桃儿无繁殖生物学研究

以居群为单位研究了桃儿七的繁殖生物学,指出桃儿七为适应分布区内生长季节短暂的环境条件,花各部分的形态在开花前一年就已开始分化,并形成一休眠芽,但大小孢子还尚未进行减数分裂。到了第二年春天气温回升之后,大小孢子方才进行减数分裂,并在减数分裂之后,植株通过茎基部的居间生长将花及叶带出地面。桃儿七在开花时先花后叶。花在露出土面的第二、三天随即开放。虽然桃儿七具有一系列适应于虫煤传粉的形态结构和生物学特征     

南方山荷叶中甸居群繁殖生物学研究

对分布于云南中甸地区南方山荷叶进行的繁殖生物学研究结果表明 :南方山荷叶有性生殖良好 ,性成熟个体的花在开花前一年 7月末 8月初开始分化并以休眠芽的形式度过冬天及早春 ;花在次年春天开放并在植株露出地面 1 0 d之后进行传粉 ;每个体有花 3～ 2 8朵 ,每花有胚珠 1～ 1 7枚 ,每个体有胚珠 40～ 2 0 2枚 ;在自然条件下南方山荷叶传粉方式为异花授粉 (但自交可育 ) ,其传粉昆虫为叶蜂类和甲虫类 ;天然居群具有较高的结实率 ( 58.3%～1 0 0 .0 % ) ,每个体有果实 3～ 2 6枚 ,每果实有种子 0～ 1 1粒 ,平均结籽率为 60 .41 % ,每个体平均种子产量 47.0 5。南方山荷叶常可通过根状茎进行营养繁殖形成无性系植株。人工繁殖时既可用种子繁殖 ,亦可用切割根状茎来进行营养繁殖。     

桃儿七传粉生物学特性及其在进化上的意义

对分布于云南中甸县不同居群的桃儿七进行了传粉生物学特性研究,结果如下：（１）首次发现其具有一种适应于自花授粉的传粉机制。即在花尚未开放或刚开放时,雌蕊呈直立状,而一旦花完全开放时,子房柄会发生弯曲,以致整个雌蕊靠向某一花药,从而使柱头与花药贴合实现传粉;当完成传粉后,雌蕊又重新直立,此时受精作用也随之完成。整个传粉、受精过程仅需４￣６ｈ。（２）其生殖节律快,有效率高。从孢子母细胞减数分裂开始到双受     

同一居群韭莲不同植株减数分裂行为差异的遗传分析

对韭莲(2n=48)小孢子母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育进行研究。结果显示同一居群植株的减数分裂行为存在明显差异。多数韭莲植株小孢子母细胞减数分裂存在少量落后染色体、微核等现象,平均每株中具有异常分离行为的母细胞占14.02%,小孢子发育正常,但花粉无活力。并首次从减数分裂后期Ⅰ的特殊的细胞学形态证明韭莲是臂内倒位杂合体。而少数植株韭莲的小孢子母细胞减数分裂极其紊乱,后期Ⅰ出现多极分离、大量落后染色体,小孢子母细胞减数分裂总异常分离高达94.3%。四分孢子期多分孢子体高达73.4%。分析认为:前者减数分裂行为异常的原因主要由染色体结构变异所致,而后者的原因除染色体结构变异外,还可能与控制纺锤体形成的基因突变有关。     

桃儿七种子休眠机理及种子内含物对苯二酚的生物活性研究

为了进一步了解濒危植物桃儿七种子休眠机理,采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对桃儿七种子的乙醚浸提物进行分离与鉴定。结果表明,经GC-MS分离与鉴定出脂肪类、烷类,酸类等19种化合物中,多数化合物已被前人研究证明具有生物抑制活性,这也正是桃儿七种子萌发不良、休眠产生的主要原因及机理。对苯二酚是首次从桃儿七种子中分离出的有机化合物,利用对苯二酚对小麦进行生物活性的鉴定显示,0.1-1~1.0 mg.L-1的对苯二酚可显著促进小麦的生长。通过在桃儿七种子分离胚培养基中添加1.0 mg.L-1的对苯二酚,可显著促进无菌苗的生长和发育,缩短生长和发育周期,并且植株生长健壮,根系发达。由此可说明,对苯二酚在促进植物的生长和发育方面具有类似于植物生长激素的作用。     

