绿洲景观空间邻接特征与生态安全分析

以金塔绿洲为例,运用Arc View3．0a计算了绿洲景观类型与沙地和盐碱沼泽地的空问邻接长度和数目比例,利用地理缓冲区分析方法计算了沙地和盐碱沼泽地对绿洲景观面积的影响,提出了绿洲生态安全受胁程度的计算方法结果表明,绿洲景观类型与沙地和盐碱沼泽地的空间邻接边长和数目的差异较大;受沙地和盐碱沼泽地影响的面积在景观类型中也存在差异;草地和耕地与沙地的邻接边长和数目较大,受沙漠化的威胁比较重,而林地和耕地受盐渍化的威胁比较严重;基于景观类型空间邻接的生态安全评价分析可以初步反映绿洲景观受沙漠化和盐渍化的威胁程度     

尺度变换的正确率分析

采用优势规则和随机规则为基础的尺度分析方法．对分类的TM数据(景观类型图,包含8类型)进行了尺度变换分析。随着尺度的增加。优势规则分析方法使景观中优势景观类型的面积增加,相反．面积较小的非优势景观类型的面积减少。随机规则使各景观类型的面积基本上保持不变。随着尺度的增加．随机Kappa指数、位置Kappa指数和标准Kappa指数减少。在优势规则分析法中数量Kappa指数减少,但在随机规则为基础的处理中它保持100％。优势规则处理中的正确率大于随机规则处理的。由景观类型的面积百分比引起的数量正确率在优势规则处理中增加．但在随机规则处理中保持9．64％不变;相反数量错误在优势规则处理中明显增加。但在随机规则处理中少量增加。偶然正确率保持12．50％不变。位置正确率减少,相反位置错误明显增加。层和亚层水平上的位置正确率和错误的变化不明显．而网格水平上的位置正确率和错误大幅度减少。网格水平上的位置正确率和错误率决定了整个位置正确率和错误率．同时位置正确率和错误率基本上决定了整个正确率和错误率。标准Kappa指数大于等于70％作为选择依据．认为210m是优势规则处理法的尺度阈值,150m是随机规则处理法的尺度阈值。欲提高尺度阈值,必须改变研究范围或分类系统。     

岷江上游汶川县耕地景观变化及空间驱动力

基于遥感影像和地理信息系统技术,应用景观指数和Kappa指数系列方法对岷江上游耕地景观变化进行研究,并引入二项Logistic逐步回归模型,选择海拔、坡度、坡向、到道路、河流和居民点距离为驱动因子对汶川县耕地景观变化的空间驱动力进行分析.结果表明: 研究期间耕地景观面积一直处于增长趋势,1974—1986年间耕地景观面积增幅最大.1986—2000年间耕地面积增加不明显,但是耕地景观与其它景观类型相互转换频繁,空间位置变化剧烈,特别是1994—2000年期间.耕地景观面积变化的驱动力主要为政策变化.耕地景观变化的空间驱动力在不同时间段内存在较大差异.     

南京市城乡梯度上景观变化的空间与数量稳定性

为揭示城市化过程中景观稳定性及其区位分异,本文在多时相Landsat TM遥感影像的支持下,应用Kappa指数方法对1988—2008年间南京市城乡梯度上景观要素(除丘陵山地及大规模水体外)的空间位置变化与数量变化进行了研究。结果表明:耕地的数量稳定性较高,但空间位置稳定性较低;而聚落用地空间位置稳定性较高,但数量稳定性却较低;水体的空间位置和数量稳定性都比较高;林地和其他用地的数量以及空间位置稳定性都比较低。在城乡梯度上,随着城市化程度增加,景观的空间位置稳定性呈上升趋势,而数量稳定性则表现出下降趋势。对于已完成城市化的中心城区,景观的数量稳定性迅速上升,其景观要素的组成和空间分布特征均趋于稳定。聚落用地和耕地的空间位置和数量稳定性在不同城乡梯度带间变化较大,而水体和林地的空间与数量稳定性受城市化过程影响较小。     

