棕眉柳莺鸣唱声谱分析及其地理差异的初步研究

2002、2005、2007年5-8月,在甘肃莲花山、宁夏贺兰山和内蒙阿拉善贺兰山等自然保护区对棕眉柳莺(Phylloscopus armandii)的鸣唱进行了采集,共录到18只108 min的鸣声.通过声谱分析,棕眉柳莺鸣唱的频率范围在2.63-6.32 kHz之间;音素数平均为5.56±2.47(n=124);持续时间为(1.07 4-0.30)s(rg=124).最长可达2.68 s.棕眉柳莺鸣唱音节之间的间隔时间差异较大,范围在2～18 8之间;从18只个体共589个音节中总结出61种音节类型,其中37种为共享音节,24种为特有音节,分别占总数的60.7%和39.3%.不同棕眉柳莺个体的鸣唱音节类型组成不同,没有任何两只棕眉柳莺个体的音节曲目完全一致.莲花山和内蒙贺兰山两个地区内个体之间的音节相似性系数存在显著差异(P=0.001).通过对棕眉柳莺鸣唱的地理变异分析,发现越是邻近分布的个体其鸣唱也越相似.     

白头鹎鸣唱特征的季节差异分析

许多动物的声通讯行为存在显著的季节变化,鸟类的鸣唱也是如此。雄鸟鸣唱具有宣告领域和吸引配偶的功能,在繁殖季节与非繁殖季节之间应存在一定差异,但差异如何？具体表现在哪些方面？这在很多鸟类中尚未可知。本研究以一种在秋季也有显著鸣唱行为的城市常见小型鸣禽——白头鹎（Pycnonotussinensis）为研究对象,比较其在春季（繁殖季）与秋季（非繁殖季）的鸣唱差异,并分析可能的原因。于2020至2021连续两年的春、秋季分别在武汉地区各采集了27只和30只雄性白头鹎的鸣唱录音,共测量分析春季鸣唱372个,秋季鸣唱435个。对测得的各鸣唱参数数据进行季节间比较,结果显示,白头鹎的鸣唱持续时间和鸣唱音节数存在显著季节差异,春季鸣唱的持续时间较秋季更长,鸣唱音节数更多。鸣唱的频率、能量分布等其他声学参数,以及鸣唱型出现率（反映鸣唱曲目大小）均未表现出显著季节差异。白头鹎鸣唱的时程特征相对其他鸣声特征更具季节可塑性。此外,还发现同一采样点的白头鹎春、秋两季使用相同的鸣唱型。本研究结果表明,春季白头鹎的单位时间鸣唱输出量更大,鸣唱行为更活跃,这与繁殖季节鸟类的领域性更强、为繁殖成功投入更多相一致。白头...     

河北塞罕坝褐柳莺鸣唱特征分析

2014年7月至8月,在天气良好的情况下,每天上午5:00至10:00时,利用TASCAM DR-680型录音机外接Sennheiser ME67话筒,录制了河北塞罕坝林场处于繁殖期的褐柳莺(Phylloscopus fuscatus)鸣声。录音的采样精度为16 bit,采样频率设置为44.1 k Hz。共获得41只个体清晰可供分析的录音,平均每只个体录到(47±16)句录音。利用Raven pro分析软件测量鸣唱参数,如每个句子和音节的最低频率、最高频率、起始频率及终止频率、持续时间和音节(音素)个数。进行统计分析后,发现河北地区褐柳莺鸣唱语句包含两种类型,句型较单一不变的S-song和句型多变的V-song。褐柳莺鸣唱句子的最高频率为(7.04±0.89)k Hz,最低频率为(1.75±0.30)k Hz,起始频率为(4.53±2.00)k Hz,终止频率(3.22±1.43)k Hz,句子的持续时间(1.24±0.32)s,由(6.50±1.91)个音节组成。基于语图上音节形态的差异,共发现49种不同的音节类型,每只个体鸣唱中使用2到30种音节类型。     

