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1.
为了测定七星瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食作用,分别在室内测定七星瓢虫的捕食功能反应、种内干扰、自身密度干扰、捕食偏好性以及在田间七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食效果.结果表明: 七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,其中对卵的最大捕食量为112.6粒,对1~2龄若虫、3~5龄若虫、成虫的最大捕食量分别为536、415和113.9头;田间罩笼试验结果证明,七星瓢虫成虫在其生长周期30 d内能使枸杞木虱总虫口密度下降80.1%;七星瓢虫对1~2龄枸杞木虱若虫的搜寻效率参数a=0.9451,处理时间参数Th=0.001865,整体优于卵、3~5龄若虫与成虫,且在每皿100头的猎物密度下七星瓢虫的最大捕食率能达80.2%,益害比参考值为1∶100.七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用受自身密度的影响显著大于种内干扰.在混合猎物密度为每皿100头下,七星瓢虫更偏好木虱成虫,在密度为每皿300头下,七星瓢虫更偏向于木虱若虫.表明七星瓢虫是很有控制潜力的捕食性天敌,人工释放七星瓢虫成虫可有效取食枸杞木虱初孵若虫,降低木虱为害.  相似文献   

2.
【目的】了解沙地木虱跳小蜂Psyllaephagus arenarius对枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica的寄生作用,为合理利用沙地木虱跳小蜂防治枸杞木虱提供科学依据。【方法】在室内观察了沙地木虱跳小蜂的形态和寄生特征,通过室内实验测定了其对枸杞木虱若虫的寄生偏好性、寄生功能反应、种内干扰效应和寄主识别能力,并在宁夏中宁田间调查了该寄生蜂的田间寄生特征。【结果】沙地木虱跳小蜂是枸杞木虱若虫重要的寄生性天敌,为单寄生蜂与内寄生蜂,最偏好寄生枸杞木虱4龄若虫,偏好系数为0.44±0.02,而不偏好寄生3龄和5龄若虫,且不寄生1龄与2龄若虫。寄生蜂对4龄若虫的最大寄生量、搜寻效率系数、处理时间系数分别为40.3头、0.8688和0.0243,均优于寄生3龄和5龄若虫。沙地木虱跳小蜂受到的种内干扰系数为0.3856,且对已被寄生的木虱寄主具有明显的辨别能力。沙地木虱跳小蜂田间发生期为6月下旬到9月中旬,正处于3-5龄木虱若虫第2代发生高峰期,发生期平均寄生率为44.2%±6.7%,其中寄生率顶峰为89.7%±12.2%,发生在7月4日。沙地木虱跳小蜂在植株下层寄生率是上中下3层中最高,为58.1%±6.8%;在植株西向寄生率是5个方位中最高,为51.4%±8.2%;对4龄若虫寄生率是木虱若虫龄期中最高,为69.7%±3.1%。【结论】研究表明,沙地木虱跳小蜂是具有控制潜力的寄生性天敌,人工释放该新纪录寄生蜂可有效控制枸杞木虱若虫,降低木虱为害。  相似文献   

3.
樟个木虱形态特征及生物学特性   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
樟个木虱Triozacamphorae是近年来上海地区香樟上发生的一种新害虫。作者对其形态和生物学特性进行了研究。樟个木虱在上海以 1年发生 2代为主 ,偶发 3代。樟个木虱以低龄若虫在叶片上越冬 ,3月下旬至 4月上旬越冬代羽化 ;第 1代开始于 3月下旬 ,羽化高峰在 6月份 ;第 2代开始于 5月下旬 ,并主要以该代若虫越冬 ;第 3代若虫偶发 ,开始于 7月上旬 ,以若虫越冬。樟个木虱第 1代若虫的平均发育历期为 5 0 72d,1~ 5龄若虫的历期分别为 :1 8 .3 1± 2 .2 1d ,1 4. 90± 9. 92d,6 .1 1± 2 . 2 0d,5 .80±3 . 61d ,5 60± 1 5 1d。成虫的寿命为 3~ 1 1d ,平均寿命为 6 41d。樟个木虱的产卵量为 3 9. 1粒 雌虫。2 4℃下 ,卵历期 5~ 7d不等 ,平均为 5. 3 4± 0 . 5 7d ,卵平均孵化率为 83 . 7%。樟个木虱低龄若虫中 3龄若虫最耐高温 ,其次为 2龄若虫 ,1龄若虫最不耐高温。  相似文献   

