刈割对苜蓿主要害虫种群数量动态的影响

在甘肃省定西市九华沟系统研究了刈割对苜蓿主要害虫种群数量动态的影响.结果表明,刈割对害虫种群数量的影响在不同害虫种类之间存在明显差异.刈割对苜蓿斑蚜、豌豆蚜和蓟马的控制效果非常明显.6月初第1次刈割能极显著降低其季节平均数量,并使其保持较低的种群密度水平,7月中旬第2次刈割对其季节平均数量的影响小于第1次刈割.刈割对盲蝽种群的影响有所不同,虽然第1次刈割初期盲蝽的种群数量显著低于未刈割田,但刈割后盲蝽的种群数量回升较快,到8月上旬其种群数量显著高于未刈割田.第2次刈割对其季节平均数量的影响大于第1次刈割.     

蚜虱净对苜蓿主要害虫及天敌种群数量的影响

在甘肃省定西市九华沟系统研究了喷施蚜虱净对苜蓿主要害虫及天敌种群数量动态的影响。结果表明,施药田蚜虫和蓟马的季节平均数量极显著高于对照田,而盲蝽和瓢虫、小花蝽、蜘蛛等大多数天敌的季节平均数量则极显著低于对照田,寄生蜂与对照田没有湿著差异。喷施蚜虱净对种群数量时序动态的影响在不同害虫和天敌种类中表现不同,5月底施药后7d对照田蚜虫和蓟马的种群数量分别为施药田的4．13倍和5．2倍,此后施药田害虫的种群数量开始迅速增加,到6月底2种害虫的种群数量均与对照田无显著差异,到7月中旬以后反而显著高于对照田。施药对盲蝽种群数量时序动态的影响与蚜虫和蓟马不同,5月底施药后盲蝽的种群数量一直显著低于对照田,直到7月下旬以后,种群数量才恢复到对照田的水平。喷施蚜虱净对天敌种群数量的时序动态有极显著的影响,大多数天敌的种群数量在5月底施药后到7月底都一直显著低于对照田,直到8月上旬才恢复到对照田的水平。施用杀虫剂在防治害虫的同时杀伤大量天敌,使害虫的种群数量迅速增加,甚至造成更严重的为害。因此在菖蓿上使用对天敌杀伤力小的杀虫剂对保持天敌的自然控制能力有重要作用。     

刈割对苜蓿人工草地昆虫群落结构及动态的影响

运用物种丰富度 (S)、个体数量 (N)、申农指数 (Shannon' s index,H′)、均匀度指数 (E)作为多样性分析的综合指标 ,分析了不同刈割次数苜蓿人工草地昆虫的群落结构和季节动态。结果表明 ,刈割对群落物种丰富度的影响主要是部分稀有害虫种类 ,对优势种和常见种的影响较小。随着刈割次数的增加 ,害虫的物种丰富度下降。刈割对天敌的种类及数量影响较小 ,其影响主要发生在刈割初期。苜蓿人工草地昆虫各类群落的多样性和均匀度指标在时间过程中的变化呈明显的差异和规律性 ,且受刈割次数的影响较大。当 6月上旬苜蓿进入现蕾末期和开花初期时 ,正值害虫始盛期 ,蚜虫、蓟马、盲蝽等优势类群的虫口数量很大 ,总群落和害虫亚群落的多样性和均匀度均很低 ,此时刈割 ,可以有效地降低优势害虫类群的虫口数量 ,提高各类群落的多样性和均匀度 ,增强天敌的自然控制能力 ,使第 2茬苜蓿的害虫数量一直保持在较低的水平。在苜蓿种子生产田 ,当 6月上旬害虫进入始盛期后 ,数量开始急速增长 ,是防治的关键时期     

南疆棉田盲蝽类害虫种群数量动态

2002 ~2004年研究了南疆地区棉花盲蝽类害虫的发生和种群动态及棉花品种的影响。结果表明,危害棉花的盲蝽类害虫有牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis(L.)和苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus(Goeze) ,其中牧草盲蝽为主要为害种类,其数量占盲蝽类害虫的99.93 %。2002,2003和2004年,牧草盲蝽最高密度分别为56.0,105.3和53.7头/百株,而苜蓿盲蝽3年中最高密度<0.1头/百株。对转基因抗虫棉GK19(表达Cry1A杀虫蛋白)、SGK321(表达Cry1A/CpTI杀虫蛋白)和普通棉花泗棉3号、石远321的研究表明2种盲蝽在不同品种上的季节性数量动态没有显著性差别。     

转Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉对棉田害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响

002年在河北省南皮县对转Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉（SGK321）棉田害虫及其天敌种群动态的研究结果表明,SGK321棉田及其亲本对照棉（石远321）棉田的害虫和捕食性天敌的种类基本相同,但数量差异较大。但在5月23日至9月16日的24次调查中,SGK321棉田的5 种主要害虫棉铃虫、棉蚜、绿盲蝽、棉粉虱、小绿叶蝉的总数量分别较其亲本石远321棉田降低89.5%、64.5%、21.8%、15.6%和33.7%。SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群总数量分别比石远321棉田增高34.0%和9.1%,但异色瓢虫、小花蝽、异须盲蝽、蚜茧蜂和蜘蛛类的种群数量分别降低28.6%、6.5%、43.1%、44.7%和14.0%。主要害虫和天敌种群动态的监测表明,棉蚜、小绿叶蝉和棉粉虱的发生高峰期分别为7月中下旬,8月下旬至9月中旬,8月下旬至9月上、中旬。在三者的高峰期内,SGK321棉田的种群数量基本上低于对照田。龟纹瓢虫的发生高峰期为7月上旬到8月上、中旬,且SGK321棉田的种群数量高于对照田。研究表明, SGK321在对棉铃虫具有很好抗性的同时,对棉蚜、棉粉虱、绿盲蝽、小绿叶蝉等非靶标害虫的发生也有一定的抑制作用;SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群数量增加,其他主要天敌的数量则有所降低,表明SGK321对某些天敌种类的种群动态存在不利影响。     

播种时间对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响

通过对3种不同时间播种的棉田内害虫、天敌系统调查,分析和比较了播种时间对棉田害虫、天敌种群和群落的影响。结果表明,播种期推后,可减轻或避免第二代棉铃虫的为害,加重第三代和第四代棉铃虫的为害;但不同播种日期对不同时期的棉蚜影响不同,苗蚜以迟播棉田内种群数量最高,伏蚜则以夏播棉田内种群数量最高。播种期的推后,不利于棉田捕食性瓢虫、蝽类、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌种群增长。棉田害虫和天敌群落多样性指数也随播种期的推后而下降．因此．应针对不同时间播种的棉田开展相应的害虫生态管理。     

小麦间作大蒜或油菜对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌种群动态的影响

麦长管蚜是我国冬小麦产区的重要害虫.试验探索了不同间作方式对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌的影响.结果表明,在调查期内,麦-油(油菜)间作田和麦-蒜(大蒜)间作田中麦长管蚜无翅蚜的种群密度多显著低于单作田;麦-油间作田中有较高的瓢虫种群密度和瓢蚜比;5月2日前,麦-油间作田中蚜茧蜂的种群密度高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田;5月5日后,麦-油间作田的僵蚜率和蜂/蚜比也显著高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田;麦-蒜间作田有翅蚜的种群数量较高,但瓢虫和蚜茧蜂的种群数量无明显变化.麦-油间作和麦-蒜间作均能对麦田中麦长管蚜起到较好的控制作用.     

刈割频次对白三叶能量分配及构型的影响

4～ 10月 ,在亚热带高山人工草地 ,通过生长季割 2、4和 7次的刈割试验后发现 ,不同刈割频次对翌年白三叶能量分配、构件密度、分枝数量及分枝角度影响显著 .随刈割频次的增加 ,白三叶匍匐茎的能量分配递增 ,分别为 42 .8%、44 .9%、47.7% ,而单位长度茎所含能量递减 ,分别为 13 .0、12 .2和 11.1kJ·m-1;叶密度、茎密度、分枝数量及节间长度出现低→高→低的变化趋势 .提高刈割频次后 ,白三叶的分枝强度由 15分枝·m-1递增到 2 3 .7分枝·m-1;分枝角度由 49.5°递增到 60 .2° ,从而提高了白三叶种群在刈割干扰下对土壤微生境资源的利用率     