河北塞罕坝褐柳莺繁殖期鸣唱变化

2017年5至8月,在河北省塞罕坝录制了80只繁殖期雄性褐柳莺(Phylloscopusfuscatus)的鸣唱,对其鸣唱句型和句子参数以及音节类型的变化进行了定量分析。褐柳莺鸣唱的两种主要句型——S-song和V-song,前者(F_(3,75)=17.983,P 0.05)和后者(F_(3,75)=17.983,P 0.05)的使用频次在不同月份间均存在显著差异。S-song的使用频次多于V-song的使用频次,且二者在繁殖季的变化表现出相反的趋势:S-song使用频次在5月和8月较高,在6月最低;而V-song的使用频次却是在6月达到最高值,在5月和8月较低。不同月份鸣唱句子最高频率(F_(3,75)=4.841,P 0.05)、句子频宽(F_(3,75)=3.814,P 0.05)和句子峰频率(F_(3,75)=3.793,P 0.05)均存在显著差异。通过80只个体的2 400个鸣唱语句得到了65种音节类型,其中,80%以上的音节类型在每个月中均有分布,但每月音节类型数存在显著差异(F_(3,75)=5.456,P 0.05)。音节类型数量随繁殖季的变化表现为,7月褐柳莺鸣唱中具有最多的音节类型数(19.79±3.69),5月和8月音节类型数较少,8月最少。     

斑背大尾莺繁殖期鸣声行为分析

2009年5-7月,在辽宁双台河口保护区录制了20只繁殖期斑背大尾莺雄性个体的鸣声.根据行为特征,该鸟鸣声定义为3种鸣声类型:求偶炫耀鸣唱、报警声和联络声.利用Wavesurfer软件对20只斑背大尾莺雄性个体543个鸣声的句子持续时间、句子音节个数、音节持续时间、音节间隔时间等4个参数进行分析测量,发现求偶炫耀鸣唱由节奏逐渐加快的前部句子和音节组成复杂的主体部两个句子组成; 报警声和联络声的句子均由单音节组成.音节类型总数为38种,其中包括前部句子的音节类型6种.采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)对求偶炫耀鸣唱的4个参数进行差异性检验发现,不同个体的各个参数均呈极显著差异(P<0.01).     

青海门源赭红尾鸲鸣唱方言的时间稳定性

鸟类的鸣唱方言是研究非人类文化进化及其与种群遗传分化相互作用的理想素材。该研究通过比较跨度8年的2001年和2009年青海门源赭红尾鸲(Phoenicurus ochruros rufiventris)鸣唱,研究结果显示,青海门源赭红尾鸲的种特异性音节、经典唱段中的部分音节、典型唱段结构和鸣唱方言的基本形式都具有较高的时间稳定性。2009年赭红尾鸲唱段曲目多于2001年,共享唱段出现了一定的分化,唱段的共享程度和鸣唱的相似性与个体领域间的距离相关,相邻个体的鸣唱相似性程度高于较远距离的个体。     

黄腹山雀的鸣唱特征分析

2006年4—5月及2007年6月,在北京小龙门林区录制了黄腹山雀(Parus venustulus)的鸣唱,利用Avisoft-SASLab Pro鸟声声谱分析软件(德国)测量鸣唱特征参数后进行统计分析,发现该地区的黄腹山雀种群鸣唱句法简单,鸣唱句子均为相同音节的不断重复。所采集的音节曲目中包含了56种音节型,音节类型数与采样个体数(r=0.973,P=0.000<0.05)呈显著正相关,不同个体的领域性鸣唱存在显著差异。与同域分布的大山雀、褐头山雀、煤山雀、沼泽山雀相比较,黄腹山雀的鸣唱句子最短(Dv=0.83±0.48),频率较高(Fmax=7.64±1.01,Fmin=3.27±1.13),句子中音节的重复次数最少(Ns.v=2.0±0.2)。     