基于CA-Markov模型的三川流域景观格局分析及动态预测

以济南南部山区三川流域为研究对象,在ArcGIS和IDRISI平台的支持下,结合景观生态学原理,运用景观指数并引入Kappa系数对三川流域1990-2010年景观格局、动态度进行分析,最后运用CA-Markov模型对流域景观格局进行动态趋势预测.景观格局指数分析表明:三川流域景观类型以耕地、林地、建设用地和草地为主;受人类活动影响,1990-2010年三川流域耕地、林地面积减少,其余各景观面积均呈增加趋势;流域整体景观破碎度增加,斑块复杂度提高,各景观类型的分布渐趋均衡.景观格局变化前10年比后10年明显,人类活动对当地生态环境的影响较显著.Kappa系数表明:景观变化由各景观数量比例变化逐渐转变为各景观数量保持相对稳定下的景观空间位置上的变化.随着2000年后政策的引导,景观整体的变化渐趋稳定,人类活动对生态环境影响有所下降.CA-Markov模型预测结果表明,2010-2020年流域内各景观优势度下降,景观破碎度降低,均衡性持续提高;景观间的转入转出幅度不大,仅占总面积的3.08％,景观类型的转变主要发生在斑块交界处.总的来看,三川流域景观格局变化主要是耕地、林地面积减少,建设用地面积增加,生态环境更趋脆弱.     

秦岭地区林地与草地景观格局变化及其驱动因素

以1980—2015年土地利用数据集为数据源,利用GIS空间分析、景观格局指数和主成分分析法,研究了秦岭地区林地与草地景观格局时空变化特征,并探讨其演化的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)林地和草地是秦岭地区主要景观类型,约占研究区总面积的72%,其中有林地为优势景观类型,其次为高覆盖度草地和中覆盖度草地,其他林地和低覆盖度草地分布面积相对较少。(2)35年来,林地和草地总面积整体呈减少趋势,净减少了309.44km~2,其中草地减少占主导地位;空间变化上,损失严重的区域主要分布于以西安市为中心的周边区域,主要向建设用地和耕地转移。(3)林地和草地景观破碎化程度逐渐增加,连通性降低,景观异质性增强且景观形状更为复杂,草地较林地变化明显;空间分布上,林地和草地景观格局指数空间分布特征明显,在地形因子作用下呈现一定的地形梯度性,尤其与海拔的相关性最好。(4)人为活动干扰是影响秦岭地区林地和草地景观格局变化的主要驱动因素,气候因素次之,同时国家宏观政策起着重要的导向作用。减缓人为活动对秦岭地区的过度影响,维护林地和草地的平衡性及完整性,是实现该区生态系统科学管理和资源的可持续利用的关键。     

基于CLUE-S模型的三江平原景观格局变化及模拟

三江平原是我国沼泽地集中连片且分布面积最大的地区之一,在维持区域生态安全方面发挥着不可替代的作用.本研究基于3S技术,对1980-2010年三江平原土地利用和景观格局变化进行分析.结果发现: 1980-2010年,研究区景观格局主要变化特征为沼泽地面积减少7135 km²,减幅达59.1%,水田面积增加18010 km²,增幅达610.1%;景观指数分析结果表明,斑块数量增加,景观破碎化越来越严重,景观异质性增加,各景观类型向均匀化方向发展.基于1980-2010年5期土地利用图对CLUE-S模型进行校正和验证,30年时间尺度上模拟结果与真实景观的Kappa指数为0.71,说明模型适宜研究区30年内的模拟研究.基于校正好的模型对2010-2030年湿地变化进行多预案模拟(历史预案、规划预案、生态恢复预案),结果显示,历史预案下,沼泽地面积减少2515.44 km²,水田面积增加19656.24 km²;规划预案下,沼泽地面积减少303.28 km²,水田面积增加1392.08 km²;生态恢复预案下,沼泽地面积增加3585.60 km²,水田面积增加289.72 km².应用景观指数评价模拟结果为:历史预案下,景观格局破碎化越来越严重;规划预案下,景观格局变化不大;生态恢复预案下,湿地面积不断增加,湿地连通性升高,各景观类型向均衡方向发展,景观格局不断优化.     

