极低密度脂蛋白受体研究进展

极低密度脂蛋白受体 (VLDL R)属于低密度脂蛋白受体 (LDL R)超家族 ,结构上与LDL R极为相似 ,而在结合特性、组织分布及生理功能上存在较大的差异 .近年来的研究表明 ,VLDL R配体结合域中的重复序列参与配体的结合 ,并已初步确定受体N端的 4个重复序列中含有与配体结合的重要位点 ;在哺乳动物体内 ,VLDL R主要分布于脂代谢活跃的组织细胞 ,如 :心肌、骨骼肌和脂肪组织等 ,表明其与脂质尤其是甘油三酯的代谢密切相关 ;动脉粥样硬化 (AS)的病变斑块组织中该受体的表达量很高 ,推测VLDL R参与了AS的病变过程 ;在不同的细胞内 ,VLDL R及其亚型的表达并不一致 ,并发现与各种生理、病理变化相关 ,已经发现多种转录因子参与VLDL R表达的调控 ;基因敲除研究也不断揭示VLDL R新的功能意义 ,特别是发现了VLDL R在脑的发育过程中的重要信号作用 ,这些研究已使人们对VLDL R有了新的更全面的认识     

VLDL-受体的配体结合结构域结构分析

极低密度脂蛋白受体(VLDL-R)的配体结合域具有8个富含半胱氨酸的配体结合重复序列(ligand-binding repeats,LBR),被认为是与配体结合的部位。该受体与含7个类似重复序列的低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-R)的配体结合特性明显不同。为了明确VLDL-R中8个LBR在配体结合中的作用并探讨结合位点的结构,本研究采用计算机辅助蛋白质结构预测方法,在二级结构分析的基础上,通过同源建模方法预测受体N-端328个氨基酸的配体结合域空间结构,结果显示该区域呈现弧形口袋样结构,其中前3个LBR结构紧凑,呈棒状,负电荷相对集中,推测这一特征结构是配体结合的重要结构基础,结构分析同时表明在LBR5与LBR6之间连接区的弹性结构可以赋予结合位点一定的伸缩性,利于其与不同配体的结合。本研究预测结果首次提出了VLDL-R配体结构域结构及结合位点的结构特征,并与已有的实验结果一致。     

全长及缺失VLDL受体基因转染的CHO细胞与β-VLDL的结合效应

为探讨 VLDL受体结合域中 8个重复序列在结合 VLDL中所起的作用 ,利用构建的全长VLDL受体 c DNA和缺失 5个重复序列的该受体 c DNA重组表达载体分别导入 CHO细胞中 .RT- PCR可检测到外源性 VLDL受体基因的表达 .受体与配体结合研究表明 ,转染全长 VLDLR重组体的 CHO细胞结合β- VLDL的能力明显高于转染 VLDLR缺失重组体的 CHO细胞 ,表明人VLDL受体在 CHO细胞中能有效表达 ,而缺失 5个重复序列的 VLDL受体基本失去了结合β-VLDL的能力     

兔主动脉平滑肌细胞低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LRP)的诱导表达调节

在兔主动脉平滑肌细胞 ( SMC)培养基中分别加入正常低密度脂蛋白 ( N- LDL)、氧化低密度脂蛋白 ( ox- LDL)、正常极低密度脂蛋白 ( N- VLDL)、氧化极低密度脂蛋白 ( ox- VLDL)和 β-极低密度脂蛋白 (β- VLDL )培养 2 4 h后 ,用定量 RT- PCR和配体结合实验检测平滑肌细胞 LRP的m RNA和蛋白质水平的表达 .结果表明 :五种脂蛋白均能在转录和翻译水平诱导兔主动脉平滑肌细胞的 LRP表达 ,尤以富含胆固醇的 N- LDL ,ox- LDL和β- VLDL的刺激作用更明显 .用胆固醇单独或与脂蛋白共同温育 SMC后 ,发现胆固醇本身可促进 SMC的 LRP蛋白水平的表达 ,脂蛋白与胆固醇的共同刺激作用更为显著 .结果提示 :上述五种脂蛋白对 SMC上 LRP的表达有上调作用 ,其机制可能主要是通过其中的胆固醇来实现的 .     

肾病综合征高脂血症发病机制研究进展

肾病综合征脂质代谢紊乱包括胆固醇(CH)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)代谢异常、富含甘油三脂(TG)的脂蛋白代谢异常、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)代谢异常.根据目前的研究结果,CH和LDL代谢异常主要是由于羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMG-CoA还原酶)和肝脂酰CoA胆固醇脂酰转移酶(ACAT)上调以及LDL受体和HDL受体下调所致;而富含TG的脂蛋白代谢异常主要与脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)、肝脂肪酶和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)受体的下调有关;HDL的代谢异常则主要是由于尿液中大量丢失卵磷脂胆固醇脂酰转移酶(LCAT)和HDL受体下调所致.上述代谢异常使肾病综合征患者心血管并发症的发生显著增加.     