繁殖期黄喉Wu的领域鸣唱及其种内个体识别

在镜泊湖自然保护区收录黄喉wu（Emberiza elegans）的鸣唱声,室内作出鸣唱的语图和声谱图。繁殖期黄喉wu领域鸣唱的频率范围2.4-6KHz,有13-28个音节,2-3泛音,鸣唱持续时间2.2-4.0秒;具有相似的频谱结构,但种内个体间亦存在差异。野外对比实验的结果可说明,黄喉wu有识别邻鸟和陌生鸟领域鸣唱的能力,有对声音的记忆和定位的能力。     

山地隔离和空间距离对高黎贡山灰腹地莺(Tesia cyaniventer)鸣唱特征的影响

鸟类鸣唱存在广泛的地理变异，研究鸟类鸣唱变异的模式及其影响因素可帮助解释自然界中广泛而复杂的鸣声变异现象。灰腹地莺（Tesia cyaniventer）是在高黎贡山海拔2000-2800 m分布的小型地栖性森林鸟类。高黎贡山南北走向的山脊海拔通常在3000m以上，这导致灰腹地莺东、西坡种群被山脊所隔离。该种小鸟鸣声洪亮易于鉴别，其鸣声地理变异可揭示山地对鸟类种群产生的隔离效应。在高黎贡山片马垭口和独龙江垭口的东西坡4个地点录制了灰腹地莺的鸣声（n=58），基于声谱分析比较了种群间鸣唱的质量特征，发现种群间鸣唱型的共享程度极低，而音节型在4个种群间均有共享。进一步测量了11个鸣唱的数量特征参数，有6个参数在不同种群间有显著差异：最低频率、中心频率、频率宽度、起始音节频率、首二音节的时间间隔、句子平均音节数。种群间的两两比较表明，鸣声特征差异呈现"隔离-距离"共同作用的格局，但隔离的影响更大。研究表明山地系统中影响鸟类鸣声地理变异的因素较为复杂，山地隔离和空间距离均对灰腹地莺的鸣唱特征产生了影响。     

河南嵩山发现淡尾鹟莺及其鸣声初步分析

2006、2007年和2008年5月,在河南嵩山、四川老君山和陕西厚畛子采集到8只淡尾鹟莺的鸣声样本.在河南嵩山首次发现了淡尾鹟莺的分布点.对淡尾鹟莺的声谱分析表明,其组成音节的音素数平均为(4.87±1.54)个(n=27),频率在(6.76±0.53) kHz～(2.94±0.39) kHz(n=27)之间,鸣唱音节的持续时间和间隔时间分别为1.03 s±0.27 s和6.79 s±1.54 s(n=27);从8只淡尾鹟莺鸣声个体198个音节中总结出了33种音节类型,其中13个音节为两只不同个体所共享,2个音节为3个不同个体所共享.     

Song Learning in the Anna Hummingbird (Calypte anna)

Songs of wild male Anna hummingbirds (Calypte anna) consist of syllables grouped into phrases. Nearest neighbors tend to share similar syllable types, rhythms and syntax. Songs from different localities contain different syllable types, syntax and repetition indices. A male raised by hand in isolation produced a song consisting of highly variable syllable types of a wide frequency range. The song was simple in structure, and syllables were not grouped into phrases. Three males raised by hand as a group sang songs containing two stereotyped syllable types sung in alternating sequence and without phrase structure. These three males shared syllable types and syntax. The data from our study indicate that despite its relatively simple syrinx the Anna hummingbird learns syllable types, frequency, rhythm and syntax (as do oscines with their more complex syringes) during the song development process.     