南京市景观时空动态变化及其驱动力

选择南京市1995、2000和2008年的土地利用/土地覆盖数据,对其土地利用斑块动态变化与景观斑块的空间稳定性进行探讨。结果表明,全市总体上以耕地、林地和草地的减少,以及建设用地和水域的大幅度增加为典型特征。1995-2000年间耕地、林地和草地面积净减少了12017.2 hm²,2000-2008年间净减少41029.13 hm²;全市的建设用地面积1995-2000年间仅增加了11981.3 hm², 2000-2008年间面积增加了41027.06 hm²。从斑块类型的面积稳定性来看,各种土地利用斑块的空间稳定性都非常高,除了2000-2008年间未利用土地的自身空间保持率为50.66%外,其他土地景观类型的保持率都在90%以上。从不稳定斑块的空间分布看,1995-2000年间,主要集中在南京市的栖霞区、浦口区和江宁区,呈离散分布特征; 2000-2008年间,不稳定斑块一方面呈现出集中连片的分布态势,这在江宁区和栖霞区最为典型,另一方面这种集中分布趋势也扩大到了六合区与高淳县。从不稳定斑块的转化方向看,均以建设用地所占比例最大,两个时段内转为建设用地的不稳定斑块分别占到了不稳定斑块总面积的87.09%和68.46%,其次的转化方向为水域,两个时间段内分别达到了10.61%和23.86%。从景观斑块变化的原因来看,对当地景观斑块稳定性影响最大的主要是人口与经济发展、城市规划的引导和重大的生态建设工程等人为因素。     

基于景观邻接特性的吉林省西部生态风险分析

以1986—2008年吉林省西部遥感影像解译资料为基础数据,利用GIS软件提取土地景观信息,计算主要景观与障碍景观类型的空间邻接特性,构建吉林省西部风险指标,在空间格局上对由于景观格局带来的生态风险进行评价。结果表明:景观类型中耕地与沙地的邻接边长与面积最大,分别占总边长与总面积的65.37%和78.65%,但个数比最多的是草地,表明沙化对耕地威胁最大,其次是对草地的威胁;与盐碱地的相邻分析中,无论是边长、面积、还是斑块统计,耕地受胁程度均比较显著,其次受影响比较大的是草地和水域;20多年来,林地、草地与沙地邻接边长、面积和斑块比例均有所下降,而耕地与沙地的邻接边长、邻接面积比例呈上升趋势,但斑块比例从1986年起呈现下降趋势;与盐碱地的邻接性变化分析中,耕地、林地、草地和水域均呈大幅度上升,草地和水域尤为突出;耕地受沙化、盐碱化胁迫最为严重,且盐碱化的胁迫远大于沙化;1986—2008年,由于沙地和盐碱地障碍景观结构变化引起的生态风险有增无减,且盐碱化胁迫远大于沙化的胁迫,盐碱化成为威胁该区生态环境可持续及保持生态稳定性的关键因素,盐碱化治理及开发利用将是该区未来面临的一个重大课题。     

基于多种方法的景观格局动态变化综合分析——以辽宁省铁岭市为例

景观格局变化一直是景观生态学研究的核心问题之一,也是相关生态和环境过程研究的基础.本文应用3S技术,综合传统的空间统计分析、转移矩阵、景观指数和景观动态指数、Kappa指数系列,并引入模糊Kappa指数方法,以铁岭市2002-2011年间景观格局变化为例进行了综合研究.结果表明:铁岭市景观空间格局在研究时段内发生一定程度的变化.旱地面积大幅增加,水田面积明显减少,各景观类型之间均有相互转化.景观格局总体的变化趋势是形状趋于复杂、异质性增加、破碎化加剧,人为干扰的影响较明显.研究区域2002-2007年综合景观动态度指数明显高于2007-2011年,景观动态总体呈现放缓趋势.通过Kappa指数系列可知,研究时段内研究区景观变化由景观类型之间变化为主逐渐转变为各类斑块位置上的变化为主.应用多种方法进行综合分析更能全面有效地反映景观格局变化.     