珍稀濒危植物珙桐不同采收期的种子特性研究

首次比较研究了国家一级保护濒危植物珙桐不同采收时期的种子特性。结果显示:不同采收期每50粒珙桐果实的出种量最高为101粒,最低为53粒,平均80.78粒,变异系数19.43%;果实出种量不随采收时间的推迟而增长,这表明在相似生境条件下珙桐植株间的有性生殖是非同步的。各采收期珙桐果实的出籽率都非常低,最高仅为1.63%,由于种子包装格局与果皮包装格局资源损耗的相对独立性,提示果实表型特征与种子发育程度不存在相关性。测定分析不同采收期珙桐种子电导率,11月5日所采集的种子在9份样品中种子质量最高。而种子形态数据与百粒重却显示11月5日所采集的种子在这两方面最小,长19.85cm、宽4.94cm、厚2.95cm,百粒重18.82g,这表明珙桐种子形态大小不能反映种子质量的高低。用0.5%TTC溶液测定珙桐种子活力,实验结果显示不同采收期珙桐种子活力均达90%以上。     

植物有性生殖对大气CO2浓度变化响应的研究进展

 比较详细地概述了过去数十年关于在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,植物有性生殖特性发生变化的主要研究成果。随着植物相对生长速率加快,植株达到有性生殖所需形体大小的时间变短,开花期提前,生殖器官的生物量也相应提高,其主要表现为开花数量、花粉和花蜜产量、果实数量与大小、种子大小与产量等均有不同程度的增加。对大多数农作物而言,种子产量的增加主要通过种子数量的增加,而与种子大小变化关系不大。通常,高浓度CO₂对豆科植物种子含氮量影响比较小, 却能显著地降低非豆科植物种子含氮量。不同类型植物的生殖生物量增加趋势存在一定的规律性,如不定型植物>定型植物,豆科植物>C₃非豆科植物>C₄植物,栽培植物>野生植物。针对国内外对CO₂浓度升高影响植物有性生殖特性的研究中存在的不足,该文提出了今后研究应该注意的问题。     

浓度变化响应的研究进展

比较详细地概述了过去数十年关于在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,植物有性生殖特性发生变化的主要研究成果。随着植物相对生长速率加快,植株达到有性生殖所需形体大小的时间变短,开花期提前,生殖器官的生物量也相应提高,其主要表现为开花数量、花粉和花蜜产量、果实数量与大小、种子大小与产量等均有不同程度的增加。对大多数农作物而言,种子产量的增加主要通过种子数量的增加,而与种子大小变化关系不大。通常,高浓度CO₂对豆科植物种子含氮量影响比较小, 却能显著地降低非豆科植物种子含氮量。不同类型植物的生殖生物量增加趋势存在一定的规律性,如不定型植物>定型植物,豆科植物>C₃非豆科植物>C₄植物,栽培植物>野生植物。针对国内外对CO₂浓度升高影响植物有性生殖特性的研究中存在的不足,该文提出了今后研究应该注意的问题。     

苎麻疫霉有性生殖导致菌落形态和生长速率在无性后代持续变异的研究

研究了苎麻疫霉（PhytophthoraboehmeriaeSawada）菌株JS-5自交S1代单卵孢株的菌落形态和生长速率在其单游动孢子无性系后代的遗传与变异。结果表明,亲本菌株JS-5的菌落形态和生长速率在连续4代单游动孢子无性系后代稳定遗传,而该菌株的自交S1代的约2／3单卵孢株的上述性状在其单拘无性后代中发生分离,且上述性状的分离在无性单孢后代中至少可连续保持3～4代。本研究结果提示,苎麻疫霉有性生殖导致上述性状的变异,除有性生殖过程中的基因重组外,有性生殖还诱导产生了一种新的机制参与上述性状遗传与变异的调控。本研究还观察到供试菌株及其后代所产生的游动孢子绝大多数细胞内只含有1个细胞核,表明上述机制与异核现象无关。有性生殖导致生物学性状在随后的无性后代中发生持续变异可能是苎麻疫霉生物学性状遗传多样性的重要机制之一。     