10种鸣禽控制鸣啭神经核团大小与鸣唱复杂性的相关性

为进一步揭示鸣禽鸣唱行为的神经生物学机制 ,本实验先对 8个科 10种鸣禽的鸣唱行为进行了观察和录音 ,并借助声谱软件分析了每种鸣禽的鸣唱复杂性。鸣唱语句复杂性的评价指标包括 :短语总数、每个短语中所含的平均音节数及音节种类数、所有短语的总音节数及音节种类数、最长短语的音节数及音节种类数。然后 ,测定了前脑三个鸣啭学习控制核团和一个与发声无关的视觉参考核团体积 ,分析了鸣唱语句复杂性和这些核团大小间的相关关系。结果表明 :1)HVC和HVC/Rt与 7种鸣唱语句复杂性指标无关 ;RA和RA/Rt与总音节种类数相关 ;AreaX与总音节数及音节种类数相关 ;2 )HVC/RA和HVC/X比值与多个鸣唱语句复杂性指标相关。结果提示 :鸣禽鸣唱复杂性不同特征可能受不同神经控制     

Mechanisms of song differentiation in introduced populations of Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in New Zealand

Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs were introduced to New Zealand from Great Britain over 100 years ago, and since then their songs have diverged from British ones in both syllable structure and basic organization of syllable sequences. The New Zealand populations seem to be unique in that their songs have undergone differentiation of trill segments by progressive elaboration of syllable morphology and hp ascending and descending changes of pitch. Published sonagrams of British song types have significantly more trill phrases and significantly fewer syllables in the end phrase than do Yew Zealand ones. Many New Zealand song types have much elaborated end phrases and concomitantly simpler trill segments, with songs quite commonly having only one trill phrase. This reversal of complexity between the trill and end phrase in New Zealand seems to have been derived by progressive reduction of the ultimate trill phrase to one syllable, and by recombination of end phrase syllables from different song types into one compound end phrase. The significance of the increased complexity in the end phrases of many song types may relate to the sound transmission properties of dense pine forests in New Zealand, in which Chaffinches are ubiquitous. Elaborate end phrases degrade much less from reverberation in pine forests because individual syllables have more dispersed temporal patterning.
Recombination of syllables to form new song types is a major mechanism of song differentiation in New Zealand. Although whole song copying is the predominant mode of replication, very few song types in a locality sample are composed of a unique set of syllables. Rather, song types in an area are interconnected by different combinations of shared syllables, suggesting that the incorporation of some local syllables in a bird's repertoire is sufficient to signal its status as a member of a neighbourhood and also allows the evolution of broadcast complexity.     

Vocal Plasticity – are Pied Flycatchers,Ficedula Hypoleuca,Open‐Ended Learners?

In some songbird species, large song repertoires are advantageous in female attraction, whereas song sharing with neighbours may give an advantage in male–male competition. Open‐ended learners, with the ability to memorize new song elements throughout their lives, may learn from territorial neighbours and thus benefit from increasing both repertoire size and song sharing. A distinction needs to be made between true adult song learning, i.e. memorization of novel song elements, and vocal plasticity resulting in changes in the use of previously memorized elements, such as the use of hidden repertoires or increased production of previously rare syllable types. We assessed the ability of adult pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca males to learn previously unheard song elements and to change their song production in response to playback of unfamiliar, conspecific song, emulating a singing neighbour. After a 1‐week playback treatment, three out of 20 subjects had learned foreign song elements, providing evidence from the wild that pied flycatchers are true open‐ended learners. However, the syllable sharing with the playback stimulus repertoires had not changed, and the males’ repertoires had decreased rather than increased. Hence, we did not find support for increased syllable sharing with neighbours or increased repertoire size as functions of adult song learning in pied flycatchers. Because pied flycatcher song seems to serve mainly for mate attraction, copying of attractive syllable types is a possible alternative function of adult song learning in this species.     

