格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层碳库及养分库

通过对福建三明格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的 33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层现存量与季节动态、C库及养分库的研究表明 ,格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层现存量分别为 8.99t· hm- 2 、7.5 6t· hm- 2 和 4 .81t· hm- 2 ;枯枝落叶层中叶占现存量的比例分别为 6 4 .96 %、6 1.38%和 38.0 5 % ,枝占比例分别为 31.5 9%、37.83%和 4 2 .6 2 %。格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层现存量最大值均出现在春季 ,而杉木人工林枯枝落叶层现存量最大值出现在夏季。格氏栲天然林枯枝落叶层 C贮量为 4 .0 2 t· hm- 2 ,分别是格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林的 1.2 2倍和 1.77倍 ;格氏栲天然林和人工林枯枝落叶层 C库与杉木人工林的差异均达到显著水平 (P<0 .0 5 )。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层养分贮量分别为 138.4 2 kg· hm- 2 、113.5 6 kg· hm- 2 和 72 .39kg· hm- 2 ;除 Mg外 ,格氏栲天然林枯枝落叶层中各种养分贮量均最高。与人工林相比 ,天然林枯枝落叶层现存量、C和养分贮量均最大。枯枝落叶层对林地长期生产力维持具有重要作用。     

格氏栲天然林与人工林细根生物量、季节动态及净生产力

通过对福建三明格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林细根分布、季节动态与净生产力进行的为期3a(1999～2001)的研究,结果表明,格氏栲天然林、格氏栲和杉木人工林活细根生物量分别为4.944t/hm2、3.198t/hm2和1.485t/hm2,死细根生物量分别为3.563t/hm2、2.749t/hm2和1.287t/hm2;死细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例分别为41.9%、46.2%和46.4%;<0.5mm细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例分别为31.2%、29.4%和69.9%。3种林分活细根生物量和死细根生物量季节间差异显著(P<0.05),但年份间差异则不显著(P>0.05);活细根生物量最大值均出现在3月份,最小值一般出现在5～7月份或11～翌年1月份间。0～10cm表土层格氏栲天然林活细根生物量高达295.65g/m2,分别是格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林的2.4倍和8.1倍;该层格氏栲天然林活细根生物量占全部活细根生物量的59.8%,均高于格氏栲人工林(39.07%)和杉木人工林(24.51%)。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林细根分解1a后的干重损失率分别为68.34%～80.13%、63.51%～77.95%和47.69%～60.78%;年均分解量分别为8.747、5.143和2.503t/hm2;死亡量分别为8.632、5.148和2.492t/hm2;年均净生产量分别为8.797、5.425和2.513t/hm2,年周转速率分别为1.78、1     

格氏栲天然林与人工林根系呼吸季节动态及影响因素

通过用挖壕沟 静态碱吸收法对福建三明格氏栲天然林及33年生格氏栲和杉木人工林的根系呼吸进行为期2a定位研究。不同森林根系呼吸速率季节变化均呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在春末或夏初,最小值出现在冬季。1年中格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林根系呼吸速率变化范围分别在157.76~480.40mgCO2/(m2·h)、53.03~339.45mgCO2/(m2·h)和16.66~228.02mgCO2/(m2·h)之间。在近似正常气候状况的2002年,不同森林根系呼吸主要受土壤温度影响(R2=0.52~0.72);而土壤温度和土壤湿度共同则可解释根系呼吸速率季节变化的81%~90%。在极端干旱的2003年,根系呼吸受土壤温度或湿度的影响较小,土壤温度和土壤湿度共同仅能解释根系呼吸变化的24%~60%,这与根系在持续干旱期间长期处于近休眠状态有关。根系呼吸对土壤温度和土壤湿度的敏感性大小顺序均为杉木人工林>格氏栲人工林>格氏栲天然林。格氏栲天然林根系呼吸占土壤呼吸比例(47.6%)均高于格氏栲和杉木人工林的(42.5%和40.2%),不同森林根系呼吸占土壤呼吸比例均以冬季最低,而以5月或6月最高。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林根系呼吸年通量分别为6.537、4.013和1.828tC/(m2·h)。     

