猪雌激素受体基因Pvu II多态性与产仔数性状的关系

雌激素受体（estrogen receptor,ESR）能调控雌激素的合成,影响繁殖功能。将ESR基因作为控制猪产仔数的候选基因,分析其Pvu II多态性与高产猪种莱芜猪和国外引进猪种长白猪产仔数的关系。序列分析发现,PCR扩增区56bp的Pvu II酶切片段位于RFLP分析获得的37kb正向序列的起始部分。因ESR基因在高产仔数的莱芜猪中的Pvu II多态性分布不能证实B基因为优势基因,故推测37kb条带对该猪种产仔数可能不起决定作用。 Abstract:Estrogen receptor (ESR) can regulate the synthesis of oestrogen and affect the reproduction of swine.The relationship between PvuII polymorphisms at estrogen receptor gene and litter size was analyzed in Laiwu breed and Landrace breed by candidate gene method.The results were shown that 56bp of PvuII polymorphisms was the same as the beginning sequence of 37kb of RFLP.The distribution of PvuII polymorphisms also could not prove that B gene was a superior gene,and there was no decisive effect of 37kb band on litter size in pigs.     

Efficient production of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (sFat-1)-transgenic pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Omega-3(ω-3) fatty acid desaturase transgenic pigs may improve carcass fatty acid composition. The use of transgenic pigs is also an excellent large animal model for studying the role of ω-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease and cancer. Transgenic pigs carrying synthesized fatty acid desaturase-1 gene (sFat-1) from Caenorhabditis briggsae by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) were produced for the first time in China. Porcine fetal fibroblast cells were transfected with a sFat-1 expression cassette by the liposome-mediated method. Transgenic embryos were reconstructed by nuclear transfer of positive cells into enucleated in vitro matured oocytes. A total of 1889 reconstructed embryos were transferred into 10 naturally cycling gilts. Nine early pregnancies were established, 7 of which went to term. Twenty-one piglets were born. The cloning efficiency was 1.1% (born piglets/transferred embryos). The integration of the sFat-1 gene was confirmed in 15 live cloned piglets by PCR and Southern blot except for 2 piglets. Expression of the sFat-1 gene in 12 of 13 piglets was detected with RT-PCR. The data demonstrates that an efficient system for sFat-1 transgenic cloned pigs was developed, which led to the successful production of piglets expressing the sFat-1 gene.     

FSHβ subunit gene is associated with major gene controlling litter size in commercial pig breeds

An insertion fragment in porcine FSHβ subunit gene was cloned by PCR. Sequencing data show that the insertion is a retroposon of 292 bp siting in intronⅠ at the site between +809 and +810 base. Based on these results, a PCR programme was created to genotype animal individuals in different pig breeds at FSHβ locus and polymorphism of FSHβ gene was analyzed. With the combination of genotype and litter size of sows, it was demonstrated that FSHβ locus is closely associated with major gene controlling litter size in commercial pig breeds, such as Yorkshire, Landrace, Durco. Averagely the AA sows give more 1.5 piglets than BB sows do per litter.     

IGFBP3基因多态性与秦川牛部分屠宰性状的相关性 Polymorphisms of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Gene and Its Associations with Several Carcass Traits in Qinchuan Cattle

以IGFBP3基因作为秦川牛（Bos taurus）部分屠宰指标的侯选基因,在对60头秦川牛的IGFBP3基因进行PCR-RFLP和序列分析的基础上,对秦川牛群体中IGFBP3基因座等位基因和基因型频率的分布及其与秦川牛部分屠宰性状的关系进行了分析。结果发现,在秦川牛群体中,651 bp的PCR 产物经过限制性内切酶HaeIII消化后,表现出3种基因型,其中等位基因A、B及3种基因型AA、AB、BB的频率分别为0.84、0.16和070、0.28、0.02。经序列分析发现,第299位的C→A颠换（GGCC变成了GGAC）导致了1个HaeIII限制性酶切位点的丢失而产生了该基因座多态性。在所研究的群体中,该多态基因座处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P＞005）。对13头24月龄秦川牛进行屠宰分析,发现不同基因型对秦川牛部分屠宰指标有一定影响,AA、AB及BB型个体的屠宰率、净肉率及西冷、牛柳、眼肉和嫩肩肉的产率逐渐降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）;AA型个体的眼肌面积大于BB型个体（P＜0.05）,AB型和BB型个体胴体脂肪含量高于AA型个体（P＜0.01）。 Abstract:DNA samples from 60 Qinchuan cattle (Bos taurus) were analyzed with PCR-RFLPs and sequencing for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) gene.Fragments of 651 bp were amplified with two primers and the products of PCR were digested with restriction endonuclease HaeIII.The produced fragments showed three genotypes,namely AA,AB and BB after electrophoresis.Frequencies of the genotype AA,AB,BB and allele A,B were 0.7,0.28,0.02,and 0.84,0.16,respectively.Sequence analysis showed that a transversion of C→A at 299 nt resulted in loss of the cleaved site of restriction endonuclease HaeIII and produced this polymorphism.This polymorphic locus of IGFBP3 gene was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P＞0.05).The genotypes of AA,AB,BB slightly affected several slaughter and carcass traits of Qinchuan cattle.Dressing percentage,net meat percentage,striplion percentage,tenderloin percentage,ribeye percentage and tender shoulder percentage were decreased with the genotypes of AA,AB and BB in Qinchuan cattle,but it was not significant (P＞0.05).Average ribeye area in individuals of AA genotype was significantly higher than that in individuals of BB genotype (P＜0.05),and beef fat content in individuals of genotype AB and BB was significantly higher than that in individuals of AA genotype (P＜0.01).     