Species-universal microstructure in the learned song of the swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)

A swamp sparrow song is a 2-s string of about 10 identical syllables, each made up of two to five distinct notes. Naturally-occurring syllables are highly polymorphic. The development of syllable patterning is strongly influenced by imitation. Analysis of 452 songs indicates that, whether simple or complex, all syllables were assembled from the same species-universal set of note types, consisting of six basic categories. Two populations studied intensively, 1000 km apart, differed in the number of notes per syllable and the ordering of note types within a syllable. It appears that song dialects can be defined in the swamp sparrow by reference to these features. The process of song learning in the swamp sparrow thus consists of the selection of a particular number, timing and sequence of notes from a limited set of types. While some degree of selection of within-type note variants is possible, the structure of the major categories of swamp sparrow note types is in large degree genetically preordained.     

Acoustic pattern variations in the female-directed birdsongs of a colony of laboratory-bred zebra finches

The acoustic profile of the zebra finch song is characterized by a series of identical repeating units, each comprising a distinctive sequence of acoustic elements, called syllables. Here, we perform an analysis of song pattern deviations caused by variabilities in the production of song syllables. Zebra finches produce four different kinds of syllable variabilities-syllable deletions, single or double syllable insertions, syllable alterations, and syllable repetitions. All these variabilities, with the exception of repetitions, are present in songs of more than two-thirds of the normal adult birds; repetitions are present in less than one-fifth of birds. The frequency of occurrence of these variabilities is independent of the amount of singing, suggesting that they are unlikely to result simply from singing-induced physiological changes such as fatigue. Their frequencies in tutor-deprived birds are not significantly different from those in normal birds, indicating that they are unlikely to be acquired due to deficiencies in tutor-dependent learning. The types, patterns of occurrence and relative frequencies of these song syllable variabilities might reveal insights into the functioning of the song motor control pathway.     

A latitudinal gradient in rates of evolution of avian syllable diversity and song length

We ask whether rates of evolution in traits important for reproductive isolation vary across a latitudinal gradient, by quantifying evolutionary rates of two traits important for pre-mating isolation-avian syllable diversity and song length. We analyse over 2500 songs from 116 pairs of closely related New World passerine bird taxa to show that evolutionary rates for the two main groups of passerines-oscines and suboscines-doubled with latitude in both groups for song length. For syllable diversity, oscines (who transmit song culturally) evolved more than 20 times faster at high latitudes than in low latitudes, whereas suboscines (whose songs are innate in most species and who possess very simple song with few syllable types) show no clear latitudinal gradient in rate. Evolutionary rates in oscines and suboscines were similar at tropical latitudes for syllable complexity as well as for song length. These results suggest that evolutionary rates in traits important to reproductive isolation and speciation are influenced by latitude and have been fastest, not in the tropics where species diversity is highest, but towards the poles.     

10种鸣禽鸣唱复杂性与发声核团体积的聚类分析

选用捕自野外和人工繁殖的10种雄性成鸟(一年龄以上)作为实验材料。当鸟适应环境后录音,用VS-99语音工作站软件进行声谱分析。鸣唱的复杂性采用语句短语总数、短语的音节数之和、短语的音节种类数之和、每个短语中所含的平均音节数、每个短语中所含的平均音节种类数、每种鸣禽最长短语的音节数和最长短语的音节种类数7项指标表示。然后测定前脑的上纹状体腹侧尾端(HVC)、古纹状体粗核(RA)以及嗅叶的X核(Areax)3个主要鸣唱控制核团的体积。最后分别对10种鸣禽3个发声控制核团体积和鸣唱复杂性的7项指标进行聚类分析。10种鸣禽的7项指标值相差较大,即使同一科也如此。蒙古百灵的3种核团体积比值均最大,其次是金丝雀和黄喉鹉。10种鸣禽鸣唱语句复杂性的7个指标和3种核团体积聚类分析树形图显示的结果各不相同;仅RA和Areax核团体积的树形图显示蒙古百灵远离其他9种鸣禽,与现代分类学和DNA分析得到的进化树一致。