树木位置和胸径对人工林细根水平分布的影响

通过研究福建三明莘口林场33年生格氏栲和杉木人工林细根生物量与树木位置和胸径大小的关系,探讨人工林细根水平分布特点。用土芯法(土钻内径6 .8cm,深10 0 cm)测定细根生物量,格氏栲和杉木人工林分别随机取土芯4 1个和4 0个,同时记录离取样点最近的第1棵、第2棵和第3棵树的距离和胸径。格氏栲和杉木人工林细根生物量平均值分别为3.2 6 6 t/ hm2和2 .0 4 8t/ hm2 ,变异系数分别达37.3%和4 2 .8% ,细根生物量均遵从正态分布(p<0 .0 5 )。格氏栲和杉木人工林细根生物量均与离取样点最近第1棵、第2棵树的距离有显著的负相关,且以与最近第1棵树距离的相关系数最大。格氏栲人工林细根生物量与最近第1棵树的胸径呈显著的正相关(p<0 .0 1) ,而与最近第2、第3棵树的胸径无关(p>0 .0 5 ) ;而杉木人工林细根生物量则与最近第1、第2和第3棵树的胸径均无显著相关(p>0 .0 5 )。逐步多元线性回归分析表明,离取样点最近第1棵树距离和胸径可解释格氏栲人工林细根生物量水平变异的4 1.0 % ,而离取样点最近第1、2棵树距离则可解释杉木人工林细根生物量水平变异的4 0 .6 %。由于人工林细根水平分布呈现特定模式,规则取样估计细根生物量将产生系统误差。     

杉木林年龄序列地下碳分配变化

  森林地下碳分配在森林碳平衡和碳吸存中具有重要作用, 而揭示人工林生长过程中地下碳分配变化对于人工林碳汇估算和碳汇管理等有重要意义。通过采用年龄序列方法研究了杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林生长过程中地下碳分配变化特点。年龄序列为福建省南平7 a生(幼龄林)、16 a生(中龄林)、21 a生(近熟林)、41 a生(成熟林)和88 a生(老龄林)的杉木林。细根净生产力测定采用连续土芯法, 根系呼吸测定采用壕沟法, 生物量增量测定采用异速生长方程, 地上年凋落物量采用凋落物收集框测定。结果表明: 杉木林细根净生产力在中龄林前没有显著差异, 维持在较高水平; 但此后则显著下降。细根净生产力/地上凋落物量比值随林龄增加而显著下降。老龄林的根系呼吸显著低于其它林龄林分, 根系呼吸与细根生物量间呈显著线性相关。中龄林和近成熟林的地下碳分配(Total belouground carbon allocation, TBCA)显著高于幼龄林和成熟林, 而老龄林的则最低。中龄林、近成熟林和成熟林的地上部分净生产力/TBCA比值显著高于幼龄林和老龄林, 而杉木林的根系碳利用效率(RCUE)则呈现出随林龄增加而降低的趋势。     

