夏季黄东海中华哲水蚤种群分布、脂类含量和利用策略

度夏过程对黄东海中华哲水蚤其种群延续具有重要的意义。通过2011年08月黄东海现场调查航次研究了中华哲水蚤夏季种群的分布和脂类含量,探讨了中华哲水蚤度夏期间的能量利用策略。结果表明,夏季在黄海中部以及浙江近岸存在中华哲水蚤的密集分布区域。其中,黄海冷水团内的中华哲水蚤以C5期(平均为77.4%)个体为主,而冷水团周边及浙江近岸站位则主要由C5期(分别为32.3%和33.2%)和雌体(分别为41.3%和51.8%)组成。脂类含量结果显示,冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤的总脂含量最高(平均43.1μg/个),浙江近岸雌体的总脂含量(平均24.6μg/个)和黄海冷水团周边雌体的总脂含量(平均18.2μg/个)较低。在完全饥饿的假设下,冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤具有明显的代谢优势,其储存的脂类可以维持超过18天的代谢需求。而在浙江近岸以及冷水团周边,中华哲水蚤储存的脂类则只可维持3—6d的需求。由此推测,黄海冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤依靠储存的油脂和较低的摄食率度夏,而冷水团以外的种群则需要在适宜温度下积极摄食才能顺利度夏。     

藻类种类和浓度对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)摄食和消化酶活性的影响

通过饵料浓度差法在实验条件下研究了不同浓度的金藻、三角褐指藻和巴夫藻对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)摄食和消化酶活性的影响,结果表明:不同藻类和浓度对中华哲水蚤的摄食有明显的影响.(1)中华哲水蚤对3种饵料藻的摄食存在一饱和浓度,低于饱和浓度,摄食率随着食物浓度的增加而增加;高于饱和浓度,摄食率呈下降趋势.实验浓度下,中华哲水蚤对金藻、三角褐指藻和巴夫藻的最大摄食率分别为4664、6021 cells ml-1和4524 cells ml-1.滤水率随着食物浓度的增加而呈单一性的下降.(2)中华哲水蚤消化酶活性随藻类种类和浓度的变化而变化.不同藻类和浓度下,昆布多糖酶活性都明显高于麦芽糖酶和纤维二糖酶的活性,而麦芽糖酶活性又稍高于纤维二糖酶的活性.不同藻类喂养条件下,中华哲水蚤3种消化酶的活性发生了不同程度的变化,以巴夫藻喂养时酶活性稍高.     

脂肪酸对中华哲水蚤摄食两种海洋微藻的指示作用

在室内以饥饿培养为对照,以海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)培养中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus),研究了各脂肪酸标记对中华哲水蚤摄食不同饵料的指示作用。结果显示,海洋原甲藻中18 ∶ 4ω3、22 ∶ 6ω3含量较高,中肋骨条藻中16 ∶ 1ω7、20 ∶ 5ω3的含量较高。二者分别表现出典型的甲藻门和硅藻门的脂肪酸组成特征。中华哲水蚤的脂肪酸组成有两个特点:(1)20 ∶ 5ω3和22 ∶ 6ω3的含量均较高;(2)其体内表征桡足类浮游植物食性、由桡足类自身合成的20 ∶ 1和22 ∶ 1脂肪酸占有相当的比例。虽然中华哲水蚤对不同脂肪酸的吸收和转化效率不同,但以脂肪酸作为标记还是成功的指示了中华哲水蚤对微藻的摄食。在饥饿培养中,首先消耗的是那些浮游动物自身不能合成的多不饱和脂肪酸,而结构脂肪酸都表现出了较高的保守性。结合各脂肪酸标记变化趋势和Pearson相关性分析的结果认为,18 ∶ 4ω3、18 ∶ 4ω3/16 ∶ 1ω7、∑18/∑16能较好的指示中华哲水蚤对海洋原甲藻的摄食,仅16 ∶ 1ω7/18 ∶ 4ω3能指示中华哲水蚤对中肋骨条藻的摄食。     

渤海中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus Parvus)种群垂直移动生态适应性模型研究

