猴头菌多糖不同脱色方法的研究

为选择最适于猴头菌多糖的脱色方法,本论文先比较了活性炭吸附法、化学脱色法、大孔树脂法等三种常用的脱色方法对猴头菌多糖的脱色效果及脱色前后免疫活性的变化,发现大孔树脂法更适合于猴头菌多糖的脱色,接着对十种不同类型的大孔树脂进行了筛选,通过脱色前后脱色率、多糖保留率及体外免疫活性的比较,最后发现大孔弱碱性阴离子树脂D315最适合用于猴头菌粗多糖的脱色.     

猴头菌不同发育阶段产生的多糖结构特征及免疫活性

采收猴头菌Hericium erinaceus 7个不同发育阶段的子实体,经热水浸提后分别采用20%、50%、70%的乙醇终浓度进行分级沉淀,获得21个多糖组分,对它们的结构特征及体外免疫活性进行了研究。结果表明,在猴头菌发育过程中,多糖总得率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在第5阶段达到最大值0.92%。20%醇沉的多糖含量也呈先增大后减小的趋势,在第5阶段达到最大值42.87%,其大分子量多糖（1 000-5 000kDa）所占比例最高。50%、70%醇沉多糖均为小分子量多糖,约为10-40kDa。获得的猴头菌多糖组分中,单糖组成多以岩藻糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖为主（相对比例存在一定差异）;另外,第1阶段20%、70%醇沉多糖还含有少量的核糖,第7阶段20%醇沉多糖含有一定量的鼠李糖;7个时期50%醇沉多糖均含有一定量的葡萄糖醛酸。所得多糖样品均具有刺激巨噬细胞释放NO的活性,其中20%醇沉多糖的活性优于50% 和70% 醇沉多糖,在50μg/mL时就表现出显著的体外免疫活性。此外,在第5阶段即中菌刺期产生的多糖活性最优,说明在此阶段采摘可以获得最佳的猴头菌多糖原材料。本研究为猴头菌生长发育过程中活性多糖的动态形成研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

ARTP诱变猴头菌株的发酵菌丝体多糖理化性质及体外免疫活性

为探讨常压室温等离子体诱变的3株高产多糖猴头菌和出发菌株的多糖组分差异,通过液体发酵获得的菌丝体经水提、分级醇沉获得8个胞内多糖组分,对它们的理化性质、结构特征及体外免疫活性进行了研究。结果表明,3株ARTP诱变菌株414、321、236菌丝体多糖含量较出发菌株有较明显提升;ARTP诱变的猴头菌20%醇沉多糖组分较出发菌株分子量大,所占比例增加;诱变菌株60%醇沉多糖组分的分子量略大于出发菌株,所占比例相近。20%醇沉多糖主要由半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖构成,诱变菌株该多糖组分中葡萄糖和甘露糖的比例较出发菌株均有明显提升,60%醇沉多糖组分单糖组成无明显差异;8个多糖组分均具有体外刺激巨噬细胞释放NO的活性,其中20%醇沉多糖的活性优于60%醇沉多糖,诱变菌株的生物活性优于出发菌株。本研究探讨了ARTP诱变对猴头菌胞内多糖结构及活性的影响,为猴头菌相关产品的开发提供了优质资源。     

猴头菌子实体和固体培养菌丝体提取物化学组成及生物活性的比较

比较了猴头菌子实体和固体培养菌丝体的提取物化学成分的组成和含量的差异。研究结果表明,猴头菌子实体和培养菌丝体提取物的单糖含量分别为6.67%和6.68%,基本一致;蛋白质含量分别为12.73%和13.91%,比较接近;多糖的含量相差较大,分别为26.63%和18.71%,子实体提取物的多糖含量比培养菌丝体提取物高7.92%;而培养菌丝体中重金属的含量比子实体中的高;红外光谱分析子实体提取物的特征吸收峰显示二者在多糖构型上有差异;动物实验表明在等生药量时,猴头菌子实体提取物对大鼠胃粘膜损伤的保护作用优于培养菌丝体的提取物。研究结果表明,猴头菌子实体较培养菌丝体更合适于相应功能食品的开发。     