杉木人工林C库与C吸存的动态研究

对湖南会同10年生、14年生杉木人工林C库和C吸存的动态研究结果表明,杉木人工林生态系统的C库主要由植被层、死地被物层、土壤层组成的,按其C库大小顺序排列为土壤层>植被层>死地被物层。10年生、14年生杉木林生态系统的C库分别为120.52和171.40t.hm-2,具有一定的年龄阶段和地带性特点。随着杉木林年龄的增长,乔木层C贮量的优势逐渐加强,从10年生的30.38t.hm-2增加到14年生的61.24t.hm-2,分别占总C库的25.21%和38.50%,树干C贮量占林分C贮量的比例最大,可达47.17%以上,并随杉木林年龄的增长而明显增强,分布在枝、叶、皮和根中的C贮量占48.11%以上,地上部分的C贮量占总C贮量的84.73%以上。10年生和14年生林地土壤层(0~60cm)的C库分别为88.21和108.20t.hm-2,占生态系统总C库的63.13%以上,土壤表层(0~15cm)的C储量分别占土壤总C库的36.57%和34.26%,土壤0~30cm层中的C储量分别占土壤总C库的63.44%和61.05%。地上部分C贮量与地下部分C贮量之比为10年生时为1∶3.53,14年生时为1∶2.22。10年生和14年生杉木人工林生态系统的年净固定C量分别为5.488和9.285t.hm-2.a-1。湖南省现有杉木林植被C库为0.1916×108t,潜在C库为1.4710×108t,C吸存潜力为1.2794×108t,湖南省现有杉木林植被的C库仅为其潜在C库的13.03%,低于全国水平26.46%。     

中国亚热带森林转换对土壤呼吸动态及通量的影响

通过用静态碱吸收法对中国亚热带福建三明格氏栲自然保护区内的格氏栲天然林和33年生的格氏栲人工林及杉木人工林的土壤呼吸进行为期2a的定位研究,结果表明,3种森林土壤呼吸速率季节变化均呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在5月至6月份,最小值出现在12月至翌年1月份。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林土壤呼吸速率一年中变化范围分别在403.47～1001.12mgCO2m-2h-1、193.89～697.86mgCO2m-2h-1和75.97～368.98mgCO2m-2h-1之间。2002年土壤呼吸速率主要受土壤温度影响,但在极端干旱的2003年则主要受土壤湿度的影响。双因素关系模型(R=aebTWc)拟合结果优于仅考虑土壤温度或土壤湿度的单因素关系模型,土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释不同年份不同森林土壤呼吸速率季节变化的80%～96%。杉木林土壤呼吸对气候变化敏感性高于格氏栲天然林和人工林。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林土壤呼吸年通量分别为13.742、9.439和4.543tC·hm-2·a-1,前者分别约是后二者的1.5倍和3.0倍。森林转换对土壤呼吸通量的影响可能与枯落物数量和质量、根系呼吸、土壤有机质数量和质量的变化有关。     

格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落物数量、养分归还及凋落叶分解(英文

通过对中亚热带格氏栲天然林(natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii。约150年生)、格氏挎和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of C．kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33年生)凋落物数量与季节动态、养分归还及凋落叶分解与其质量的关系为期3a的研究表明。林分年均凋落量及叶所占比例分别为：格氏栲天然林11．01t／hm^1。59．70t／hm^2;格氏栲人工林9．54％。71．98％;杉木人工林5．47t／hm^2。58．29％。格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落量每年只出现1次峰值(4月份)。而杉木林的则出现3次(4或5月份、8月份和11月份)。除杉木林的Ca和格氏栲人工林的Mg年归还量最大外。N、P、K及养分总归还量均以格氏栲天然林的为最大。杉木人工林的最小。分解la后格氏栲天然林中格氏栲叶的干重损失最大(98．16％)。杉木叶的最小(60．78％)。C／N及木质素／N比值与凋落叶分解速率呈显著负相关。而N、水溶性化合物初始浓度与分解速率呈显著正相关。与针叶树人工林相比,天然林的凋落物数量大、养分归还量高、分解快。具有良好自我培肥地力的能力。因此。保护和扩大常绿阔叶林资源已成为南方林区实现森林可持续经营的重要措施之一。     