间种牧草枣林刈草对树上昆虫群落结构及动态的影响

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2004年在太谷地区间种牧草枣林,运用物种丰富度、多样性与相对丰盛度指数作为多样性分析的综合指标,系统地研究不同刈草次数对树上昆虫群落结构及动态的影响,结果表明：刈草对害虫亚群落的物种数的影响较小,对天敌亚群落与中性昆虫的物种数影响较大,随着刈割次数的增加,昆虫群落各类群的多样性与相对丰盛度指数的时序变化凸现明显的差异与规律性,且受刈割次数的影响较大,当6月上旬进行第1次刈割后,对昆虫群落的结构动态影响明显,但很快即可得到恢复,当7月中旬实施第2次刈割后,对害虫亚群落物种数影响较小,但对天敌亚群落与中性昆虫的物种数影响较大,并且对昆虫群落的多样性与相对丰盛度的影响较为明显,这种影响待枣果采收后才逐渐得到恢复,因此刈割后应对枣树害虫及时给予管理。     

苜蓿邻作麦田地表步甲和蜘蛛种群动态及其对苜蓿刈割的响应

设计苜蓿-麦邻作与麦-麦邻作的农田界面捕食性天敌空间分布对比试验,在距离交接界面3、6、9、12、15、18、21、24和27 m处设诱集小区,采用陷阱法诱集调查地表步甲和蜘蛛种类与数量.结果表明: 不同界面麦田边缘地表步甲和蜘蛛物种多样性和多度都表现出一定的边际效应.苜蓿 麦界面15～18 m范围内边际效应明显,超过20 m, 边际效应逐渐消失.麦-麦界面的边缘效应明显弱于苜蓿 麦界面.苜蓿的刈割使苜蓿田中的天敌向邻作麦田迁移,苜蓿刈割后10 d内,邻作小麦田20 m内地表步甲和蜘蛛种类和个体数都有所增加,其中个体数的增长幅度大、速度快.绘制了苜蓿-麦界面地表步甲和蜘蛛的物种多样性和优势种(毛青步甲和星豹蛛)种群数量空间动态分布图,能直观地看出天敌由苜蓿向小麦田的迁移过程.     

不同烟草品种上节肢动物种群数量动态的研究

１９９８年５～７月对合肥郊区自然状态下Ｎｃ８９、Ｎｃ８２和Ｋ３２６烟草生产品种上重要节肢动物种群数量消长规律进行了系统研究．结果表明,烟田重要蜘蛛类天敌是皿蛛、狼蛛、球蛛、肖蛸蛛、蟹蛛、跳蛛和管巢蛛等,重要昆虫类天敌是烟蚜茧峰（Ａｐｈｉｄｉｕｓｇｉｆｕｅｎｓｉｓ）、瓢虫、隐翅甲、步甲、大灰食蚜蝇（Ｓｙｒｐｈａｓｃｏｒａｌａｅ）和小花蝽（Ｏｒｉｕｓｍｉｕｔｕｓ）等,重要害虫是烟蚜（Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ）、烟青虫（Ｈｅｌｉｏｔｈｉｓａｓｕｌｔａ）、斑须蝽（Ｄｏｌｙｃｏｒｉｓｂａｃａｒｕｍ）和油葫芦（Ｇｒｙｌｕｓｔｅｓｔａｃｅｕｓ）等．烟蚜种群数量消长有两个明显的峰值,分别出现在５月１６日和６月１３～２１日前后．文中对烟蚜种群数量动态模型,烟蚜和草间小黑蛛（Ｅｒｉｇｏｎｉｄｉｕｍｇｒａｍｉｎｉｃｏｌａ）种群相互作用做了分析．烟蚜茧蜂种群平均数量Ｎｃ８９烟草品种显著高于Ｎｃ８２和Ｋ３２６,主要害虫个体总数平均数量Ｎｃ８９品种显著高于Ｋ３２６,不同烟草品种上的其它节肢动物种群平均数量均无显著差异     

The impact of irrigation frequency on population density of thrips, Thrips tabaci Rom (Thripidae, Thysanoptera) and yield of onion in E1 Rahad, Sudan