苯丙酮尿症分子遗传学研究进展

苯丙酮尿症是由于苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因突变引起的常染色体隐性遗传病。文章综述了苯丙酮尿症中的苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因的定位、结构、突变、调控以及突变基因的体外表达和苯丙氨酸羟化酶的三维结构特点等分子遗传学进展,阐述了苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因的突变对苯丙氨酸羟化酶的体外表达及其三维结构的影响, 以及部分基因型与表型相关的分子机制。 Abstract: Phenylketonuria(PKU) is one kinds of autusomal recessive disease caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase(PAH) gene mutation. This article reviews the recent molecular heredity progress on the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene’s orientation、structureand gene mutation and gene regulation. At same time, mutation gene in vitro expression and the character of 3D structure of PAH in PKU are involved. In this paper, also discussed the inflence of vitro expression and 3D protein structure by gene mutations and the molecular mechanism of the relationship between genotype and phenotype in PKU patient.     

Exploitation of genetic resources based on regulome and gene editing in crops

正Future breeding programs have to meet diverse demands of different consumers, which require massive genetic resources and variations. However, the number of natural existing haplotypes is always limited due to domestication and breeding process (Tanksley and Mc Couch, 1997). Compared with traditional genetic cloning approaches, elucidating how one gene is transcribed and how it regulates downstream workhorses will generate more information on the casual mutation(s) of the gene and its downstream targets.     

Structural analysis of DMD gene and its clinical application in Chinese.I.Bgl Ⅱ exon—containing fragment,RFLP and carrier detection

This article is one of the serial studies on the characteristics of the molecular structure for dystrophin gene in Chinese.By using the entire dystrophin cDNA(14kb) as a probe,the number and RFLPs of Bgl Ⅱ exon-containing fragments of the dystrophin gene were analysed.Four new Bgl Ⅱ fragments were found,two of them(3.7 and 6.2 kb) detected by comparing the hybridization patterns with cDNA1-2a,1a and 2a,one(9.3 kb) from the hybridization pattern with cDNA 9 by lengthening migrating distance of DNA fragments in electrophoresis,and another and (4.0 kb) by comparing the patterns with cDNA 11-14, 11a,11b,aac-12a and 14.The results indicated that the number of Bgl Ⅱ exon-containing fragments should be 59 rather than 55 reported previously,which laid the foundation of the Bgl Ⅱ partial restriction map for dystrophin gene.Three of the four RFLPs found in Caucacian appear in the hybridization patterns of three subclones,i.e. cDNA 2b-3,cDNA 4-5,and cDNA 5b-7.The values of expected heterozygote frequency(EHF) were 0.33,0.33 and 0.40,and the observed heterozygote frequency(OHF) were 0.40,0.40 and 0.48 respectively.Meanwhile,two new rare allelic fragments(15kb) were found in RFLPs from Bgl Ⅱ/2b-3 and Bgl Ⅱ/4-5a patterns respectively.These Bgl Ⅱ RFLPs and four XbaI RFLPs documented in our laboratory have been used to detect the carrier in 7 DMD families and 1 BMD family.Of the 69 individuals from the 8 families,11 females were diagnosed as the carriers with DMD mutation,4 females as the doubtful carriers,12 females were defined as normal genotype and 2 females as probably normal.The results suggest that the carrier testing method based on dosage intensity analysis and genotype analysis by using dystrophin cDNA as a probe will be more sensitive and accurate.     