广西不同林龄杉木、马尾松人工林根系生物量及碳储量特征

为了解不同林龄杉木、马尾松人工林地地下根系生物量及碳储量特征,以广西杉木、马尾松主产区5个不同林龄阶段(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林)的人工林为研究对象,采用全根挖掘法和土钻法获取标准木根系生物量、灌草根系生物量和林分细根生物量,并测定其碳含量,分析其不同林龄阶段地下根系生物量和碳储量分配特征。结果表明:杉木、马尾松林地下根系总生物量分别在9.06—31.40Mg/hm~2和7.91—53.40Mg/hm~2之间,各林龄阶段根系总生物量总体上呈现随林龄增加而增加的趋势,杉木林细根生物量随林龄的增加呈现出先减后增的趋势,马尾松呈现出逐渐减小的趋势;林分各层次根系碳含量表现为乔木灌木草本、细根;杉木、马尾松地下根系碳储量变化趋势与生物量变化趋势相同,杉木、马尾松林不同林龄阶段各层次根系和土壤细根总碳储量分别在7.56—21.97Mg/hm~2和8.86—29.95Mg/hm~2之间;地下根系碳储量总体上以乔木根系占优势,且随林龄的增大其比例呈增加的趋势。     

天津平原杨树人工林生态系统碳储量

森林生态系统是最重要的陆地生态系统碳库,人工林生态系统碳储量在森林碳储量中所占比重越来越大。本研究选取天津平原地区不同林龄杨树人工林,通过野外调查和室内分析,估算了杨树人工林乔木、草本、凋落物和土壤碳储量。结果表明:人工杨树幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林的乔木生物量分别为43.65、56.18和121.59 t·hm-2,乔木各组分生物量所占比例在幼龄林和中龄林中表现为干根枝叶,在成熟林中表现为干枝根叶。3个林龄段杨树人工林的草本层生物量分别为4.60、2.92和1.58 t·hm-2,凋落物生物量分别为0.46、0.35和0.66 t·hm-2。人工杨树幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林生态系统碳储量分别为84.34、121.03和121.72 t C·hm-2,其中群落碳储量分别占25.85%、22.25%和46.58%,土壤碳储量分别占74.15%、77.75%和53.42%。群落碳储量中乔木碳储量分别为20.04、25.78和55.95 t C·hm-2;草本碳储量分别为1.63、1.05和0.57 t C·hm-2;凋落物碳储量分别为0.14、0.10和0.19 t C·hm-2。3个林龄段杨树人工林土壤有机碳储量(0~100 cm)依次为62.53、94.10和65.03 t C·hm-2,其中0~30 cm土壤有机碳储量所占比例分别为33.91%、37.64%和44.16%,随林龄的增加而增加。结果表明,杨树人工林生态系统碳储量随林龄的增加显著增加,而目前天津杨树人工林以幼龄林为主,未来天津杨树人工林存在巨大的碳储存空间。     

Total Belowground Carbon Allocation in a Fast-growing Eucalyptus Plantation Estimated Using a Carbon Balance Approach

Trees allocate a large portion of gross primary production belowground for the production and maintenance of roots and mycorrhizae. The difficulty of directly measuring total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) has limited our understanding of belowground carbon (C) cycling and the factors that control this important flux. We measured TBCA over 4 years using a conservation of mass, C balance approach in replicate stands of fast growing Eucalyptus saligna Smith with different nutrition management and tree density treatments. We measured TBCA as surface carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux (“soil” respiration) minus C inputs from aboveground litter plus the change in C stored in roots, litter, and soil. We evaluated this C balance approach to measuring TBCA by examining (a) the variance in TBCA across replicate plots; (b) cumulative error associated with summing components to arrive at our estimates of TBCA; (c) potential sources of error in the techniques and assumptions; (d) the magnitude of changes in C stored in soil, litter, and roots compared to TBCA; and (e) the sensitivity of our measures of TBCA to differences in nutrient availability, tree density, and forest age. The C balance method gave precise estimates of TBCA and reflected differences in belowground allocation expected with manipulations of fertility and tree density. Across treatments, TBCA averaged 1.88 kg C m⁻² y⁻¹ and was 18% higher in plots planted with 10⁴ trees/ha compared to plots planted with 1111 trees/ha. TBCA was 12% lower (but not significantly so) in fertilized plots. For all treatments, TBCA declined linearly with stand age. The coefficient of variation (CV) for TBCA for replicate plots averaged 17%. Averaged across treatments and years, annual changes in C stored in soil, the litter layer, and coarse roots (−0.01, 0.06, and 0.21 kg C m⁻² y⁻¹, respectively) were small compared with surface CO₂ efflux (2.03 kg C m⁻² y⁻¹), aboveground litterfall (0.42 kg C m⁻² y⁻¹), and our estimated TBCA (1.88 kg C m⁻² y⁻¹). Based on studies from similar sites, estimates of losses of C through leaching, erosion, or storage of C in deep soil were less than 1% of annual TBCA. Received 6 March 2001; accepted 7 January 2002.     