Vegetable farmers of the El Rahad Scheme (a newly developed scheme situated between latitude 13°31′–14°25′ north and longitude 33°31–34°32′ east) used to extend irrigation frequency for onion production as they believed it would hamper and suppress thrips incidence. Thrips, T. tabaci, is the only major insect pest of onion in the El Rahad Scheme and the influence of irrigation intervals on the population density of the pest and on onion yield was not quantified. Irrigation is a factor in the development of crop pests and the levels of the pest population are related to the commencement of irrigation. The effect of irrigation frequency on the development of onion thrips and yield was investigated and the response was found to be a significant increase in the population density of the pests from February to March with shorter irrigation frequency. A steady increase of thrips population was noted from February and March and a sharp decline was recorded in April during both the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons. At wider irrigation intervals, levels of the pest population were significantly less from February to March during both seasons. Total bulb yield and average bulb weight were significantly higher at shorter irrigation frequencies when compared with extended frequencies. The same pattern of results existed throughout the course of the experiment.     

The effect of predators and hymenopterous parasites on population fluctuations of alfalfa aphids

Among alfalfa pests in Iran three aphid species, green alfalfa aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis trifolii forma maculata Buckton and blue alfalfa aphid, Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji are important pests. The green alfalfa aphid can be observed all along the growing season particularly from late May to mid June at Karaj climate conditions. During this period, the mean monthly maximum temperature and relative humidity were about 28 degrees C and 60-65% respectively. This aphid overwinters as nymph and viviparous female. Sexual forms and eggs could not be seen under field conditions. Spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii fonna maculata is the most prevalent aphid in summer time, when the mean monthly maximum temperature and relative humidity are about 33-34 degrees C and 44-58% respectively. Sexual individuals have been observed in the laboratory but not in the field. Among predators (Coccinella septempunctata, Adonia variegata, Syrphus cinctus, S. corolae, S. grassulariae, Chrysoperla carnea and Nabis capsiformis) one coccinellid species, C. septempunctata, had greatest impact on fluctuations of population. Among hymenopterous parasitoids two species have been collected from alfalfa field they were Aphidius ervi and Praon palitans. These parasitoids destroyed a good percent of aphids and statistically proved to lower aphid populations significantly.     

The Mirid Bug Dicyphus tamaninii as a Greenhouse Whitefly and Western Flower Thrips Predator on Cucumber

Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner is a polyphagous predator that also feeds on plants. Its effectiveness against several pests has been tested and good results have been obtained on tomato, but not on cucumber. This paper reports the results of three exclusion cage experiments. The first was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of D. tamaninii for reducing greenhouse whitefly and western flower thrips populations on cucumber. The second experiment examined the safety of the mirid bug in terms of the potential for damaging cucumber fruits even at very low prey densities. Two predator (3 and 18 insects/plant) and variable prey release rates were used. The predator was able to reduce whitefly populations greatly, even at high initial pest infestation levels, especially at the higher release rate. Western flower thrips populations were maintained at very low densities a few weeks after the predator had been introduced into cages at the two release rates tested. The mirid bug was barely able to reproduce on cucumber in the absence of prey. Mirid feeding punctures on cucumber fruit or yield decrease due to the action of mirids were not observed. The potential of this mirid bug for inoculative and conservation biological control is discussed.     

Evaluation of Dicyphus hersperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) for biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on greenhouse tomato

The effectiveness of inoculative releases of the mirid predator Dicyphus hesperus Knight for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) on greenhouse tomatoes was evaluated in terms of suppression of the population densities of F. occidentalis and associated fruit damage in the presence of the predator over two seasonal trials. An inoculative release of one D. hesperus per plant (approximately 0.1:10 predator:prey ratio) at a high F. occidentalis population density (140 thrips per plant) suppressed the thrips population density to a significantly lower level, compared with the nonrelease greenhouse, but not below a thrips level that caused economic fruit damage. As the predator:prey ratio increased to approximately 0.5:10 D. hesperus:F. occidentalis, the mean percentage of the thrips-damaged fruit in the D. hesperus release greenhouse decreased to 1.6%. However, the amount of fruit feeding by D. hesperus was highly correlated to the availability of prey (or predator:prey ratio) under greenhouse conditions. D. hesperus-induced fruit damage occurred when the predator:prey ratio was >1:10 D. hesperus:F. occidentalis. Considering the potential risk of fruit damage by D. hesperus and the need for effective control of F. occidentalis, a 0.5-1:10 D. hesperus:F. occidentalis ratio is recommended when the thrips population density is in the range of 60-150 thrips per plant.     