香菇不同发育阶段子实体多糖的理化性质及体外免疫活性研究

香菇多糖是从香菇菌丝体或子实体中提取纯化得到的高分子葡聚糖,作为香菇主要的生物活性物质,具有提高免疫力、抗病毒、抗氧化和抗真菌等生物活性。本研究对幼菇期、菌褶期、采收期、成熟期和开伞期5个不同发育阶段香菇粗多糖含量、理化性质和体外免疫活性进行比较分析。结果表明,其粗多糖含量、理化性质和体外免疫活性具有明显差异。粗多糖得率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,菌褶期得率最高;粗多糖含量也呈现先增加后降低的趋势,成熟期含量最高;多糖的分子量因发育期不同而有较大差异,发育后期所得粗多糖分子量千万级以上组分的比例增加,分子量百万级和十万级的多糖组分比例降低;不同发育阶段香菇子实体多糖的单糖组成均包含果糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖4种单糖,且都以葡萄糖为主;5个阶段的多糖组分均有较好的体外免疫活性,其中幼菇期粗多糖在浓度500μg/mL时表现出最高的体外免疫活性。本研究探讨了香菇不同发育阶段子实体多糖的理化性质及体外免疫活性,为香菇采收期的确定及香菇多糖的制备与利用提供理论依据。     

不同基质栽培的猴头菌子实体多糖理化性质和体外免疫活性

【背景】猴头菌多糖是猴头菌(Hericium erinaceus)中主要的活性成分,具有提高免疫力、抗肿瘤、降血糖、抗突变、抗衰老等多种功效。目前对于猴头菌多糖的研究主要集中在结构分析上,有关不同基质栽培对于猴头菌子实体多糖理化性质的影响鲜见报道。【目的】研究不同基质栽培的猴头菌子实体多糖的理化性质和体外免疫活性,筛选出高产优质猴头菌的栽培配方。【方法】采用7种不同配方的基质经工厂化栽培获得不同的猴头菌子实体,对其子实体产量和粗多糖含量进行统计和分析测定,并对7种不同基质栽培获得的猴头菌子实体多糖的分子量分布及单糖组成等理化特征进行分析,比较其对刺激RAW264.7巨噬细胞株释放NO的差异。【结果】综合各项指标表明,配方2 (木屑30%,玉米芯40%,棉籽壳15%,玉米粉2%,麸皮6%,米糠5%,石膏1%,石灰1%)和配方7 (玉米芯39%,棉籽壳10%,麸皮10%,米糠30%,大豆皮5%,甜菜渣4%,碳酸钙2%)栽培获得的猴头菌子实体具有较高的多糖含量和活性。【结论】所选配方适合作为栽培猴头菌深加工原料的培养基质。     