Interactive Effects of Time, CO2, N, and Diversity on Total Belowground Carbon Allocation and Ecosystem Carbon Storage in a Grassland Community

Predicting if ecosystems will mitigate or exacerbate rising CO₂ requires understanding how elevated CO₂ will interact with coincident changes in diversity and nitrogen (N) availability to affect ecosystem carbon (C) storage. Yet achieving such understanding has been hampered by the difficulty of quantifying belowground C pools and fluxes. Thus, we used mass balance calculations to quantify the effects of diversity, CO₂, and N on both the total amount of C allocated belowground by plants (total belowground C allocation, TBCA) and ecosystem C storage in a periodically burned, 8-year Minnesota grassland biodiversity, CO₂, and N experiment (BioCON). Annual TBCA increased in response to elevated CO₂, enriched N, and increasing diversity. TBCA was positively related to standing root biomass. After removing the influence of root biomass, the effect of elevated CO₂ remained positive, suggesting additional drivers of TBCA apart from those that maintain high root biomass. Removing root biomass effects resulted in the effects of N and diversity becoming neutral or negative (depending on year), suggesting that the positive effects of diversity and N on TBCA were related to treatment-driven differences in root biomass. Greater litter production in high diversity, elevated CO₂, and enhanced N treatments increased annual ecosystem C loss in fire years and C gain in non-fire years, resulting in overall neutral C storage rates. Our results suggest that frequently burned grasslands are unlikely to exhibit enhanced C sequestration with increasing atmospheric CO₂ levels or N deposition.     

Variation in below-ground carbon fluxes along a Populus hybridization gradient

Here, soil CO(2) efflux, minirhizotron fine root production (FRP), and estimated total below-ground carbon allocation (TBCA) were examined along an elevation and hybridization gradient between two cottonwood species. FRP was 72% greater under high-elevation Populus angustifolia, but soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA were 62% and 94% greater, respectively, under low-elevation stands dominated by Populus fremontii, with a hybrid stand showing intermediate values. Differences between the responses of FRP, soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA may potentially be explained in terms of genetic controls; while plant species and hybridization explained variance in carbon flux, we found only weak correlations of FRP and TBCA with soil moisture, and no correlations with soil temperature or nitrogen availability. Soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA were uncorrelated with FRP, suggesting that, although below-ground carbon fluxes may change along environmental and genetic gradients, major components of below-ground carbon flux may be decoupled.     

Partitioning of belowground C in young sugar maple forest

Background and aims

Trees allocate a high proportion of assimilated carbon belowground, but the partitioning of that C among ecosystem components is poorly understood thereby limiting our ability to predict responses of forest C dynamics to global change drivers.

Methods

We labeled sugar maple saplings in natural forest with a pulse of photosynthetic ¹³C in late summer and traced the pulse over the following 3 years. We quantified the fate of belowground carbon by measuring ¹³C enrichment of roots, rhizosphere soil, soil respiration, soil aggregates and microbial biomass.