4.
【目的】亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri是柑橘的毁灭性病害——黄龙病亚洲种‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’(‘C las’)的主要传播媒介。本研究的目的是明确木虱成虫和5龄若虫的取食行为、获菌效率是否有差异,以及寄主感染黄龙病是否对5龄若虫取食产生影响。【方法】利用直流型刺吸电位仪(DC-EPG Giga-4)记录柑橘木虱成虫和5龄若虫在携带黄龙病的酸橘Citrus reticulata cv.Sunki嫩梢上10 h的取食行为,用qPCR单头检测其获得黄龙病病原菌的效率,并比较5龄若虫在感病和健康植株嫩梢上的取食行为。【结果】柑橘木虱成虫与5龄若虫在感染黄龙病的酸橘上的取食行为有显著差异。5龄若虫比成虫更快地开始在韧皮部和木质部进行吸食,口针在韧皮部的总过程以及吸食时间显著长于成虫。此外,5龄若虫和成虫在EPG测定(同时饲菌)10 h后获菌率分别为37.5%和20.0%,若虫明显高于成虫。寄主植物感染黄龙病对5龄若虫的取食行为有一定的影响,表现在感病植株上的刺探次数、唾液分泌次数和韧皮部吸食次数都显著少于健康植株,而两者分泌唾液和韧皮部吸食时间没有显著差异。另外,在感病植株上首次韧皮部取食出现时间较在健康植株上要早。【结论】在同等时间下,柑橘木虱5龄若虫比成虫在感染黄龙病的酸橘上的取食能力更强、取食量更大、获菌率更高,原因可能是若虫需要更多的营养物质供其生长发育所致。寄主感染黄龙病对木虱5龄若虫的取食有利,使其更快地开始取食,而且更改取食位点次数变少,推测可能与黄龙病菌破坏了植物的防御有关。  相似文献   

5.
李帅  陈文龙  金道超 《昆虫学报》2015,58(11):1237-1244
【目的】为了解稻虱红单节螯蜂Haplogonatopus apicalis与白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera间的互作关系,开展了稻虱红单节螯蜂在白背飞虱不同龄期寄生时,对寄主及其自身发育表现影响的研究。【方法】在室内25℃条件下,观察了被寄生的白背飞虱各龄若虫及其寄生蜂稻虱红单节螯蜂的发育表现。【结果】白背飞虱2,3,4和5龄若虫被寄生后,当龄及其后各龄的历期均显著延长;2和3龄若虫被寄生后,成虫羽化率仅分别为54.29%和60.95%,显著低于在4和5龄若虫被寄生后的成虫羽化率(分别为96.20%和100%)。稻虱红单节螯蜂寄生白背飞虱5龄若虫后的发育历期(23.77 d)显著短于寄生2龄若虫后的发育历期(27.77 d);寄生3龄若虫的成蜂羽化率最高,为56.19%;而寄生5龄若虫的羽化雄蜂比例最高,为77.12%。【结论】稻虱红单节螯蜂寄生可使白背飞虱若虫发育历期显著延长,白背飞虱2和3龄若虫是稻虱红单节螯蜂发育的适宜寄主。  相似文献   

6.
异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱田间控害作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
【目的】为了测定异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)对枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica YangLi田间控害作用。【方法】在自然生长区分别测定枸杞木虱4种虫态田间种群动态,并在天敌释放区利用罩笼移笼法研究异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱控害关键期。【结果】自然生长区枸杞木虱卵、1~2龄若虫、3~5龄若虫、成虫在4月23日到10月24日期间均发生3代,枸杞木虱平均量为(71.0±11.8)头/叶。天敌释放区不罩笼与始终罩笼处理下枸杞木虱平均量为(41.1±6.8)头/叶与(115.1±18.7)头/叶,分别为自然生长区0.58倍与1.62倍。异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱卵、1~2龄若虫、3~5龄若虫、成虫控害关键期分别为:6月20日、7月11日、5月23日与8月8日、6月13日与9月19日,控害效果分别为:67%、75%、57%与76%、48%与79%;异色瓢虫释放密度分别为:(3.0±1.0)、(4.0±1.2)、(4.3±0.7)头/株与(3.0±1.0)、(3.7±0.9)、(3.0±1.0)头/株。【结论】研究表明,异色瓢虫田间释放应根据对枸杞木虱不同虫态的防治需要,选择适宜的时间点与释放密度进行田间控害枸杞木虱。  相似文献   