薇甘菊不同生长方式下的繁殖特征比较

利用实验生态学方法,对攀缘生长与伏地生长的薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）的形态特征、生物量分配和繁殖特征进行了比较研究。结果表明：在潮湿生境条件下,攀缘生长的植株与伏地生长的植株相比对主茎的生物量投资较大,而对分枝茎的生物量投资则相对较小;但在干旱生境条件下,攀缘生长的植株对主茎和分枝茎的生物量投资均较伏地生长的植株小。在潮湿与干旱生境中,攀缘植株的繁殖投资分别为0.429g·g-1和0.342g·g-1,显著高于相同生境中的伏地植株。在薇甘菊种群的补充与更新过程中,攀缘生长的植株以有性生殖占主导地位,在潮湿与干旱生境中产生的个体分别占种群数量的84.7%和62.6%;伏地生长的植株则主要以无性（克隆）繁殖为主,在潮湿与干旱生境中有性生殖产生的个体仅占种群数量的40.4%和35.9%。生长方式与土壤水分二因子互作效应对薇甘菊的生物量分配和繁殖指标影响均达到显著水平（P〈0.05）。通过研究得出以下结论：不同生长方式的薇甘菊对环境条件具有不同的生长与繁殖适应对策。     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Collagen-like triple helix formation of synthetic (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 analogues: (4(S)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10, (4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10 and (4(S)-fluoroprolyl-4(R)-fluoroprolyl-Gly)10.

For the rational design of a stable collagen triple helix according to the conventional rule that the pyrrolidine puckerings of Pro, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 4-fluoroproline (fPro) should be down at the X-position and up at the Y-position in the X-Y-Gly repeated sequence for enhancing the triple helix propensities of collagen model peptides, a series of peptides were prepared in which X- and Y-positions were altogether occupied by Hyp(R), Hyp(S), fPro(R) or fPro(S). Contrary to our presumption that inducing the X-Y residues to adopt a down-up conformation would result in an increase in the thermal stability of peptides, the triple helices of (Hyp(S)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (fPro(S)-fPro(R)-Gly)(10) were less stable than those of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (Pro-fPro(R)-Gly)(10), respectively. As reported by B?chinger's and Zagari's groups, (Hyp(R)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) which could have an up-up conformation unfavorable for the triple helix, formed a triple helix that has a high thermal stability close to that of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10). These results clearly show that the empirical rule based on the conformational preference of pyrrolidine ring at each of X and Y residues should not be regarded as still valid, at least for predicting the stability of collagen models in which both X and Y residues have electronegative groups at the 4-position.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cationic (tripyrrinato)palladium(II) complexes

The formation of cationic palladium(II)complexes [TrpyPd^II]⁺X⁻ by salt metathesis of the respective trifluoroacetates with different salts of weakly coordinating anions X⁻ was investigated. With non-hydrolizable counterions, cationic mono- and dinuclear complexes are observed depending on the nature of the anion X⁻ and the solvent. The mononuclear cations, which are only formed with X = BAr^F, most probably carry a weakly bound molecule of dichloromethane at the fourth coordination site of Pd^II. When treated with diazoalkanes, only these are sufficiently reactive to form carbene complexes. Four- and five coordinate Lewis base adducts [TrpyPd^IIL]⁺ with L = CH₃NC, tBuNH₂, PMe₃, PEt₃ and PiPr₃ and [TrpyPd^IIL₂]⁺ with L = PMe₃ were prepared from the mononuclear cations [TrpyPd^II]⁺BAr^F−. From structural studies it becomes apparent, that the formation of stable five coordinate Pd^II species is restricted to medium size ligands and depends on the delicate balance between the steric influence of L and the strain, which is induced on the TrpyPd^II unit.     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.     

Copper (II) and cobalt (II) complexes of chiral tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (TTF-OX) and tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyl-oxazoline (TTF-SMe-OX) derivatives

Synthesis and single crystal X-ray structures of the first paramagnetic transition metal complexes containing chiral ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (EDT-TTF-OX) 1a-c and ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyloxazoline 2 (EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX) ligands based on copper (II) and cobalt (II) are described. The racemic [EDT-TTF-OX][Cu(hfac)₂] complex 3a crystallizes in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group , whereas the enantiopure counterparts 3b-c crystallize in the triclinic non-centrosymmetric space group P1. Cu(II) adopts a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry, a much weaker Cu?S_TTF interaction also being identified. The same coordination pattern around Cu(II) is observed in the complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Cu(hfac)₂] (4) in spite of the bidentate nature of the redox active ligand. DFT theoretical calculations afforded two equilibrium configurations for a corresponding model complex, in which the metal centre establishes secondary coordination either with one S_TTF or with the SMe group. The same ligand coordinates the cobalt (II) to afford the octahedral complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Co(hfac)₂] (5). In all these novel complexes, the paramagnetic centres are structurally and magnetically isolated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show the stability of the radical cation species.