Results

The pulse of ¹³C contributed strongly to root and rhizosphere respiration for over a year, and respiration comprised about 75 % of total belowground C allocation (TBCA) in the first year. We estimate that rhizosphere carbon flux (RCF) during the dormant season comprises at least 6 % of TBCA. After 3 years, 3.8 % of the C allocated belowground was recovered in soil organic matter, mostly in water-stable aggregates.

Conclusions

A pulse of carbon allocated belowground in temperate forest supplies root respiration, root growth and RCF throughout the following year and a small proportion becomes stabilized in soil aggregates.     

亚热带6个典型树种吸收细根寿命与形态属性格局

根周转是地下生态过程的主要驱动力, 根属性指征了物种生态策略, 根寿命与属性是理解生态系统碳氮循环和群落多样性的关键。目前对亚热带常绿阔叶林根周转等生态过程的直接观测资料缺乏。该研究对中亚热带江西樟树试验林场6个树种吸收细根动态进行了2年观测, 获取了2.8万张微根管照片, 分析了吸收细根寿命年际和季节变化特征及其与根形态属性的关系。结果显示: 1)亚热带6个树种间吸收细根寿命变异为4.6倍, 变异系数可达73%。中值寿命排序为: 红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana)(426天) >复羽叶栾树( Koelreuteria bipinnata)(155天) >竹柏( Nageia nagi)(145天) >樟( Cinnamomum camphora)(126天) >东京樱花( Cerasus yedoensis)(93天) >深山含笑( Michelia maudiae)(92天); 2)树木吸收细根寿命年际、季节变异较大, 可能是适应伏秋旱、雨热不同期、年际变化大的亚热带季风气候的结果; 3)吸收细根寿命与直径呈显著正相关关系, 与比根长呈显著负相关关系, 表明根的构建成本可以在一定程度上预测寿命。这些结果为预测亚热带地下生态过程、揭示亚热带常绿阔叶林碳氮循环、物种共存机制提供依据。     

Allometric constraints on,and trade‐offs in,belowground carbon allocation and their control of soil respiration across global forest ecosystems

To fully understand how soil respiration is partitioned among its component fluxes and responds to climate, it is essential to relate it to belowground carbon allocation, the ultimate carbon source for soil respiration. This remains one of the largest gaps in knowledge of terrestrial carbon cycling. Here, we synthesize data on gross and net primary production and their components, and soil respiration and its components, from a global forest database, to determine mechanisms governing belowground carbon allocation and their relationship with soil respiration partitioning and soil respiration responses to climatic factors across global forest ecosystems. Our results revealed that there are three independent mechanisms controlling belowground carbon allocation and which influence soil respiration and its partitioning: an allometric constraint; a fine‐root production vs. root respiration trade‐off; and an above‐ vs. belowground trade‐off in plant carbon. Global patterns in soil respiration and its partitioning are constrained primarily by the allometric allocation, which explains some of the previously ambiguous results reported in the literature. Responses of soil respiration and its components to mean annual temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition can be mediated by changes in belowground carbon allocation. Soil respiration responds to mean annual temperature overwhelmingly through an increasing belowground carbon input as a result of extending total day length of growing season, but not by temperature‐driven acceleration of soil carbon decomposition, which argues against the possibility of a strong positive feedback between global warming and soil carbon loss. Different nitrogen loads can trigger distinct belowground carbon allocation mechanisms, which are responsible for different responses of soil respiration to nitrogen addition that have been observed. These results provide new insights into belowground carbon allocation, partitioning of soil respiration, and its responses to climate in forest ecosystems and are, therefore, valuable for terrestrial carbon simulations and projections.     