7.
异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)是枸杞木虱的优势天敌种类之一,为了明确不同龄期异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食作用及田间控害效果,本文利用HollingⅡ型功能反应模型进行拟合以明确其捕食潜能,同时根据其捕食潜能的测算结果,在田间通过罩笼试验探究异色瓢虫4龄幼虫与成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食效果。结果表明:各龄期异色瓢虫幼虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食量存在显著差异,在枸杞木虱密度相同的条件下,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫的日捕食量最大,为92.9头;不同龄期异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,当枸杞木虱密度趋于无限大时,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对枸杞木虱最大捕食量最大为411.5头;成虫对枸杞木虱的瞬间攻击率最大,为0.7931;4龄幼虫对枸杞木虱的处理时间最短为0.0051 d。田间释放异色瓢虫4龄幼虫与成虫的试验证明,处理植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率,4龄幼虫为43.32%,成虫为14.78%;而对照组即周围8株植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率,4龄幼虫为14.78%,成虫为16.22%;在异色瓢虫4龄幼虫释放区,处理植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率为43.32%显著高于其周围8株植株的14.78%;而在成虫释放区,处理植株上枸杞木虱下降率为14.78%,对照组植株的虫口减退率为16.22%,没有显著差异。研究表明,异色瓢虫田间释放需根据枸杞木虱防治范围与力度的需求,选择适宜的异色瓢虫虫态进行枸杞木虱的生物防治。  相似文献   

8.
枸杞木虱啮小蜂繁殖生物学研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
枸杞木虱啮小蜂Tamarixa lyciumiYang是枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica Yang&Li若虫期的重要寄生性天敌。在实验室对其繁殖生物学特性进行了研究,结果如下:枸杞木虱啮小蜂大多进行两性生殖,孤雌生殖后代均为雄性,其自然性比为1.80:1。在15~35℃间,随温度升高,枸杞木虱啮小蜂发育历期缩短;从卵发育到成虫时需要8.22℃以上的有效积温217.21日·度。枸杞木虱啮小蜂在25℃恒温条件下繁殖力最高,35℃最低,寿命随温度的升高而缩短。在不同营养条件下,喂食20%蜂蜜的条件最适宜其繁殖,其次为20%蔗糖溶液,补充清水只可延长其寿命而不能提高繁殖力。5℃冷藏枸杞木虱啮小蜂蛹15d以内,不影响其正常羽化,冷藏20d或20d以上,羽化率显著降低;冷藏30d内对羽化后雌雄蜂寿命无明显影响,且从冷藏蛹中羽化的雌蜂寄生能力未受显著影响。  相似文献   

9.
【目的】为了测定多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)成虫对枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica Yang&Li的捕食作用。【方法】在室内测定了多异瓢虫的捕食功能反应、种内干扰、自身密度干扰、捕食偏好性,并通过罩笼试验研究多异瓢虫在田间对枸杞木虱的捕食效果。【结果】结果表明,多异瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,对卵、1~2龄若虫、3~5龄若虫以及成虫的最大捕食量分别为80.4粒、410.0头、350.8头和102.5头。田间罩笼试验结果证明,在多异瓢虫成虫生长周期30 d内能使枸杞木虱总虫口密度下降85.4%;多异瓢虫对枸杞木虱成虫的搜寻效率a=0.8252为4种木虱虫态最佳,而对枸杞木虱卵处理时间Th=0.002283为4种木虱虫态中最佳;在100头/皿的猎物密度下多异瓢虫均能展现其最大捕食率,益害比参考值为1∶100。多异瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用受自身密度的影响显著大于种内干扰;在100头/皿混合猎物密度下,多异瓢虫更偏好木虱成虫,在300头/皿下,多异瓢虫更偏向于木虱若虫。【结论】研究表明,多异瓢虫是具有控制潜力的捕食性天敌,人工释放多异瓢虫成虫可有效防治枸杞木虱。  相似文献   

10.
亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama和柚喀木虱Cacopsylla citrisuga YangLi均为柑桔上的重要害虫,前者为黄龙病的主要媒介昆虫,后者也已证实为黄龙病菌的携带者。本文对这两种木虱各龄若虫和成虫的过冷却点和体液结冰点进行了测定,结果表明,柑橘木虱过冷却点和冰点均以1龄若虫最低,平均值分别为-26.32℃和-26.22℃;成虫的过冷却点和冰点最高,分别为-19.60℃和-18.71℃;其它虫态过冷却点和冰点由低到高依次为2龄若虫、4龄若虫、5龄若虫、3龄若虫。柚喀木虱过冷却点和冰点也均以1龄若虫最低,平均值分别为-25.30℃和-25.08℃;5龄若虫的过冷却点和冰点最高,平均分别为-19.50℃和-17.69℃;其它虫态过冷却点和冰点由低到高依次为2龄若虫、3龄若虫、4龄若虫、成虫。两种木虱的比较结果表明,各发育阶段的表现不一致,柚喀木虱的3龄若虫和成虫过冷却点显著低于柑桔木虱,而4龄、5龄若虫则显著高于柑桔木虱;3龄若虫体液结冰点也显著低于柑桔木虱,但1龄、4龄却显著高于柑桔木虱。柑桔木虱雌雄成虫的过冷却点和体液结冰点差异不显著。研究结果表明两种木虱的过冷却点、体液结冰点都较低,因而可能具有较强的耐寒能力。  相似文献   