猴头菌子实体发育过程中多糖结构和活性的变化

猴头菌(Hericium erinaceus)多糖是猴头菌发挥药理作用的主要活性成分,猴头菌生长过程中多糖的合成代谢及其结构的变化目前还鲜有研究报道。该试验研究了猴头菌生长发育过程中多糖的产生及其结构和活性的变化。对猴头菌0605菌株生长发育6个时期的子实体进行了多糖和β-葡聚糖含量的测定,并对提取的粗多糖进行了体外免疫活性的研究。结果表明:在猴头菌的整个生长发育过程中,子实体多糖的含量呈现上升的趋势,成熟期含量最高,达1.54%,分裂期含量最低仅0.89%;β-葡聚糖含量整体上呈上升的趋势,中菌刺期含量最高33.58%,成熟期最高,达到50.67%;体外免疫活性试验表明,现蕾期、分裂期、中菌刺期和成熟期的多糖均能很好地刺激巨噬细胞RAW264.7产生NO,活性均优于无菌刺期和小菌刺期的多糖。分别采用体积分数为30%、50%和70%的乙醇对子实体发育后3个时期的热水浸提物进行分级醇沉,对分级分离多糖进行理化性质研究。结果表明:小菌刺期30%醇沉的粗多糖得率高于中菌刺期和成熟期,其大分子量多糖的比例也较高;3个时期50%和70%醇沉多糖分子量相差不大;分级分离多糖的单糖种类基本相同,都含有岩藻糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖,但摩尔比有差异;3个时期分级分离多糖均能刺激巨噬细胞分泌NO,30%醇沉多糖比50%和70%醇沉多糖的活性好;成熟期多糖的活性优于其他生长阶段。对小菌刺期、中菌刺期和成熟期50%醇沉多糖(H5FP4B、H5FP5B、H5FP6B)进行Sephacryl S300凝胶层析纯化,共得到9个组分:H5FP4B-1、H5FP5B-1、H5FP6B-1、H5FP4B-2、H5FP5B-2、H5FP6B-2、H5FP4B-3、H5FP5B-3、H5FP6B-3。对这9个组分的分子量分布进行研究,发现每个时期的主峰(H5FP4B-3、H5FP5B-3和H5FP6B-3)分子量基本相同,分子量分布差异较大的是3个时期的第1组分,在体外免疫活性上也表现出较大差异。主峰H5FP4B-3的分子量为1.59万,由岩藻糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,摩尔比为5.2∶23.9∶1。经红外光谱、甲基化和核磁共振综合分析,解析出H5FP4B-3均一多糖的结构单元是以α-D-1,6连接的半乳糖和α-D-1,2,6连接的半乳糖构成主链,侧链为α构型的端基岩藻糖。研究结果表明:猴头菌不同发育阶段产生的多糖结构和活性有一定的差异,生长初期,大分子量的多糖较多,后期分子量分布差异变小并趋稳定。多糖主成分变化不大,较稳定;到成熟期,多糖的活性更高。     

百尾参多糖脱色脱蛋白工艺及其免疫活性研究

以百尾参多糖脱色率、多糖损失率为指标,通过单因素和正交试验研究活性炭含量、时间、温度和pH对多糖脱色效果的影响,优化百尾参多糖最佳脱色条件;对Sevage法、三氯乙酸（TCA）法、蛋白质等电点法以及酶法4种脱蛋白方法进行比较,选择较好的脱蛋白方法。建立环磷酰胺免疫低下小鼠模型,研究百尾参多糖的免疫调节活性。结果表明活性炭脱色的最佳条件是活性炭加入量1%、温度60 ℃,时间45 min、pH 4.5;酶法为4种方法中较好的脱蛋白方法。百尾参多糖能加速恢复环磷酰胺致小鼠免疫器官萎缩,也能剂量依赖性地提高小鼠血清中的白介素-2（IL-2）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）等细胞因子含量,表明百尾参多糖对环磷酰胺的免疫抑制具有保护作用。     

乙醇对胃粘膜的损伤及牛磺酸的保护作用

为了探讨乙醇性胃粘膜损伤和牛磺酸对其保护作用的机制,将４０只ＳＤ大鼠分为对照组、乙醇损伤组和牛磺酸保护组,观察其胃粘膜中内皮素（ＥＴ）、一氧化氮合成酶（ＮＯＳ）、生长抑素（ＳＳ）和血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）的变化。结果如下：（１）随着乙醇作用时间延长、粘膜的损伤加重,胃粘膜内ＥＴ含量显著上升,而ＮＯＳ、ＳＳ和ＶＩＰ含量显著下降;（２）牛磺酸可显著减轻乙醇性胃粘膜损伤,抑制ＥＴ释放,增加ＮＯＳ活性和ＳＳ、ＶＩＰ的含量。上述结果表示,ＥＴ、ＮＯＳ、ＳＳ和ＶＩＰ的变化参与了乙醇性胃粘膜损伤的病理生理过程;牛磺酸对乙醇性胃粘膜损伤具有保护作用,可能与其调节胃粘膜内ＥＴ、ＮＯＳ、ＳＳ和ＶＩＰ的释放与活性有关。     

八种桑黄粗多糖化学组成与体外免疫活性的比较

采用水提醇沉法提取了八种不同桑黄子实体的粗多糖,对八种桑黄粗多糖进行了多糖和蛋白质含量的测定,并进行了单糖组成和氨基酸成分的分析,同时对八种桑黄粗多糖进行了体外淋巴细胞增殖实验。结果表明,八种桑黄粗多糖提取物中多糖和蛋白质的含量有较大差异,单糖组成、氨基酸种类及含量上也有一定的差异。体外对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖作用的测定结果显示,八种桑黄粗多糖均表现了一定的活性,其中PB-10和JSH在样品浓度50μg/mL时就有较好的活性,同时PB-10P和JSHP的多糖和蛋白质含量也较其它品种高。研究结果在一定程度上说明桑黄粗多糖的免疫活性与多糖和蛋白质的含量和组成有着密切的关系。     