Primary production and carbon allocation in relation to nutrient supply in a tropical experimental forest

Nutrient supply commonly limits aboveground plant productivity in forests, but the effects of an altered nutrient supply on gross primary production (GPP) and patterns of carbon (C) allocation remain poorly characterized. Increased nutrient supply may lead to a higher aboveground net primary production (ANPP), but a lower total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA), with little change in either aboveground plant respiration (APR) or GPP. Alternatively, increases in nutrient supply may increase GPP, with the quantity of GPP allocated aboveground increasing more steeply than the quantity of GPP allocated belowground. To examine the effects of an elevated nutrient supply on the C allocation patterns in forests, we determined whole‐ecosystem C budgets in unfertilized plots of Eucalyptus saligna and in adjacent plots receiving regular additions of 65 kg N ha^?1, 31 kg P ha^?1, 46 kg K ha^?1, and macro‐ and micronutrients. We measured the absolute flux of C allocated to the components of GPP (ANPP, TBCA and APR), as well as the fraction of GPP allocated to these components. Fertilization dramatically increased GPP. Averaged over 3 years, GPP in the fertilized plots was 34% higher than that in the unfertilized controls (3.95 vs. 2.95 kg C m^?2 yr^?1). Fertilization‐related increases in GPP were allocated entirely aboveground – ANPP was 85% higher and APR was 57% higher in the fertilized than in the control plots, while TBCA did not differ significantly between treatments. Carbon use efficiency (NPP/GPP) was slightly higher in the fertilized (0.53) compared with the control plots (0.51). Overall, fertilization increased ANPP and APR, and these increases were related to a greater GPP and an increase in the fraction of GPP allocated aboveground.     

Elevation effects on the carbon budget of tropical mountain forests (S Ecuador): the role of the belowground compartment

Carbon storage and sequestration in tropical mountain forests and their dependence on elevation and temperature are not well understood. In an altitudinal transect study in the South Ecuadorian Andes, we tested the hypotheses that (i) aboveground net primary production (ANPP) decreases continuously with elevation due to decreasing temperatures, whereas (ii) belowground productivity (BNPP) remains constant or even increases with elevation due to a shift from light to nutrient limitation of tree growth. In five tropical mountain forests between 1050 and 3060 m a.s.l., we investigated all major above‐ and belowground biomass and productivity components, and the stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC). Leaf biomass, stemwood mass and total aboveground biomass (AGB) decreased by 50% to 70%, ANPP by about 70% between 1050 and 3060 m, while stem wood production decreased 20‐fold. Coarse and large root biomass increased slightly, fine root biomass fourfold, while fine root production (minirhizotron study) roughly doubled between 1050 and 3060 m. The total tree biomass (above‐ and belowground) decreased from about 320 to 175 Mg dry mass ha^?1, total NPP from ca. 13.0 to 8.2 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1. The belowground/aboveground ratio of biomass and productivity increased with elevation indicating a shift from light to nutrient limitation of tree growth. We propose that, with increasing elevation, an increasing nitrogen limitation combined with decreasing temperatures causes a large reduction in stand leaf area resulting in a substantial reduction of canopy carbon gain toward the alpine tree line. We conclude that the marked decrease in tree height, AGB and ANPP with elevation in these mountain forests is caused by both a belowground shift of C allocation and a reduction in C source strength, while a temperature‐induced reduction in C sink strength (lowered meristematic activity) seems to be of secondary importance.     

树木根系碳分配格局及其影响因子

根系作为树木提供养分和水分的“源”和消耗C的“汇”,在陆地生态系统C平衡研究中具有重要的理论意义。尽管20多年来的研究已经认识到根系消耗净初级生产力占总净初级生产力较大的比例,但是,根系（尤其是细根）消耗C的机理以及C分配的去向一直没有研究清楚。主要原因是细根消耗光合产物的生理生态过程相当复杂,准确估计各个组分消耗的C具有很大的不确定性,常常受树种和环境空间和时间异质性、以及研究方法的限制。综述了分配到地下的C主要去向,即细根生产和周转、呼吸及养分吸收与同化、分泌有机物、土壤植食动物,及有关林木地下碳分配机理的几种假说,分析了地下碳分配估计中存在的不确定性。目的是在全球变化C循环研究中对生态系统地下部分根系消耗的C以及分配格局引起重视。