一灌结合混交林模式,以提高人工林群落的物种多样性,实现理想的水土保持林功能.     

山西历山国家级自然保护区猕猴栖息地森林群落物种多样性

在对山西历山国家级自然保护区猕猴栖息地森林群落进行数量分类的基础上,运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数方法对该地区森林群落的物种多样性进行了研究,并分析了森林群落各层片之间的物种多样性的相关性。结果表明:(1)栖息地森林12个群丛的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数能够较好地反映各群落多样性变化规律。(2)栖息地森林群落的Patrick丰富度指数(R)与Shannon多样性指数(H)、Hill多样性指数(N1和N2)、Alatalo均匀度指数(E)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)变化趋势基本一致,而Simpson多样性指数(λ)与H的变化呈相反趋势。(3)栖息地森林群落内乔、灌和草3层的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数表现出多样化的趋势。各层片的丰富度指数和物种多样性指数总体上呈现草本层乔木层灌木层,但各片层的均匀度指数存在差异,其中灌木层的均匀度指数差异较大,而乔木层和草本层均匀度在各群落间差异较小。     

幕阜山森林群落结构与物种多样性研究

幕阜山地处中亚热带-北亚热带过渡地带,物种资源丰富.通过对其典型样地的调查,分别采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数作为测度指标,研究了幕阜山地区森林群落结构及其物种多样性特征.结果表明,该地区主要有21个森林群落类型.其中常绿阔叶林中,物种丰富度指数与多样性指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势均为灌木层相对高于乔木层,乔木层相对高于草本层;在落叶阔叶林中,其丰富度指数的趋势为灌木层＞草本层和乔木层,而在草本层与乔木层间是波动的,多样性指数的趋势为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层;在针叶林中,物种丰富度、多样性指数表现的总趋势基本一致,即灌木层的丰富度相对较高,其次为草本层,乔木层的相对较小.在其他群落类型中,多样性指数、均匀度指数在乔木层、灌木层和草本层则表现出多样化的趋势;另外,从总体上看,各种指数在海拔梯度上并未表现出明显的规律性.     

大蜀山孤岛状山体植被演替阶段物种多样性变化规律

采用"空间差异代替时间变化"的研究方法,以位于安徽省合肥市的孤岛状山体——大蜀山国家森林公园的恢复植被为研究对象,调查了16个典型样地,利用丰富度指数(Margalef richness index,R)、Shannon多样性指数(Shannon diversity index,H)、均匀度指数(Pielou evenness index,Jsw)和生态优势度指数(Simpson index,D)等研究了4个不同演替阶段森林群落的特征变化。结果表明:从马尾松林向针阔混交林、麻栎林的演替过程中,群落乔木层Shannon指数分别为1.957、1.485、0.738,呈下降的趋势;而短毛椴林乔木层Shannon指数为1.694。麻栎林乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性显著低于其他3个群落(P0.05),均匀度显著低于马尾松林和短毛椴林(P0.05)。4种群落灌木层、草本层之间的多样性和均匀度差异均不显著(P0.05)。在群落的垂直结构中,麻栎林物种多样性表现为灌木层草本层乔木层,其他3种群落的物种多样性则表现为灌木层乔木层草本层。处于演替顶极群落的物种多样性并不是最高,群落演替过程的稳定性和多样性有着更为复杂的关系。除人为活动的干扰外,群落的发育程度和内部生境是影响该区演替阶段群落物种多样性变化的主要因素。     

浙江古田山常绿阔叶林演替序列研究:群落物种多样性

采用较为成熟的“空间差异代替时间变化”的研究方法,应用相邻格子样方法调查了16个典型样地,利用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson生态优势度指数计算了浙江古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林演替序列4种群落的物种多样性。结果表明,从针叶林到针阔叶混交林、木荷林和甜槠林的演替过程中,4种群落乔木层的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为1.9670、2.4975、2.6140和2.4356,呈现先增大后变小的趋势;灌木层物种多样性以针阔叶混交林最高,Shannon-Wiener指数为2.8625;针叶林的草本层Shannon-Wiener指数为1.5334,高于其它3种群落。在群落的垂直结构中,演替序列中的针叶林、针阔叶混交林、甜槠林物种多样性均表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层,而木荷林物种多样性大小则表现为乔木层>灌木层>草本层。演替过程中,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性的变化幅度以草本层最大,H、JSW、JSI、D的变异系数分别为0.1572、0.0806、0.0899和0.1884;灌木层变化幅度最小,其H、JSWJ、SI、D的变异系数分别为0.0482、0.0385、0.0142和0.1553。     