用最优化适合度种群生态模型模拟研究了中华哲水蚤和小拟哲水蚤种群在渤海生态系统中的垂直移动模式。生命周期、世代时间、繁殖力和产卵量是决定这两种桡足类垂直移动的主要因素。在中华哲水蚤生活史类型中,无水平流动或水平流动速率很小时,昼夜的垂直移动能使其获得最优的生态适合度。水流的增加或方向的改变会使其在底层的停留时间增加。在小拟哲水蚤生活史类型中,随着水流的增加及其随之而来的损失率增高,其垂直移动的倾向逐步提高。     

春季东海中华哲水蚤对有害藻华物种的选择性摄食

2005年4月27日—6月5日在东海有害藻华高发区的6个典型站位采样,分析了浮游植物的群落结构,并采用现场实验研究了中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的选择性摄食.结果表明,中华哲水蚤对浮游植物的选择性摄食具有食物密度依赖性.低浮游植物细胞丰度下中华哲水蚤具有明显的选择性摄食行为,高浮游植物细胞丰度下中华哲水蚤摄食选择性由偏好转变为排斥,浮游植物细胞丰度329 cells·ml^-1是中华哲水蚤由偏好趋于排斥摄食的阈值.中华哲水蚤的选择性摄食还与食物组成有关,对于食物中的微型浮游动物,中华哲水蚤无选择性或排斥摄食.有害藻华发生区中华哲水蚤对具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)的偏好摄食以及对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)的排斥摄食,促使藻华的物种演替最终向米氏凯伦藻水华方向发展.     

氨基酸在黄东海食物网关键种——鯷鱼（Engraulis japonicus）食物链中的传递

采用活体饵料对黄东海生态系统食物网关键种食物链的中下营养层次"浮游植物-中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)-鯷鱼(Engraulis japonicus)"进行了室内模拟实验研究,以了解氨基酸在该食物链中的传递过程.通过76 d的培养实验,对采集样品做了14种氨基酸含量的定量分析.结果表明,在3个营养层次中中华哲水蚤起着十分关键的承上启下作用,它不仅将小球藻的植物性蛋白转化为动物性蛋白,大幅度地提高了赖氨酸的含量,而且将氨基酸总含量从小球藻的6.10%提高到24.16%.作为该食物网主要经济鱼类重要饵料的鯷鱼则进一步将氨基酸含量提高到27.06%.中华哲水蚤的氨基酸相对组成与小球藻有明显的相关性(r=0.606,p＜0.05),其中7种必需氨基酸的相关性相对较弱,而非必需氨基酸的相关性明显较强.鯷鱼的食性由合成饵料转变为活体中华哲水蚤时,其氨基酸量也随饵料的改变而有所变化,从与合成饵料相关转为与中华哲水蚤有更紧密的相关.鯷鱼排泄粪便中的氨基酸含量主要由新陈代谢的生理过程所决定.     

长江口北港和北支浮游动物群落比较

根据2004年5、8、11月和2005年2月在长江口4个航次的海洋综合调查,通过物种多样性、累积优势度曲线等群落水平指标和相似性检验分析(ANOSIM),对长江口北港和北支浮游动物群落及其主要优势种的差异,以及主要生态因子对浮游动物群落的影响进行了分析.结果表明：北港主要由潮汐影响的淡水和低盐水组成,北支由中、高盐水组成.春季,北港浮游动物丰度和多样性均低于北支,主要优势种为中华华哲水蚤;北支浮游动物优势种数较多,主要优势种为真刺唇角水蚤.夏季,北港和北支的多样性较接近,但种类组成差别较大,北港以中华华哲水蚤为主;北支由火腿许水蚤、虫肢歪水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤等构成河口和近岸群落.秋季,北港的丰度和多样性均低于北支,且两个水域的浮游动物群落差异明显,北港以中华华哲水蚤为主,北支则由小拟哲水蚤、针刺拟哲水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤和中华哲水蚤等组成.冬季,两个水域种数和多样性均较低,群落差别在四季中最小,均以中华华哲水蚤占绝对优势.温度和盐度及其相互作用是决定长江口浮游动物群落特征的最主要因素.其中温度是研究水域浮游动物群落季节变化的主要因素,而由径流和外海水之间的消长引起的盐度变化是北港和北支浮游动物群落区域变化的决定因素.     

