真核生物无义介导的mRNA降解与肿瘤关系的研究进展

研究发现任何错误剪接、移码、插入等基因突变都可能引入含有提前终止密码子(premature termination codon,PTC)的转录产物,将导致翻译提前终止而产生无生物活性甚至毒害性截短蛋白(truncated proteins)。而无义介导的mRNA的降解(nonsensemediated m RNA decay,NMD)作用机制在基因转录及转录后加工过程中选择性地迅速降解含有提前终止密码子的mRNA,避免产生对细胞正常生理功能有害的截短蛋白,真核生物NMD是转录后m RNA监控的重要环节。肿瘤的发生发展与相应基因的表达有关,NMD可以降解含有PTC的mRNA,学者们认为抑制NMD后肿瘤中某些基因的表达上调,而上调的基因或许在肿瘤的发生发展中其抑癌基因的作用,故学者们抑制肿瘤中NMD后进行测序筛选发生无义突变的抑癌基因。     

Inhibition of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) by a new chemical molecule reveals the dynamic of NMD factors in P-bodies

In mammals, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a quality-control mechanism that degrades mRNA harboring a premature termination codon to prevent the synthesis of truncated proteins. To gain insight into the NMD mechanism, we identified NMD inhibitor 1 (NMDI 1) as a small molecule inhibitor of the NMD pathway. We characterized the mode of action of this compound and demonstrated that it acts upstream of hUPF1. NMDI 1 induced the loss of interactions between hSMG5 and hUPF1 and the stabilization of hyperphosphorylated isoforms of hUPF1. Incubation of cells with NMDI 1 allowed us to demonstrate that NMD factors and mRNAs subject to NMD transit through processing bodies (P-bodies), as is the case in yeast. The results suggest a model in which mRNA and NMD factors are sequentially recruited to P-bodies.     

The unfolded protein response is shaped by the NMD pathway

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), an essential adaptive intracellular pathway that relieves the stress. Although the UPR is an evolutionarily conserved and beneficial pathway, its chronic activation contributes to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human disorders. The fidelity of UPR activation must thus be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate signaling. The nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) pathway has long been known to function in RNA quality control, rapidly degrading aberrant mRNAs, and has been suggested to regulate subsets of normal mRNAs. Here, we report that the NMD pathway regulates the UPR. NMD increases the threshold for triggering the UPR in vitro and in vivo, thereby preventing UPR activation in response to normally innocuous levels of ER stress. NMD also promotes the timely termination of the UPR. We demonstrate that NMD directly targets the mRNAs encoding several UPR components, including the highly conserved UPR sensor, IRE1α, whose NMD-dependent degradation partly underpins this process. Our work not only sheds light on UPR regulation, but demonstrates the physiological relevance of NMD''s ability to regulate normal mRNAs.     

NMD逃逸机制及其在疾病治疗中的应用

无义介导的mRNA降解(nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, NMD)是指在病理或正常生理情况下mRNA上出现了提前终止密码子(premature termination codon, PTC),从而导致mRNA降解。它是一种广泛存在的mRNA质量监控机制。近年来,在多种疾病中发现某些PTC并未触发NMD,这种现象被称为NMD逃逸(NMD escape),然而其确切机制尚不十分清楚。目前公认的两个学说为:(1) PTC通读,即蛋白的翻译可以顺利通过PTC直至正常的终止密码子,产生全长蛋白;(2)翻译的重新启动,即蛋白翻译在PTC下游的潜在起始点重新开始直至终止密码子,产生N端截短蛋白。目前,通过利用PTC通读,越来越多的药物或小分子已被成功用于无义变异相关疾病的治疗。本文主要综述了NMD逃逸的机制及其在疾病治疗中的应用和进展,以期为进一步了解NMD逃逸及其相关应用概况提供参考。     

NMD机制及其对人类遗传病的治疗意义

无义介导的mRNA降解机制(nonsense-mediated mRNA decay,NMD)是真核细胞内重要的RNA质量监控机制,能够识别并降解含有提前终止子(premature termination codon,PTC)的mRNA,避免细胞内积累有害的截短蛋白质产物。同时,NMD机制还调控着大量不含PTC的mRNA稳定性,影响其蛋白质产物的含量。现综述了NMD机制的底物、调控因子及其对人类遗传病治疗意义的最新研究进展。     

Splicing‐dependent NMD does not require the EJC in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a translation‐linked process that destroys mRNAs with premature translation termination codons (PTCs). In mammalian cells, NMD is also linked to pre‐mRNA splicing, usually PTCs trigger strong NMD only when positioned upstream of at least one intron. The exon junction complex (EJC) is believed to mediate the link between splicing and NMD in these systems. Here, we report that in Schizosaccharomyces pombe splicing also enhances NMD, but against the EJC model prediction, an intron stimulated NMD regardless of whether it is positioned upstream or downstream of the PTC and EJC components are not required. Still the effect of splicing seems to be direct—we have found that the important NMD determinant is the proximity of an intron to the PTC, not just the occurrence of splicing. On the basis of these results, we propose a new model to explain how splicing could affect NMD.     

New functions in translation termination uncovered for NMD factor UPF3B

Despite a wealth of biochemical data, the mechanism by which targets of the nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway are recognized during translation termination remains elusive. A new study by Neu‐Yilik et al ( 2017 ) using a fully reconstituted in vitro translation termination system reveals new roles for the NMD factor UPF3B in translation termination and a direct interaction between UPF3B and ribosome release factors.     

eIF4A3 Phosphorylation by CDKs Affects NMD during the Cell Cycle

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Context Analysis of Termination Codons in mRNA that are Recognized by Plant NMD

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Coordinated nuclear export of 60S ribosomal subunits and NMD3 in vertebrates

60S and 40S ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus and exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm independently of each other. We show that in vertebrate cells, transport of both subunits requires the export receptor CRM1 and Ran.GTP. Export of 60S subunits is coupled with that of the nucleo- cytoplasmic shuttling protein NMD3. Human NMD3 (hNMD3) contains a CRM-1-dependent leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) and a complex, dispersed nuclear localization signal (NLS), the basic region of which is also required for nucleolar accumulation. When present in Xenopus oocytes, both wild-type and export-defective mutant hNMD3 proteins bind to newly made nuclear 60S pre-export particles at a late step of subunit maturation. The export-defective hNMD3, but not the wild-type protein, inhibits export of 60S subunits from oocyte nuclei. These results indicate that the NES mutant protein competes with endogenous wild-type frog NMD3 for binding to nascent 60S subunits, thereby preventing their export. We propose that NMD3 acts as an adaptor for CRM1-Ran.GTP-mediated 60S subunit export, by a mechanism that is conserved from vertebrates to yeast.