神经生长因子低亲和力受体(p75NTR)的模拟配基的筛选

人神经生长因子低亲和力受体 (p75NTR)转染R2细胞而建立的R2L1细胞 ,在去血清培养时发生凋亡 ,该作用可被神经生长因子 (NGF)所抑制 .用R2L1和R2两种细胞差式筛选噬菌体随机 7肽库和 1 2肽库 ,获得和p75NTR特异结合的噬菌体 .测定DNA序列后得到有关多肽的氨基酸序列 .7肽库共有序列为C (H D)LP(K M)HPM C ;1 2肽库优势序列为TLPSPLALLTVH .化学合成相应的 2个短肽 .用细胞结合法和ELISA方法证实阳性噬菌体和合成短肽能与p75NTR结合 ,并证实了它们对R2L1细胞去血清培养后的凋亡有抑制作用     

载脂蛋白B的分子生物学基础

载脂蛋白B(apoB)是富含甘油三酯和胆固醇的脂蛋白(CM、VLDL和LDL)特有的蛋白质成分。apoB₁₀₀是LDL受体的专一性配基,介导血中LDL-胆固醇(LDL-Ch)被外周组织细胞摄取和清除。载脂蛋白B基因遗传变异和apoB异常,血中LDL-Ch堆积,导致动脉粥样硬化发生是冠心病危险因素。     

巨噬细胞极低密度脂蛋白受体的调节作用

本文研究了小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)受体的调节。用富含甘油三酯(TG)的VLDL与小鼠巨噬细胞预温育后,细胞结合~(125)I-VLDL的最大结合容量(Bmax)比对照细胞只降低5％(1071/1127ng/mg细胞蛋白质),当细胞内TG增加到对照的2.5倍时,细胞摄取及降解~(125)I-VLDL的量分别下降40％和22％;乙酰-低密度脂蛋白(AC-LDL)预温育的细胞结合~(125)I-VLDL的Bmax比对照细胞只降低14％(633/831ng/mg细胞蛋白质),当细胞内胆固醇(Ch)增加到对照的23倍时,细胞摄取及降解~(125)I-VLDL的量只分别下降10％和21％。此后随着细胞内TG或Ch含量的增加,摄取及降解~(125)I-VLDL的量仍保持不变。 结论:细胞内TG或Ch含量对VLDL受体的调节作用微弱,与TG相比,Ch的调节作用更弱。     

用肝素释放细胞表面受体结合的LDL并比较兔及人血清LDL结合能力

应用人血清清蛋白代替LDS,建立了肝素释放细胞表面与受体结合的LDL的方法,并比较了人及家兔LDL结合家兔细胞表面受体的能力。在37℃不同保温时间(从0—180分钟),肝素释放的细胞表面受体~(125)I-LDL量增加缓慢而通过受体进入细胞的LDL量增加迅速。在37℃以不同剂量的LDL(13—78μg/ml)与细胞保温2小时,肝素释放的细胞表面受体LDL量也增加缓慢,而进入细胞的量增加更为迅速。结果显示LDL在细胞表面受体部位不断进入细胞内并迅速被新的LDL分子所取代,但当LDL增至78μg/ml时逐渐变慢,与Goldstein观察相似。肝素释放的~(125)LDL量在加入量约50 μg/ml时呈现平坦,与Goldstein观察相似。这说明用人血清清蛋白代替LDS同样可以观察到LDL受体的饱和特性。在同一实验条件下。肝素释放家兔的~(125)I-LDL比人高l倍,家兔通过受体进入细胞的~(125)I-LDL比人高1.7倍。二者差别非常显著(P<0.001)。显示兔血清LDL的结构可能在某些方面不同于人。     

LRP16对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖的影响

用Northern印迹方法检测雌二醇 (17β E2 )对LRP16mRNA表达的时间及剂量依赖性调控作用 .构建LRP16基因启动子序列调控的萤光素酶报告子 (pS0 ) ,并与雌激素受体α和 β(ERα和ERβ)表达载体共转染COS 7和MCF 7细胞后测定萤光素酶活性 .将LRP16基因的表达载体转染MCF 7细胞 ,测定过表达LRP16对细胞的生长特性的影响 .17β E2 使MCF 7细胞中LRP16mRNA表达水平增加 ,增加幅度未显示出 17β E2 培养时间和剂量的依赖性 .pS0 与ERα表达载体共转染细胞的相对萤光素酶活性较非共转染组 (对照组 )及pS0 ERβ表载体共转染组升高 5～ 10倍 .LRP16基因过表达促进MCF 7细胞的增殖 .研究表明 ,雌激素可能通过ERα上调乳腺癌MCF 7细胞LRP16基因的表达并促进细胞增殖     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.