氮、磷对镍在食物链上传递的影响

采用放射性同位素示踪法,研究氮或磷添加对镍在东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaienseLu)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)胞内累积的影响;并将其分别投喂中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)后,探讨镍在桡足类体内的吸收和生理周转。结果表明,经过24h暴露后,氮或磷显著影响这两种藻类对镍的吸收,且高浓度氮或磷均能促进镍在这两种藻类细胞内的累积,因而促进镍在中华哲水蚤体内的吸收;而镍在中华哲水蚤体内的生理周转率却不受氮或磷浓度的影响,似乎更受动物个体的生理状态影响;中华哲水蚤对镍的吸收率与藻类细胞内镍含量呈极显著相关(p<0.001),证明了"桡足类只吸收饵料细胞内的水相金属库"的假说。由此可见,近海富营养化可促进浮游植物对镍的吸收,进而影响该金属在浮游生物食物链上的传递。     

臭氧与氯对水蚤卵的孵化效应研究

水蚤是多种人体寄生虫的中间宿主,自来水厂常用臭氧和氯灭杀水蚤.本文研究了臭氧和氯以及氯在不同pH值水体中抑制水蚤卵孵化的效应浓度.结果表明:①各臭氧处理组(1～6 mg/L)中水蚤卵的孵化率(89.52％～97.85％)明显高于对照组(76.19％),臭氧对水蚤卵无灭活作用;②氯处理组(1～5 rg/L)中水蚤卵的孵化率为66.67％ ～ 96.00％,其中80％样品高于实验组的孵化率(78％),氯对水蚤卵无灭活作用;③在偏酸或偏碱的水体环境(pH5～6,pH9),随氯浓度增加,对其孵化率有极显著的抑制作用;④臭氧与氯对水蚤成体的灭活率达90％以上.经分析认为,自来水厂水池中的水蚤来源于原水以及炭滤池、砂滤池水内死水蚤受精卵的孵化,是净水厂反复发生水蚤的主要原因.提出利用臭氧或氯有效控制水蚤发生的处理技术.本研究在净水处理工艺中控制水蚤孳生方面具有实际应用价值与指导意义.     

滨海电厂冷却水余热和余氯对中华哲水蚤的影响

依据滨海电厂冷却系统的实际运作情况,模拟研究了滨海电厂冷却水余热和余氯对中华哲水蚤的影响.结果表明：中华哲水蚤的热忍受能力随暴露时间延长而降低,随驯化温度升高而升高.驯化温度为16 ℃～27 ℃的中华哲水蚤在持续受到15、30、45 min热冲击及持续升温暴露24和48 h的致死温度分别为29.9 ℃～31.7 ℃、29.4 ℃～31.0 ℃、28.9 ℃～30.3 ℃和26.9 ℃～28.5 ℃、26.4 ℃～28.0 ℃.当驯化温度升高到一定程度后,其热忍受能力不再上升.电厂冷却水中余氯对中华哲水蚤的毒性随驯化温度升高、升温幅度增大及暴露时间延长而增强.     

Determining the mass density of marine copepods and their eggs with a critical focus on some of the previously used methods

We collected Calanus finmarchicus copepodites CIV, CV and CVIfemales in a deep fjord on the west coast of Norway during April1996, May 1997 and November 1998. Eggs of C. finmarchicus andCalanus glacialis were collected during May 1989 in the BarentsSea. The sinking speeds of animals and eggs were measured ina homogeneous column with seawater of known density, and Stokeslaw was applied to estimate their mass density. Also the densitycontrast between the organisms and seawater was calculated.The mean mass density of C. finmarchicus ranged from 1.0274to 1.0452 g cm^–3. During spring copepodite stage CV hada significantly lower mean mass density (1.0345 g cm^–3)compared to CIV (1.0381 g cm^–3) and CVI females (1.0408g cm^–3). Copepods collected during winter had a distinctlylower mass density. The sinking speed of C. glacialis eggs followeda unimodal distribution, with a mean of 25.9 m day^–1,while sinking speeds of C. finmarchicus eggs were bimodal, thetwo groups of eggs having a mean sinking speed of 23.3 m day^–1and 35.4 m day^–1 respectively. Correspondingly the meanmass density was 1.0556 g cm^–3 for C. glacialis eggs andfor the two groups of C. finmarchicus eggs 1.0639 g cm^–3and 1.0812 g cm^–3. Results of earlier work, particularlyusing density gradient methods to determine mass density ofzooplankton, are critically reviewed, and it is suggested thatthis method should not be used to determine the mass densityof small organisms the size of C. finmarchicus.     