基于高分遥感影像的滇西北村域景观格局演变——以大理市低丘缓坡山地开发区为例

人类的开发活动是造成土地覆盖和景观格局变化的主要原因.村域尺度上高强度的人类开发活动对土地覆盖及景观格局演变的影响规律研究尚不多见.本研究采用2009年的GeoEye-1数据和2014年的WorldView 3数据,利用ArcGIS和ENVI,基于面向对象和人机交互的方法解译影像,应用土地利用转移矩阵和景观指数定量研究大理市海东镇低丘缓坡山区改造过程中的土地覆盖变化和景观格局演变.结果表明: 2009年主要土地覆盖类型是林地、水田和旱地,占总面积的82.8%,2014年林地、推平未建地和水田占总面积的70.9%;研究期间,土地利用变化主要由林地、水田和旱地向推平未建地、建设用地转移,尤其是2014年推平未建地面积达531.57 hm²,其中,来自林地、旱地和水田的面积分别占42.8%、21.7%和14.2%.景观空间格局演变表现为斑块数量和密度增加,平均斑块面积变小;边缘指数和形状指数增加,斑块形状更加复杂;斑块破碎化,整体构成更加多样化.     

Combining land cover mapping of coastal dunes with vegetation analysis

Question: Coastal dune systems are characterized by a natural mosaic that promotes species diversity. This heterogeneity often represents a severe problem for traditional mapping or ground survey techniques. The work presented here proposes to apply a very detailed CORINE land cover map as baseline information for plant community sampling and analysis in a coastal dune landscape. Location: Molise coast, Central Italy. Method: We analysed through an error matrix the coherence between land cover classes and vegetation types identified through a field survey. The CORINE land cover map (scale 1: 5000) of the Molise coast was used with the CORINE legend expanded to a fourth level of detail for natural and semi‐natural areas. Vegetation data were collected following a random stratified sampling design using the CORINE land cover classes as strata. An error matrix was used to compare, on a category‐by‐category basis, the relationship between vegetation types (obtained by cluster analyses of sampling plots) and land cover classes of the same area. Results: The coincidence between both classification approaches is quite good. Only one land cover class shows a very weak agreement with its corresponding vegetation type; this result was interpreted as being related to human disturbance. Conclusions: Since it is based on a standard land cover classification, the proposal has a potential for application to most European coastal systems. This method could represent a first step in the environmental planning of coastal systems.     

土地覆盖变化检测方法比较——以内蒙古草原区为例

随着对地观测技术的不断发展,遥感影像分辨率逐渐提高,促进了基于遥感影像的变化检测从传统像元级的检测向面向对象的检测转变。为了探究面向对象的变化检测方法在土地覆盖变化检测中的有效性和适用性,对面向对象的变化检测方法与常规的变化检测方法进行对比评价。以内蒙古鄂尔多斯和包头地区为试验区,选取2002年及2011年的Landsat TM/ETM+影像为数据源,比较了图像代数运算、图像变换、图像空间结构特征和面向对象的多种变化检测方法,对研究区两期土地覆盖进行了变化检测研究。结果表明:面向对象的变化检测方法在总体精度、kappa系数上都有明显的优越性,总体精度均在87.42%以上,尤其以面向对象的变化矢量分析方法精度最高,达91.56%。此外,主成分差异法也有较好的检测效果,总体精度为87.83%。对总体精度较高的3种方法在不同土地覆盖变化类型中检测效果的研究表明:对于研究区几种主要土地覆盖变化类型,面向对象的变化矢量分析法均有较理想的检测效果,平均精度为85%左右,且始终优于面向对象的光谱向量相似法,以居民地及旱地相关的变化类型最为明显;主成分差异法对不同土地覆盖变化类型检测效果差异很大,对其中4种变化类型的精度甚至达到了93%以上,但对于检测草地与裸地间转化精度很低,甚至只有8.69%;在与工矿用地有关的土地覆盖变化类型中,面向对象的变化矢量分析法的精度明显高于主成分差异法,而在与居民地有关的变化类型中,主成分差异法表现出一定优势。     