北京松山自然保护区森林群落物种多样性及其神经网络预测

物种多样性是群落结构和功能复杂性的一种度量,物种多样性的空间分布格局受许多环境因子的影响.运用多样性指数,多层感知器网络,分析了松山保护区森林群落物种多样性与群落类型、结构和生境之间的关系.结果表明:(1)大果榆+山杨混交林、油松+青杨混交林物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度均较高,而大果榆林、华北落叶松林的各项指数值均较低.Patrick指数和Shannon-Weiner指数在森林群落中均表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;Pielou指数在榆林中表现为草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层,而在其他森林群落中表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层.(2)功能层物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化趋势不同,在乔木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度随海拔的升高逐渐降低;在灌木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度均呈比较明显的单峰曲线变化趋势;在草本层,丰富度和多样性随海拔的升高都呈下降趋势,而在草本层,均匀度变化不大.(3)用多层感知器网络预测功能层多样性效果很好,结果发现坡向对乔木层和灌木层物种多样性的影响最大,而海拔高度对草本层物种多样性的影响最大.     

山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落物种多样性

在对山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落进行数量分类的基础上,运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对保护区内森林群落的物种多样性进行了研究,并对森林群落各层片之间的物种多样性进行了相关性分析.结果表明:(1)森林群落15个群丛的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数能很好地反映各群丛多样性变化规律.(2)各群丛的丰富度指数和物种多样性指数总体上呈现草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,草本层的均匀度最小,大多数森林群落乔木层和灌木层的均匀度比较接近.(3) Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数以及Pielou指数和Alatalo指数之间表现极显著差异性(P＜0.01).(4)群丛3(华北落叶松-土庄绣线菊+美蔷薇-东方草莓群丛)灌木层和草本层之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.643,P＜0.05);群丛8(白桦+山杨-灰栒子+美蔷薇-中亚苔草群丛)乔木层和灌木层呈显著负相关(r=-0.458,P＜0.05),灌木层和草本层则呈显著正相关(r=0.404,P＜0.05);群丛11(白杄-中亚苔草+烟管头草)的乔木层和草本层之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.949,P＜0.05).     

大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种多样性比较研究

在中国东北大兴安岭植物区、小兴安岭植物区及交错区,选择典型群落,采用物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数及均匀度指数,研究了大兴安岭植物区、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种构成和不同分布区群落的结构。分析比较了3个植物区物种多样性指数及不同生活型物种多样性指数及均匀度指数,结果表明：大、小兴安岭植物区与交错区植物种类过渡性明显,小兴安岭植物区和交错区植物群落结构以落叶松、红松、白桦针阔混交林为主,大兴安岭植物区以兴安落叶松、东北白桦、樟子松为主;大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种多样性指数表现为小兴安岭植物区＞交错区＞大兴安岭植物区;大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区不同生活型物种多样性指数变化为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,乔木层物种多样性指数差异显著,灌木层和草本层差异不显著。     

佛坪国家级自然保护区植物群落物种多样性特征

用物种多样性指数（Simpson指数和Shannon指数）、均匀度指数（Pielou均匀度）和物种丰富度,对佛坪国家级自然保护区主要高等植物群落物种多样性进行了测度。结果表明：森林群落的多样性程度高于灌丛和草甸,落叶阔叶林高于针叶林,栎林高于杨桦林。群落物种多样性有随海拔高度的升高而降低的趋势。物种多样性在森林群落垂直结构上的分布特点,表现为一般乔木层与灌木层接近但低于草本层。     

长白山北坡植物群落组成、结构及物种多样性的垂直分布

通过沿海拔梯度的系统调查,运用TWINSPAN分类方法,划分出长白山北坡的主要植物群落类型,对这些群落的组成和结构进行了分析。利用物种丰富度、α多样性和β多样性等指标,研究了群落多样性随海拔梯度的变化趋势。结果表明,乔木层植物可分为4个群落类型：从低海拔到高海拔依次为红松(Pinus koraiensis)针阔混交林、红松针阔叶树种与云冷杉组成的过渡群落、云冷杉暗针叶林以及岳桦林(Betula ermanii)。乔木层优势种重要值的分析清楚地反映出长白山北坡植被垂直带谱的优势成分。径级频度分布的分析表明该区域主要群落的自我更新状况良好。植物物种多样性随海拔梯度的变化趋势为：随海拔升高,乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度呈下降趋势,但草本层的变化趋势不明显;乔木层和灌木层的α多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数)呈下降趋势,草本层则变化不明显;无论是木本层还是草本层的Pielou均匀度指数均没有明显的变化;乔木层、灌木层和草本层植物的β多样性(Cody指数)均随着海拔的升高而下降。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.