Seasonal Variation in Diel Production Pattern of Centropages tenuiremis in Xiamen Waters, China

The seasonal variations in diel production pattern, and egg hatching time of the copepod Centropages tenuiremis in Xiamen waters, China, were investigated between January and June of 2003. The results show that in the winter–spring (January to early May) the adult females tended to lay subitaneous eggs at night, while in the beginning of summer (late May–June) they tended to lay diapause eggs as well as subitaneous eggs during the daytime. The egg hatching time negatively correlated with water temperature. These results, combined with the fact that C. tenuiremis migrates vertically in Xiamen waters, may explain the reproductive strategy of this dominant species in winter–spring.     

Egg hatching inhibition: field evidence for population regulation in a treehole mosquito

ABSTRACT. 1. We investigated the influence of larval density on egg hatching in the treehole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) by submerging laboratory-produced egg batches in natural habitats stocked with fixed densities of larvae.
2. We found a significant decrease in hatching rate as larval density increased. The results suggest that inhibited eggs refrain from hatching into environments in which competitive effects of large larvae are potentially severe, and in which cannibalism may occur.
3. The amount of time the egg batches were exposed to experimental conditions (between 2 and 16 days) had no significant influence on hatch rate.     

Age, distribution and abundance of viable resting eggs of Acartia pacifica (Copepoda: Calanoida) in Xiamen Bay, China

The distribution and abundance of viable resting eggs of copepod Acartia pacifica in Xiamen Bay, China, were determined in the laboratory by the presence of nauplii hatched from the sediments. Sediment cores to a depth of 30 cm, sliced at 1.0 cm intervals, showed that most viable resting eggs of A. pacifica occurred near the sediment surface (0-5 cm), and the number of viable eggs sharply decreased with depth of the sediment, although resting eggs remained viable as deep as 23 cm. ²¹⁰Pb analyses of the sediments indicated that the maximum age of viable eggs of A. pacifica was 20.5 years and the mean egg age was 4.3 years. The egg mortality of A. pacifica in the sediment was 0.1408 year⁻¹, or 85.92% annual egg survival, calculated by regressing ln(egg density) on the age of the sediment. The horizontal distribution of viable resting eggs ranged from 2.27×10³ to 3.85×10⁵ m⁻², with a mean value of 9.49×10⁴ m⁻². Regressions between viable eggs of A. pacifica and all fine-fraction particle size classes (at 2 μm intervals) were not significant. The accumulation of viable resting eggs that can persist for an extended period of time provided evidence for the existence of an egg bank of A. pacifica in the seabed of Xiamen Bay.     

几种生态因子对曼氏无针乌贼野生和养殖卵孵化的影响

比较了曼氏无针乌贼野生卵和养殖卵的区别,研究了不同温度、盐度、孵化密度、卵类型对野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼孵化率和孵化时间的影响.结果表明：野生卵的质量较佳,养殖卵则以黑色小卵的质量为佳.野生卵的最佳孵化温度为27 ℃～29 ℃,最佳孵化盐度为24.5～32.0;孵化密度对野生卵孵化率的影响不显著.养殖卵在19 ℃～29 ℃下的孵化率为6.7%～30.0%,高于33 ℃和低于17 ℃均不能孵化;在盐度19.5～32.0范围内孵化率为18.3%～25.0%,盐度低于17.0不能孵化;充气情况下,孵化密度对养殖卵的孵化率影响不显著,而不充气情况下影响显著.     

The influence of light on egg buoyancy and hatching rate of the walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma

Changes in buoyancy in fertilized bathypelagic eggs of the walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma , collected from Shelikof Strait in the Gulf of Alaska were measured under controlled laboratory conditions in density gradient columns from 90 h post–fertilization through hatching. Eggs were incubated at 6° C and exposed to either diel light or constant dark. Eggs held under diel light conditions became more dense than eggs under constant dark beginning <10 h after exposure to light and remained so until 12 h before hatching. Eggs held under constant dark then became more dense than those under diel light. Hatching of eggs under both conditions began at the same time but eggs under diel light showed a delayed hatching rate. Light–induced changes in egg density indicate the ability of walleye pollock eggs to respond to external stimuli and thereby alter their position in the water column in an ecologically meaningful way.     