Suitability index for restoration in landscapes: An alternative proposal for restoration projects

Forest fragmentation constitutes one of the main consequences of land cover change worldwide. Through this process gaps in habitat coverage are created and the ability of populations in the remaining fragments to maintain themselves is put in doubt. Hence, two options need to be considered: conserving the remaining forest fragments, and restoring habitat in some deforested patches with the aim of reestablishing the connections among the fragments. We established a mathematical index (SIR) that describes the suitability of individual habitat patches for restoration within a landscape. The index considers classes of distances among fragments and categories of habitat quality in the areas surrounding the fragments to assess habitat quality in terms of probability of dispersal and survival of propagules (especially seeds and cutting). In the present study, we created detailed maps depicting SIR values for two periods (1988 and 2011) for Sorocaba region (São Paulo State, Brazil). We derived land cover maps from satellite images for the two years of our study, and then surveyed the transition of land cover categories and landscape metrics between years. A model for the SIR was created using a map of distance classes among fragments and also a map of habitat quality established according to each land cover category. For both 1988 and 2011, pasture was the predominant land cover category. The main land cover transitions were from pasture to urban (10.6%) and from pasture to forest fragments (13.4%). Although the land cover class “wood sites” increased, the data of SIR revealed that the areas of habitat categorized as excellent and good both decreased, while habitat classes categorized as poor and very poor increased. Our model has the potential to be applied to other regions where the forest is fragmented. Hence, local policy makers will be able to use this model to determine local patches of high value for conservation and also the most ideal locations for restoration projects.     

北京地区不同地形条件下的土地覆盖动态

 利用MSS/TM影像和1∶250 000 高程数据分析了1978～2001年北京地区土地覆盖的变化。为研究人类活动对土地覆盖类型及植被变化的影响,根据植被的分布规律和人类活动影响,利用数字高程模型(DEM)将研究区遥感影像分为不同海拔段,分别建立标志进行解译。 通过转移概率矩阵计算、不同地形因子影响下的土地覆盖类型分布的GIS分析,得到如下结 果：1) 1978～2001年间北京市土地覆盖变化主要发生在平原和低海拔、小坡度的平缓地区 ,表现为农业用地向城镇用地的转变;高海拔地区主要为天然植被所覆盖,土地覆盖变化相对较小,主要是灌丛向林地的转变。2) 地形因子显著影响土地覆盖类型的分布及变化。随着海拔的升高和坡度的增大,农业用地和城镇用地减少,林地和灌丛逐渐增加。坡向对植被的分布也有较大影响。     

Assessing simulated land use/cover maps using similarity and fragmentation indices

Land use/cover changes (LUCC) are significant to a range of issues central to the study of global environmental change. Over the last decades, a variety of models of LUCC have been developed to predict the location and patterns of land use/cover dynamics. The simulation procedures of most computational LUCC models can be sub-divided into three basic steps: (1) a non-spatial procedure which calculates the quantity of each transition; (2) a spatial procedure that allocates changes to the more likely locations and eventually replicates the patterns of the landscape and; (3) an evaluation procedure to compare a simulated land use/cover map with the true map for the same date. Most of the evaluation techniques are focused on assessing the location of the simulated changes in comparison to the true locations and do not assess the ability of the model to simulate the overall landscape pattern (e.g. size, shape and distribution of patches). This study aims at evaluating simulated land use/cover map patterns obtained using two models (DINAMICA and Land Change Modeler). Simulated maps were evaluated using a fuzzy similarity index which takes into account the fuzziness of locations within a cell neighborhood with fragmentation indices. Results show that more realistic simulated landscapes are often obtained at the expense of the location coincidence. When aggregate patterns of a landscape are important (e.g. when considering fragmentation impacts on biodiversity), it is important to incorporate indices that take into account not merely location, but also the spatial patterns during the model assessment procedure.     