Structural features and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides of longan pulp

An aqueous extract of polysaccharides from longan pulp was chromatographed on a DEAE anion-exchange column to yield four fractions (LPI-IV). Immunomodulatory activities of these polysaccharides were also evaluated in vitro. The purified products, neutral polysaccharide LPI, polysaccharide-protein complex LPII and acidic polysaccharides LPIII and LPIV, exhibited conspicuous differences in their monosaccharide composition, molecular mass and glycosidic linkages. Except for LPI, the other three significantly stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in the dose range of 100-400 μg/mL compared with the normal control (P < 0.05), and might electively stimulate B cells, but not T cells. Furthermore, their stimulations on normal/lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation and depressions on concanavalin A-induced proliferation could be ordered as LPIII > LPIV > LPII > LPI. All the fractions had the optimal dose of 100 μg/mL on enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. Among them, LPII had the considerable yield and activity for exploiting as a potential immunoadjuvant.     

小剂量多虑平对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤的治疗作用

目的:探讨小剂量多虑平(Doxepin)对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤(stress gastric mucosal damage,SGMD)的治疗作用,并就其可能机制初步研究。方法:采用浸水加束缚的方法制备大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤模型。健康雄性SD大鼠50只,随机分为5组:假手术组(Sham组)、应激性胃黏膜损伤组(SGMD组)、溶剂对照组(Vehicle组)、多虑平预处理组(Doxepin组)、多虑平联合PI3K特异抑制剂LY294002组(Doxepin+LY组)。记录各组大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数。测算大鼠胃黏膜组织中丙二醛(malonalldehyde,MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD)活性。Western blot法检测胃黏膜组织淋巴瘤/白血病-2(B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2,Bcl-2),Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 associated X protein,Bax),磷酸化Akt1(phosphorylated Akt1,p-Akt1)以及肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)蛋白的表达。结果:成功制备大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤SGMD模型。与大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤组相比,多虑平组大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数降低,胃黏膜组织MDA含量降低,SOD活性增强,p-Akt1的蛋白表达水平增强,且Bcl-2蛋白表达增强,Bax蛋白表达减弱(P<0.05)。而LY294002可削弱多虑平的以上作用(P<0.05)。结论:小剂量多虑平对大鼠应激性胃黏膜损伤具有保护作用,这种保护作用可能与其上调PI3K/Akt信号通路活性,上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达活性作用密切相关。     

Cell wall reconstruction and DNA damage repair play a key role in the improved salt tolerance effects of He-Ne laser irradiation in tall fescue seedlings

The improved salt tolerance effects of He–Ne laser were further studied through the estimation of ROS levels, cell viability, DNA damage phenomena, physicochemical properties, and monosaccharide compositions of cell wall polysaccharides in tall fescue seedlings. Salt stress produced deleterious effects on seedlings growth and development. ROS levels and genomic DNA damage were markedly increased compared with controls. Physicochemical activities and monosaccharide proportions of cell wall polysaccharide were also pronouncedly altered. He–Ne laser irradiation improved plant growth retardation via increasing cell viability and reverting physicochemical parameters. According to the results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) scanning spectra and DNA apopladder analysis, He–Ne laser was showed to efficiently ameliorate cell wall polysaccharide damage and DNA fragmentation phenomena. The treatment with DNA synthesis inhibitor further demonstrated that DNA damage repair was correlated with the improvement effects of the laser. Therefore, our data illustrated that He–Ne laser irradiation resulted in cell wall reconstruction and genomic DNA injury repair in vivo in salt-stressed seedlings, then enhanced salt tolerance probably via interactions between plant cell wall and related resistance gene expression pattern.     