Effect of weight and storage time of broiler breeders’ eggs on morphology and biochemical features of eggs,embryogenesis, hatchability,and chick quality

The transfer of hatchability results obtained under experimental conditions to the commercial ground with a positive financial effect proves the value and usefulness of these data. On the other hand, finding results on commercial processes of broiler breeders’ egg incubation in the literature is challenging. The presented study aimed to determine the effects of egg weight and storage time on the physical, biochemical characteristics of hatching eggs, embryogenesis and hatchability in Ross 308 broiler breeders. On the laying day, the eggs were divided into four weight groups: S – small eggs (57–61 g), M – medium eggs (62–66 g), L – large eggs (67–71 g), and XL – extra-large eggs (72–76 g). The eggs were then stored for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days under controlled conditions. As the egg storage time increased, a decrease in the yolk quality (lower index) was observed. The highest Haugh units were found in eggs from the S and M groups. The cholesterol content of the M, L, and XL groups was lower on days 7, 14, and 21 as compared to that of eggs only stored for 3 days. Egg weight loss during incubation decreased with an increase in the egg weight. An extension of the egg storage time caused an increase in the loss of egg weight. On the 14th and 18th days of hatching, an increase in the eggshell temperature was noted with an increase in the weight of the egg. The eggs stored for 7 days were characterised by the highest shell temperature on each day. The highest hatchability percentage was recorded for the M group. The hatchability rate decreased with the prolongation of the storage time, while the number of crippled chicks after hatching increased. The results confirmed that the increased weight of the eggs and prolonged storage time (14 and 21 days) increased the weight and decreased the length of the newly hatched chicks, respectively. Chicks from the heaviest eggs and those stored for 14 and 21 days showed poor results on the Pasgar score® test. The observations indicate the need to adopt various (of those available) methods to assess the quality of newly hatched chicks in hatcheries in order to produce high-quality broiler chickens. The results also indicate that prolonged egg storing beyond 14 days may affect the thyroid hormone economy during the hatching of chicks, especially in the XL group.     

人工饲养条件下黄额闭壳龟的繁殖行为研究

2017—2019年在广西壮族自治区桂林市永福县对7只性成熟(5雌2雄)黄额闭壳龟Cuora galbinifrons的交配与繁殖进行了观察研究,记录人工养殖条件下亲龟的生活、交配及繁殖习性,结合相关研究报导,调整亲龟饲养及龟卵孵化方法,在人工养殖条件下成功繁殖出F_1代个体。结果表明,试验亲龟生长状况良好,体质量年平均增长率达6.37%,交配高峰期为5—6月,产卵期为6—7月。共获得5枚受精卵,2次产卵之间积温为197 230~207 955℃·h,并成功孵化出F_1代稚龟3只,龟卵孵化时间为118~136 d,孵化积温为76 464~88 128℃·h,孵化率60.00%。本研究为黄额闭壳龟的人工饲养繁殖提供了理论依据和实践基础。     

Hatching rates of resting eggs of 'Cladocera' (Crustacea; Branchiopoda) at a tropical bay, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to determine the development time of embryos and to estimate the hatching rates of resting eggs of cladocerans found in the sediment of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under experimental conditions. Eggs were sorted by species (Penilia avirostris--Sididae; Pleopis polyphemoides and Pseudevadne tergestina--Podonidae) and incubated at a temperature of 25 degrees C, salinity 35 and photoperiod 12 hours light/ 12 hours dark. Hatching rates were about 38% for Pseudevadne tergestina and 28% for Pleopis polyphemoides. Embryos of resting eggs of Penilia avirostris developed comparatively slowly (hatching after 86 days of incubation), with a hatching rate of only 5%. It was observed that development and hatching of resting eggs of marine cladocerans suggest that pulses of recruitment may exist, thus contributing to the rapid appearance and maintenance of planktonic populations of these crustaceans in Guanabara Bay.