Linking vegetation type and condition to ecosystem goods and services

Our focus here is on how vegetation management can be used to manipulate the balance of ecosystem services at a landscape scale. Across a landscape, vegetation can be maintained or restored or modified or removed and replaced to meet the changing needs of society, giving mosaics of vegetation types and ‘condition classes’ that can range from intact native ecosystems to highly modified systems. These various classes will produce different levels and types of ecosystem services and the challenge for natural resource management programs and land management decisions is to be able to consider the complex nature of trade-offs between a wide range of ecosystem services. We use vegetation types and their condition classes as a first approximation or surrogate to define and map the underlying ecosystems in terms of their regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural services. In using vegetation as a surrogate, we believe it is important to describe natural or modified (e.g. agronomic) vegetation classes in terms of structure – which in turn is related to ecosystem function (rooting depth, nutrient recycling, carbon capture, water use, etc.). This approach enables changes in vegetation as a result of land use to be coupled with changes to surface and groundwater resources and other physical and chemical properties of soils.For Australian ecosystems an existing structural classification based on height and cover of all vegetation layers is suggested as the appropriate functional vegetation classification. This classification can be used with a framework for mapping and manipulating vegetation condition classes. These classes are based on the degree of modification to pre-existing vegetation and, in the case of biodiversity, this is the original vegetation. A landscape approach enables a user to visualise and evaluate the trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives at a spatial scale at which the delivery of ecosystem services can meaningfully be influenced and reported. Such trade-offs can be defined using a simple scoring system or, if the ecological and socio-economic data exist in sufficient detail, using process-based models.Existing Australian databases contain information that can be aggregated at the landscape and water catchment scales. The available spatial information includes socio-economic data, terrain, vegetation type and cover, soils and their hydrological properties, groundwater quantity and surface water flows. Our approach supports use of this information to design vegetation management interventions for delivery of an appropriate mix of ecosystem services across landscapes with diverse land uses.     

Mapping the spatial distribution of plant diversity indices in a tropical forest using multi-spectral satellite image classification and field measurements

The relationships among alpha and beta diversity indices, computed from 141 randomly sampled quadrats, and the vegetation classes obtained by multi-spectral satellite image classification, were used as a strategy for mapping plant diversity in a tropical landscape mosaic. A relatively high accuracy of the land cover map was revealed by the overall accuracy assessment and the Cohen's Kappa statistic. Species accumulation models were used to evaluate how representative the sample size was the different vegetation types. A standard one-way, between-subjects ANOVA confirmed a significant reduction of the within-class variance of plant diversity with respect to their total variance across the landscape. Computed uniformity indices, to assess the internal uniformity of vegetation classes on the diversity indices, confirmed the goodness of the mapped classes in stratifying variability of plant diversity. This allowed for the use of the mapped classes as spatial interpolators of plant diversity values for estimation and up-scaling purposes. Finally, it was revealed that the plant diversity of the landscape depends, to a large extent, on the diversity contained in the most mature forest class, which is also the most diverse community in the studied area. High and moderate beta diversity values between mature forests and both the secondary associations and the first stages of succession, respectively, indicated that there is a significant contribution to the diversity of the landscape by those vegetation classes.     

1980-2010年鄱阳湖地区土地覆盖与景观格局变化

以1980、2005和2010年鄱阳湖地区的土地覆盖数据为基础,采用GIS、RS及景观生态学的方法,分析1980-2010年该区土地覆盖及景观格局变化情况,并定量分析了土地覆盖类型变化度、斑块面积指数、斑块形状指数、边缘密度指数以及多样性指数等指标.结果表明：1980-2010年,研究区水田、内陆水体、常绿阔叶林和城镇建设用地不仅是该区域的主要土地覆盖类型,而且变化最强烈.总体上,内陆水体、城镇建设用地面积显著增加,水田和旱地面积有所减少.从景观格局变化来看,虽然鄱阳湖地区受到人口增长和经济发展的影响,其景观破碎度变化和景观多样性指数略呈下降趋势,但变化并不大,这反映出前期环境管理对于区域环境保护已经发挥重要作用,但仍然面临长期挑战.