Automatic greenhouse insect pest detection and recognition based on a cascaded deep learning classification method

Inspection of insect sticky paper traps is an essential task for an effective integrated pest management (IPM) programme. However, identification and counting of the insect pests stuck on the traps is a very cumbersome task. Therefore, an efficient approach is needed to alleviate the problem and to provide timely information on insect pests. In this research, an automatic method for the multi-class recognition of small-size greenhouse insect pests on sticky paper trap images acquired by wireless imaging devices is proposed. The developed algorithm features a cascaded approach that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) object detector and CNN image classifiers, separately. The object detector was trained for detecting objects in an image, and a CNN classifier was applied to further filter out non-insect objects from the detected objects in the first stage. The obtained insect objects were then further classified into flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae), gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae), thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), using a multi-class CNN classifier in the second stage. Advantages of this approach include flexibility in adding more classes to the multi-class insect classifier and sample control strategies to improve classification performance. The algorithm was developed and tested for images taken by multiple wireless imaging devices installed in several greenhouses under natural and variable lighting environments. Based on the testing results from long-term experiments in greenhouses, it was found that the algorithm could achieve average F₁-scores of 0.92 and 0.90 and mean counting accuracies of 0.91 and 0.90, as tested on a separate 6-month image data set and on an image data set from a different greenhouse, respectively. The proposed method in this research resolves important problems for the automated recognition of insect pests and provides instantaneous information of insect pest occurrences in greenhouses, which offers vast potential for developing more efficient IPM strategies in agriculture.     

Seasonal population dynamics of dusky cotton bug (Oxycarenus spp.) in transgenic cotton varieties under field conditions

Dusky cotton bug (Oxycarenus spp.) has become a major insect pest for cotton crop in Pakistan. Transgenic cotton varieties provided resistance to a variety of insects pests. But, these are not safe for this emerging potential threat. In present study, nine transgenic cotton varieties (IUB-222, MNH-886, FH-142, CIM-599, A-555, CIM-602, NIAB-777, MNH-786 and Bt-666) were assessed for seasonal population dynamics of dusky cotton bug (DCB) under field conditions. All transgenic varieties showed a differential DCB population over the months and no transgenic variety was free from DCB population throughout the crop duration. DCB population appeared during 3rd week of July and crossed the economic threshold level (10–15 nymph/ adults or both per plant) during August. A substantial increase in DCB population was noted during September-November with its peak population during October, 2014. Among all varieties, three varieties (CIM-599, CIM-602 & IUB-222) showed a significantly lower mean population per plant (37.76, 37.87, 43.84) and two varieties (FH-142, MNH-886) gave highest population (44.71, 46.81), respectively. Correlation matrix revealed that low temperature and high humidity were promoting the DCB population. Cluster analysis revealed interesting findings that IUB-222 with least population fall in a cluster where other two varieties (FH-142 & MNH-886) possessed highest population. Moreover, two varieties (CIM-599 & CIM-602) with least population fall in second cluster regarding DCB population. These findings would be helpful for the farmers to select the varieties that showed relatively higher resistance towards DCB population and to adopt proper management strategies keeping in view the trend of DCB population during the crop season.     

Epizootiological study ofNeozygites parvispora (Zygomycota: Entomophthoraceae) in a population ofFrankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on pepper in sicily

This paper describes an epizootic of the entomopathogenic fungusNeozygites parvispora occurring in a population ofFrankliniella occidentalis in a pepper crop under plastic-house, in south-eastern Sicily (Italy). The progress of the epizootic in the thrips population was monitored weekly, from December 1990 to April 1991. Infections ofN. parvispora caused up to more than 60% mortality of the mobile developmental stages of the thrips, reducing consistently both the insect population density and the proportion of flowers and leaves infested by thrips. All mobile developmental stages of the thrips (adults, 1 st- and 2nd-instar larvae) were susceptible to the infections ofN. parvispora. The incidence of mycosis in each developmental stage was positively correlated with its respective proportion in the thrips population.