中国柳莺属分类现状

柳莺属Phylloscopus一直是中国鸟类分类学中问题最多,研究最不完善的类群。在上世纪末的10年中,新增加了12种柳莺,包括新发现的3种和亚种被提升到种地位的9种。本文回顾和介绍了我国柳莺属分类研究概况,包括四川柳莺P.sichuanensis,海南柳莺P.hainanus和峨眉柳莺P.emeiensis3个新发现种。黄腰柳莺青藏亚种P.proregulus chloronotus和甘肃亚种P.p.kansuensis,黄腹柳莺P.affinis subaffinis亚种。黄腰柳莺青藏亚种P.proregulus chloronotus和甘肃亚种和P.c.sindianus亚种,黄眉柳莺P.inormatus humei亚种等的分类地位已由亚种升为种,但黑眉柳莺P.ricketti goodsoni亚种分类地位仍存在着争议,最后提出了目前我国柳莺属分类上尚存在的一些问题。     

棕眉柳莺鸣唱声谱分析及其地理差异的初步研究

2002、2005、2007年5-8月,在甘肃莲花山、宁夏贺兰山和内蒙阿拉善贺兰山等自然保护区对棕眉柳莺(Phylloscopus armandii)的鸣唱进行了采集,共录到18只108 min的鸣声.通过声谱分析,棕眉柳莺鸣唱的频率范围在2.63-6.32 kHz之间;音素数平均为5.56±2.47(n=124);持续时间为(1.07 4-0.30)s(rg=124).最长可达2.68 s.棕眉柳莺鸣唱音节之间的间隔时间差异较大,范围在2～18 8之间;从18只个体共589个音节中总结出61种音节类型,其中37种为共享音节,24种为特有音节,分别占总数的60.7%和39.3%.不同棕眉柳莺个体的鸣唱音节类型组成不同,没有任何两只棕眉柳莺个体的音节曲目完全一致.莲花山和内蒙贺兰山两个地区内个体之间的音节相似性系数存在显著差异(P=0.001).通过对棕眉柳莺鸣唱的地理变异分析,发现越是邻近分布的个体其鸣唱也越相似.     

中国柳莺属鸟类分类研究进展

柳莺属(Phylloscopus)是广泛分布于旧大陆地区的小型食虫鸟类,目前全世界已知66种,其中约50种见于亚洲。该属鸟类外部形态十分相近且同域分布种数较多,历来是鸟类分类学中的研究难点及热点。2003年贾陈喜等介绍了20世纪90年代以来发表的分布于我国的柳莺属鸟类新种及相关分类学变动,涉及3个新描述种和9个由亚种提升的种,共计30种26亚种。2003年以来关于柳莺属鸟类的分类学研究取得了许多新的成果,同时我国境内也发现了一些新的分布记录。综合最新的文献及分布资料,整理得知我国现有柳莺属鸟类41种31亚种,与2003年的状况相比已有较大的变化。主要表现在:新描述种方面,德国学者Martens等2008年描述了黄腹柳莺(P.affinis)种组中的一新种———华西柳莺(P.occisinensis);2010年瑞典学者Alstrm等报道在越南和老挝地区新发现的灰岩柳莺(P.calciatilis)已被证实在我国有分布;亚种提升为种方面,如日本柳莺(P.xanthodryas)自极北柳莺(P.borealis)中独立,冠纹柳莺(P.claudiae)和西南冠纹柳莺(P.reguloides)分开等;分类地位再评议方面,如灰头鹟莺(Seicercusxanthoschistos)实为灰头柳莺(P.xanthoschistos)等;新分布纪录方面,如欧柳莺(P.trochilus)在内蒙古达里诺尔湖地区发现确切记录等。现今对柳莺属鸟类分类学方面的研究已明显呈现出传统形态学、分子遗传学、声谱分析及野外鸣声回放实验等新老技术手段相整合,多方面多角度地阐述问题的局面。中国是世界柳莺属鸟种分布最多的国家(其中有9种仅在或主要于我国境内繁殖),但我国鸟类学者关于该属鸟类的研究工作并不多见。柳莺属鸟类在分类学和进化生物学等领域具有重要的研究价值,我国鸟类学工作者应当引起足够的重视和关注。     