Association of polymorphisms of Nrampl gene with immune function and production performance of large white pig

The present research was designed to study the association of polymorphism of natural resistance-associated macrophage proteinl （Nrampl） with some immune function and the production performance in Large White pig. The PCR-RFLP technique was applied to analyze the correlation between the polymorphisms of Nrampl gene and immune function [value of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes （PMN） obtained by Nitroblue Tetrazolium （NBT） Reduction and effect of Cytotoxin in Monocyte] and production performance in 165 Large White pigs. The results showed that there was one Nde I restriction locus in Large White pig, and both values of PMN by NBT Reduction and effect of Cytotoxin in Monocyte in genotype BB were higher than those in genotype AB （P〈0.05）. Simultaneously, the weight of 180-day-old pigs with genotype BB was higher than that with genotype AB （P〈0.05）. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between different genotypes of Nrampl gene and Immune function and production performance, and it can be regarded as a candidate gene of disease resistance. All these results provide valuable reference to further studies of pig disease resistance.     

Association of polymorphisms of Nramp1 gene with immune function and production performance of large white pig

The present research was designed to study the association of polymorphism of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein1 (Nramp1) with some immune function and the production performance in Large White pig. The PCR-RFLP technique was applied to analyze the correlation between the polymorphisms of Nramp1 gene and immune function [value of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN) obtained by Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Reduction and effect of Cytotoxin in Monocyte] and production performance in 165 Large White pigs. The results showed that there was one Nde I restriction locus in Large White pig, and both values of PMN by NBT Reduction and effect of Cytotoxin in Monocyte in genotype BB were higher than those in genotype AB (P<0.05). Simultaneously, the weight of 180-day-old pigs with genotype BB was higher than that with genotype AB (P<0.05). The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between different genotypes of Nramp1 gene and Immune function and production performance, and it can be regarded as a candidate gene of disease resistance. All these results provide valuable reference to further studies of pig disease resistance.     

绵羊产羔性状主效基因检测研究

以绵羊BMP15基因和BMPR-IB基因为候选基因,以湖羊、中国美利奴单胎品系、中国美利奴肉用和毛用多胎品系为研究对象,采用PCR-RFLP方法对候选基因进行单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点检测和基因型分析,同时研究基因对绵羊产羔数的影响。对BMP15基因进行SNP检测,结果未发现多态性位点;对BMPR-IB基因进行多态性检测,结果发现了一个A746 G SNP位点。依据A746 G SNP位点进行基因型分析,结果在各品种（系）羊中发现了3种基因型,即BB、B+和++。等位基因型频率在各品种（系）间差异极显著（P<0.001）,在湖羊中以BB基因型为主,在中国美利奴单胎品系中以++基因型为主, 而在中国美利奴肉用和毛用多胎品系中以B+基因型为主。BMPR-IB A746G位点的变异明显影响绵羊的产羔数,与++基因型母羊相比, BB和B+基因型母羊产羔数明显较多。研究结果同时表明,利用BMPR-IB基因型可以很好的预测母羊的产羔数。研究获得的这些结果强烈表明BMPR-IB为影响绵羊的产羔数的主效基因,可以用于对绵羊产羔数的选择。Abstract: The current study was designed to detect SNPs within BMP15 and BMPR-IB gene and investigate the effect of the genes on sheep litter size. Four sheep lines, HU-Yang, Chinese M erino monotocous, Chinese Merino multiparous for wool production and Chinese Merino multiparous for mutton production, were used in this study. Litter sizes were recorded for each ewe in the four lines. Primers for BMP15 and BMPR-IB gene were designed from database sheep sequence and polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP method. The results showed that there was no polymorphism with BMP15 gene among the four lines, and there was an A / G SNP with BMPR-IB gene at base 746 among the four lines. Three types of genotype (BB, B+ and ++), based on A / G locus, were found within each line. The frequencies of genotypes were significantly different among the lines (P<0.001), with BB genotype primarily existing in HU-Yang, ++ genotype in Chinese Merino monotocous line, and B+ genotype in Chinnese Merino multiparous lines. The A / G mutation influence significantly the sheep litter sizes, and the BB and B+ ewes had significant higher litter sizes than ++ ewes. The results of present study showed simultaneously that the genotype of BMPR-IB was a perfect predictor of the sheep litter sizes. These results intensively indicated that BMPR-IB is a major gene to affect litter size in sheep, and could be used as the molecular genetic marker to select litter size in sheep.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.