三个不同产地香菇多糖的理化性质及生物活性研究

本研究分析了浙江、湖北和新疆香菇多糖的结构、抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性。采用水提醇沉法,制备3个产地香菇多糖,分别利用Sevag法及透析法对其进行初步纯化,获得浙江香菇多糖（ZLP）、新疆香菇多糖（XLP）、湖北香菇多糖（HLP）。进一步通过高效阴离子交换色谱（HPAEC）测定其单糖组成,傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析其结构。检测了3个多糖的自由基清除能力和抑制肿瘤细胞增殖能力。结果表明,3个多糖均主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖及甘露糖组成。3个多糖红外光谱的特征吸收峰相似,均含有β糖苷键。HLP、ZLP、XLP均可有效清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）、2,2-联氮基双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）和羟基自由基。此外,HLP和XLP对人肝癌细胞（HpG2）、人肺癌细胞（NCI-H460）、人胃腺癌细胞（SGC-7901）的抑制增殖能力高于ZLP。     

灵芝子实体、菌丝体及孢子粉中多糖成分差异比较研究

为探讨灵芝子实体、菌丝体和孢子粉3种材料中多糖成分的差异,分别运用苯酚硫酸法进行多糖含量测定,运用离子色谱分析其酸水解后单糖组成,并运用HPLC分析各多糖图谱及经α-淀粉酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶处理后HPLC图谱的变化,结果发现,灵芝菌丝体中多糖含量最高,达到3.81%,孢子粉多糖含量为1.8%,灵芝子实体中多糖含量最低,仅为0.59%;水解后的单糖组成及摩尔比也有差异,子实体的单糖主要为葡萄糖和半乳糖,菌丝体和孢子粉的单糖主要为葡萄糖;HPLC图谱显示3种多糖出峰位置和分子量也不同,酶解效果表明多糖结构也相差较大。各样品多糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7释放NO的产量的影响上,菌丝体与子实体多糖都表现出了很好的活性,而孢子粉多糖却呈现出较低活性。实验结果表明灵芝子实体、菌丝体和孢子粉3种材料的多糖成分差异大,在医药保健品使用中应区分使用。     

Endothelin induces vascular and mucosal lesions, enhances the injury by HCl/ethanol, and the antibody exerts gastroprotection.

Vascular factors play an important role in the pathogenesis and prevention of acute gastric mucosal lesions. Endothelin-3 (ET-3), a potent vasoactive peptide, was infused intra-arterially to induce gastric microvascular and hemorrhagic mucosal lesions, and to enhance the damaging effects of dilute HCl and ethanol. ET-3 antibody was injected intravenously to decrease hemorrhagic mucosal lesions induced by ethanol. Locally infused ET (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 nmol.100 g-1.min-1 for up to 15 min) was followed in some cases by intragastric dilute ethanol or HCl, which alone caused no or only mild vascular and mucosal lesions. Monastral blue was used to visualize and quantify vascular injury. ET-3 produced dose-dependent vascular lesions that affected the walls of mucosal capillaries and venules and induced mucosal congestion and focal endothelial labeling in vessels of the gastric muscular layers. The highest dose of ET induced hemorrhagic gastric mucosal lesions, mortality, and periods of hyper- and hypotension in the rat. Medium and low doses of ET-3 caused vascular injury, and dose-dependently potentiated the vascular and hemorrhagic mucosal lesions caused by dilute HCl and ethanol. Indomethacin slightly enhanced damage induced by ET and 50% ethanol, suggesting a limited mediatory role of prostaglandins in the ET-induced mucosal lesions. Anti-ET-3 serum dose-dependently decreased but did not abolish the hemorrhagic gastric mucosal lesions induced by 75% ethanol. Thus, ET-3 causes endothelial damage in capillaries and venules of rat stomach and predisposes to mucosal damage even after exposure to dilute ethanol or HCl. ET is more potent than leukotrienes and histamine and thus may play an important role in the mechanisms of acute gastric mucosal injury and protection where the vascular network appears to be a major target.     

Protective effect of quercetin on ischemia/reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.