基于鸣声模型的云南柳莺地理种群关系分析

将录自北京、甘肃、四川和陕西7个地区共117段云南柳莺(Phylloscopus yunnanensis)的鸣唱样本分别提取短时特征Mel倒谱系数(MFCC),利用系统聚类方法,构建云南柳莺不同地理种群鸣声特征之间的树状关系图,并对云南柳莺地理鸣声差异产生机制的可能因素(地理距离、海拔等)进行探讨。这是基于鸣声短时特征的物种识别在研究同一物种不同地理种群关系中的首次尝试。结果显示,其鸣声地理差异与距离之间没有显著相关性(Pearson,r=﹣0.036,P=0.762,n=117),但与海拔存在显著的相关性(Pearson,r=﹣0.836,P0.001,n=117)。     

盐城沿海海堤林带柳莺属(Phylloscopus)鸟类秋季迁徙规律

江苏盐城沿海具有广阔的平原与湿地滩涂,但缺少自然林地。经过多年的防风林建设,沿海海堤逐渐形成了特有的、南北走向的条带林生境,为迁徙鸟类提供了通道和停歇地,是研究鸟类迁徙规律的理想地点。柳莺属鸟类个体小,野外种类识别难,其迁徙规律缺乏深入研究。分别于2018年和2019年两个秋季,采用雾网法对盐城沿海海堤林带柳莺属鸟类的迁徙规律进行研究。结果表明：两个秋季共捕获柳莺属鸟类8种608只,其中极北柳莺（Phylloscopus borealis）、冕柳莺（P. coronatus）、淡脚柳莺（P. tenellipes）和黄眉柳莺（P. inornatus）的捕获数量分别为245只、131只、107只和94只,占捕获总数量的95%,是秋季迁徙期的优势种。对优势种柳莺日捕获率进行比较：2019年极北柳莺的日捕获率显著高于淡脚柳莺和黄眉柳莺（U test,P<0.05）。对捕获数量随时间变化进行分析,4种柳莺都以集中在短时间内快速通过的迁徙策略穿越盐城沿海海堤林带,符合秋季小型雀形目鸟类迁徙采取时间最小化假说。不同种类的柳莺在通过盐城沿海海堤林带的时间顺序上存在显著差异（K-W test,P<0.05）,2018年和2019年均以黄眉柳莺通过最晚。随着时间的推移,四种柳莺的脂肪度都逐渐下降。繁殖地纬度的差异可能是导致4种柳莺通过盐城沿海海堤林带时间差异的原因。盐城沿海海堤林带为柳莺属等雀形目小型鸟类的迁徙提供了非常理想的迁徙通道,应当加强海堤林带在鸟类迁徙和保护中的作用研究。     

中华叶柳莺的繁殖习性

中华叶柳莺（Phylloscopussichuanensis）是1992年才报道的鸟类新种［5］,1993年首次发现山西省有分布[1]。其形态和黄腰柳莺（P．proregulus）十分相似,但二者鸣声、生境选择差别甚大,和黄眉柳莺（P．inornatus）则差别比较明显,中华叶柳莺腰部为黄色,而黄眉柳莺的腰部为     

江西省鸟类新纪录——云南柳莺、绿背姬鹟

2010年至2011年在江西井冈山自然保护区鸟类调查过程中记录了云南柳莺Phylloscopus yunnanensis和绿背姬鹟Ficedula elisae,均是江西省鸟类新纪录,分别记述如下。云南柳莺Phylloscopus yunnanensis La Touche,1922     

庞泉沟冠纹柳莺繁殖习性的观察

冠纹柳莺（Ｐｈｙｌｏｓｃｏｐｕｓｒｅｇｕｌｏｉｄｅｓ）是庞泉沟保护区近几年来新发现的繁殖鸟类,从而使该区繁殖柳莺的种类增加为４种［１,２］。国内关于该种繁殖习性的报道尚少。为了系统搞清本区柳莺的生态资料,１９９３－１９９７年的４－９月,对该种的繁殖习...     

黑龙江省嫩江高峰林区2004年度鸟类环志监测报告

2004年在黑龙江省嫩江县高峰林场开展了鸟类环志研究工作,共环志鸟类100种22 194只,其中春季84种10 256只,秋季82种11 938只,隶属10目30科。春季以棕眉山岩鹨(Prunella montanella)、田(Emberiza rustica)、红胁蓝尾鸲(Tarsiger cyanurus)、燕雀(Fringilla montifringilla)、小(E.pusilla)、黄眉柳莺(Phylloscopus inornatus)、栗(E.rutila)等7种为迁徙鸟类的优势种(数量大于500只),环志7534只,占春季环志数量的73.5%;秋季以黄眉柳莺、燕雀、田、银喉长尾山雀(Aegithalos caudatus)、黄雀(Carduelis spinus)、白腰朱顶雀(C.flammea)等6种为迁徙鸟类的优势种,环志8764只,占秋季环志数量的73.4%;通过环志,发现两种黑龙江省鸟类新记录———姬鹬(Lymnocryptes minimus)、棕眉柳莺(P.armandi-i),高峰林场环志的白腰朱顶雀、红喉姬(Ficedula parva)分别被挪威、俄罗斯回收。这是欧洲国家...     

四川柳莺实为云南柳莺的同物异名

四川柳莺(Phylloscopus sichuanensis)是瑞典鸟类学家Alstrom等于1992年在我国四川卧龙自然保护区发现并定名的新种[1].当时,Alstrom等从形态、鸣声、栖息地和繁殖巢址等方面,说明了它是不同于黄腰柳莺(P.proregulus)的新种,并以其发现地四川命名.     

云南柳莺鸣声特点及地理差异的初步分析

1997、2002和2005年5～7月,在陕西省、四川省和甘肃省内共7个地区采集云南柳莺(Phylloscopus yunnanensis)的鸣声样本,并分析采自不同地区的共40只个体的鸣声.发现云南柳莺的鸣唱(song)和鸣叫(calls)在同一地区存在一定的差异.比较99段云南柳莺的鸣唱声,发现持续时间与间隔时间之间存在显著的负相关Pearson,r=-0.276,P=0.006,t=99).单因素方差分析表明,不同地区云南柳莺鸣唱的最高频率、最低频率和持续时间没有显著差异,而音节的间隔时间及音素数量均存在显著差异(P=0.006;P=0.000).结果表明,不同海拔、地区之间个体鸣唱音节间隔时间与海拔成正相关(Pearson,r=0.425,P=0.03,n=26).     

A new species of Phylloscopus warbler from Sichuan Province, China

A new species of leaf warbler (Sylviidae: Phylloscopus ) is described from the mountain Emei Shan, Sichuan Province, China. Morphologically it is extremely similar to, yet significantly different from, the sympatric Blyth's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus reguloides and White-tailed Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus davisoni. Songs and calls are both very different from P. reguloides and P. davisoni, and playback tests confirmed the specific status of the new species.     

以鸟类视觉模型揭示中杜鹃对冠纹柳莺的卵色模拟(英文)

于2009年4—7月,采用光谱仪量化卵色和建立鸟类视觉模型的方法,在贵州宽阔水自然保护区对中杜鹃(Cuculus saturatus)寄生冠纹柳莺(Phylloscopus reguloides)的卵色模拟进行了研究。中杜鹃产白色卵带极少数而微小的棕色斑,明显大于宿主卵,重2.06g,体积1.91cm3。从人眼看,中杜鹃卵对宿主卵在很大程度上是模拟的,但视觉模型表明,两者的卵色在色调和色度上都完全分离,揭示了人眼探测不到的卵色模拟情况。该文首次对中杜鹃的雏鸟特征进行描述,在4日龄以后雏鸟嘴裂中出现三角形黑斑,并随着日龄的增长而更加明显,这种特征在霍氏中杜鹃(C.optatus)的雏鸟中也存在,但未见于其他种类的杜鹃雏鸟。     

湖南壶瓶山发现白喉针尾雨燕和乌嘴柳莺

正2013年9月13日,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区(以下简称壶瓶山保护区)壶瓶山主峰(30°06'53.2″N,110°47'14.7″E,海拔2 099 m),观察到2只白喉针尾雨燕(Hirundapus caudacutus)。2013年9月23日、24日,先后又在顶坪瞭望塔上(30°02'57.6″N,110°31'22.6″E,海拔1832 m)、神景洞碑垭(30°03'34.9″N,110°31'22.6″E,海拔1711 m)共观察到8只白喉针尾雨燕。白喉针尾雨燕在中国主要分布于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、青海、西藏、四川、贵州、云南以及台湾(赵     

The Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis– three anciently separated cryptic species revealed

The Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis breeds across the northern Palaearctic and northwestern‐most Nearctic, from northern Scandinavia to Alaska, extending south to southern Japan, and winters in Southeast Asia, the Philippines and Indonesia. Several subspecies have been described based on subtle morphological characteristics, although the taxonomy varies considerably among different authors. A recent study (T. Saitoh et al. (2010) BMC Evol. Biol. 10 : 35) identified three main mitochondrial DNA clades, corresponding to: (1) continental Eurasia and Alaska, (2) south Kamchatka, Sakhalin and northeast Hokkaido, and (3) most of Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). These three clades were estimated to have diverged during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene (border at c. 2.6 million years ago). Differences in morphometrics have also been reported among members of the three clades (T. Saitoh et al. (2008) Ornithol. Sci. 7 : 135–142). Here we analyse songs and calls from throughout the range of the Arctic Warbler, and conclude that these differ markedly and consistently among the populations representing the three mitochondrial clades. Kurile populations, for which no sequence data are available, are shown to belong to the second clade. To determine the correct application of available scientific names, mitochondrial DNA was sequenced from three name‐bearing type specimens collected on migration or in the winter quarters. Based on the congruent variation in mitochondrial DNA, morphology and vocalizations, we propose that three species be recognized: Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis (sensu stricto) (continental Eurasia and Alaska), Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus examinandus (Kamchatka (at least the southern part), Sakhalin, Hokkaido and Kurile Islands), and Japanese Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus xanthodryas (Japan except Hokkaido).     

Description of a new species of Phylloscopus warbler from Vietnam and Laos

A new species of Phylloscopus warbler, which we name Phylloscopus calciatilis Limestone Leaf Warbler, is described from central and northern Vietnam and central and northern Laos; it probably also breeds in southernmost China. In morphology, the new species is very similar to Sulphur-breasted Warbler Phylloscopus ricketti , but it is smaller with a proportionately larger bill and rounder wing. Its song and calls are diagnostic. Based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, the new species is most closely related to P. ricketti and Yellow-vented Warbler Phylloscopus cantator , and it is inferred to be sister to the latter. The mitochondrial divergences between these three species are at the low end of the variation found in other species of Phylloscopus and Seicercus warblers, but greater than in other taxa generally treated as subspecies. Possible introgressive hybridization between the new species and P. ricketti is discussed, but more data are needed to establish whether it does occur and, if it does, to what extent. The new species appears to have a restricted breeding range in limestone karst environments, where it is locally common and therefore not under any immediate threat. In view of the recognition of the new species, all previous records of P. ricketti sensu lato need to be re-evaluated.     

Altitudinal distribution of territorial Pallas’s Leaf Warblers (Phylloscopus proregulus) in Korea and its disruption by fir (Abies)-planting

Pallas’s Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus) is a common breeding bird above 700 m in the forests of the Myohyang range, Korea. Within the largely natural forest are several temple gardens, four of which at 140–520 m held territorial Pallas’s Leaf Warblers. All had mature planted firs (Abies), which occur naturally in the area only over 1,000 m. The planted firs evidently stimulated the warblers to settle below their natural altitudinal range, but cannot be the only stimulus because the natural lower distribution of the warbler is 300 m below that of the tree.     

The effect of interspecific aggression on territorial dynamics in Acrocephalus Warblers in a marsh area of north-western Italy

Observations carried out on an Acrocephalus community in north-western Italy during the breeding period have confirmed the occurrence of interspecific territoriality, with Acrocephalus arundinaceus aggressively dominant toward A. scirpaceus and A. palustris. The adaptive character of such an interspecific territoriality is discussed. Data seem to suggest that shifts in territories are also depending on interspecific interactions, even though intraspecific interactions have been confirmed to have the major weight in such a phenomenon. Great Reed Warbler territories resulted to be significantly larger than those of Marsh and Reed Warbler. It may be supposed that the Great Reed Warbler has larger territories as a consequence of its stronger aggressiveness.