This study was designed to determine the gastroprotective properties of quercetin in ischemia/reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal injury and the involvement of endogenous prostaglandins in this process. Oral pretreatment of rats with quercetin (100 mg x kg(-1)) 30 min before surgery significantly decreased the length of gastric mucosal lesions. However, lower doses of quercetin (25 and 50 mg x kg(-1)) only slightly decreased the gastric mucosal injury. Intraperitoneal application of indomethacin (5 mg x kg(-1)) had no effect in control (sham-operated) animals, but significantly worsened gastric injury in non-treated animals after ischemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, indomethacin only slightly reversed protective effect of quercetin. Non-treated animals showed a marked decrease in adherent mucus after ischemia/reperfusion. On the other hand, application of quercetin prevented this significant decrease even in animals pretreated with indomethacin. It can be concluded that antioxidant properties of quercetin and its mucus protective effect might be the main factors responsible for its protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion-induced gastric mucosal injury.     

A Chronobiologic Approach to Ethanol and Acidified Aspirin Injury of the Gastric Mucosa in the Rat

Several models of erosive peptic disease have used drug-induced lesions to examine protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa. Physiological processes such as acid secretion, motility, or epithelial cell turnover have circadian rhythms which may modulate the susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to injury. In this review are described recent studies which demonstrated that susceptibility to gastric mucosal injury by acidified aspirin and absolute ethanol varied with the phases of the light-dark cycle. Acidified aspirin caused significantly more gastric mucosal lesions when administered early in the light phase compared to administration early in the dark phase. The differences in susceptibility were not altered by pretreatment conditions such as immobilization or length of the fasting period. Absolute ethanol also caused significantly greater gastric mucosal injury when administered in the light than in the dark phase, but this difference was only evident in rats immobilized during the pretreatment fasting period. Further studies are needed to correlate circadian susceptibility to drug-induced gastric mucosal injury with physiological defense mechanisms. Careful attention to circadian timekeeping may allow us to refine therapy to optimize physiological defense mechanisms in the stomach.     

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates gastric epithelial cell proliferation

TNF-alpha is a cytokine produced during gastric mucosal injury. We examined whether TNF-alpha could promote mucosal repair by stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation and explored further the underlying mechanisms in a rat gastric mucosal epithelial cell line (RGM-1). TNF-alpha treatment (1-10 ng/ml) for 12 or 24 h significantly increased cell proliferation but did not induce apoptosis in RGM-1 cells. TNF-alpha treatment significantly increased cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression and PGE(2) level but did not affect the protein levels of EGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, and COX-1 in RGM-1 cells. The mRNA of TNF receptor (TNF-R) 2 but not of TNF-R1 was also increased. Dexamethasone dose dependently inhibited the stimulatory effect of TNF-alpha on cell proliferation, which was associated with a significant decrease in cellular COX-2 expression and PGE(2) level. A selective COX-2 inhibitor 3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-5,5-dimethyl-(5)H-furan-2-one (DFU) by itself had no effect on basal cell proliferation but significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of TNF-alpha on RMG-1 cells. Combination of dexamethasone and DFU did not produce an additive effect. PGE(2) significantly reversed the depressive action of dexamethasone on cell proliferation. These results suggest that TNF-alpha plays a regulatory role in epithelial cell repair in the gastric mucosa via the TNF-alpha receptor and activation of the arachidonic acid/PG pathway.     

A Chronobiologic Approach to Ethanol and Acidified Aspirin Injury of the Gastric Mucosa in the Rat

Several models of erosive peptic disease have used drug-induced lesions to examine protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa. Physiological processes such as acid secretion, motility, or epithelial cell turnover have circadian rhythms which may modulate the susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to injury. In this review are described recent studies which demonstrated that susceptibility to gastric mucosal injury by acidified aspirin and absolute ethanol varied with the phases of the light-dark cycle. Acidified aspirin caused significantly more gastric mucosal lesions when administered early in the light phase compared to administration early in the dark phase. The differences in susceptibility were not altered by pretreatment conditions such as immobilization or length of the fasting period. Absolute ethanol also caused significantly greater gastric mucosal injury when administered in the light than in the dark phase, but this difference was only evident in rats immobilized during the pretreatment fasting period. Further studies are needed to correlate circadian susceptibility to drug-induced gastric mucosal injury with physiological defense mechanisms. Careful attention to circadian timekeeping may allow us to refine therapy to optimize physiological defense mechanisms in the stomach.