11.
木虱啮小蜂对枸杞、枸杞木虱的行为反应   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
木虱啮小蜂Tetrastichus sp.是枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica Yang & Li若虫外寄生蜂,是控制枸杞木虱种群数量动态的重要因子之一。为查明其寻找寄主的信息素,应用四臂嗅觉仪、培养皿两种方法测定了枸杞Lycium barbarum L.的健康叶、虫伤叶、枸杞木虱若虫、若虫与叶复合体、卵与叶复合体和若虫分泌物等不同物质对木虱啮小蜂行为反应的影响。结果证明枸杞木虱若虫分泌物对木虱啮小蜂有明显的吸引作用,四臂嗅觉仪测定时有73%的雌蜂趋向分泌物材料区(P=0.0000)。枸杞健康叶, 虫伤叶及其水、正丁烷提取物, 卵与枸杞叶复合体对木虱啮小蜂无明显吸引作用。木虱若虫水提物及正丁烷提取物在培养皿中可吸引木虱啮小蜂并可引起刺探行为,但嗅觉仪测定时单独若虫并不吸引木虱啮小蜂,只有活体若虫与枸杞叶片复合体才对木虱啮小蜂有吸引作用(P=0.0004)。木虱啮小蜂通过与寄主若虫的接触,可提高其搜索效率。接触过寄主若虫的雌蜂第一次找到寄主的时间显著少于未曾接触寄主若虫的雌蜂,前者只用后者1/4的时间,说明该寄生蜂能对其寄主若虫进行学习。  相似文献   

12.
The codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a serious pest of pome fruit crops. A natural enemy of codling moth, the larval ectoparasitoid Mastrus ridibundus (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) has been imported into South America from the USA but little is known about the biology and ecology of the wasp, knowledge that is needed to design an efficient strategy of release and establishment. Experiments were carried out to assess important traits of the biology of the parasitoid in relation to its possible use as a biocontrol agent for codling moth. When M. ridibundus females were offered larvae ranging in weight from 37 to 78 mg, they oviposited more eggs on heavier hosts. In another study, the adult wasps were offered honey, diluted honey (10%) or pollen in paired choice tests and both males and females preferred honey over the other two foods. Females preferred 10% honey over pollen, while the males showed the opposite preference. Honey‐fed females lived longer than starved females. Adults died rapidly at 35°C, while they lived 20 days at 25°C and 12–17 days at 15°C. Female wasps had on average 25 ± 14 and 18 ± 11 progeny at 15 and 25°C, respectively, but they did not had progeny at 35°C. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was on average 44 ± 7 and 24 ± 2 days at 15 and 25°C respectively. Immature insects did not reach the adult stage at 35°C.  相似文献   

13.
An invasive new biotype of the tomato/potato psyllid (Bactericera [Paratrioza] cockerelli [Sulc.]) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) recently has caused losses exceeding 50% on fresh market tomatoes in western North America. Despite these extensive losses, little is known regarding the threshold levels at which populations must be suppressed in order to prevent economic losses. A series of experiments were therefore designed using combinations of two common tomato cultivars (QualiT 21 and Yellow Pear), five pest-densities (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 nymphs/plant), and three feeding-duration (5 days, 10 days, and lifetime) treatments to test the relative importance of pest density, feeding period, and cumulative psyllid-days to establish economic threshold levels for psyllids. The cultivars differed considerably in their response to the toxin injected by the psyllid nymphs. ‘Yellow Pear' plants could recover from feeding by up to 40 nymphs for as long as 10 d, whereas ‘QualiT 21' plants were irreparably damaged by densities of 20 nymphs feeding for only 5 days. On ‘Yellow Pear', all plant measurements such as the number of yellow leaves and plant height were significantly better correlated with cumulative psyUid-days than with either pest density or feeding duration. On ‘QualiT 21 ', all plant measurements other than the number of yellow leaflets and leaves were significantly better correlated with pest density than with feeding duration or cumulative psyUid-days, and pest density was a better predictor of psyUid damage. Potential reasons for the variable responses between cultivars and the implications for psyllid sampling and integrated pest management are discussed.  相似文献   

14.
Development of effective management practices for insect pests relies heavily on sampling methods to accurately detect and quantify emerging populations. Herein we describe a novel method to extract and count nymphs of potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (?ulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), from leaves in commercial fields of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae). The proposed sampling method (referred to as the leaf washing method, LWM) consists of: (1) immersing samples of infested leaves in cold water to remove dust and sand; (2) immersing leaves in >85 °C water for 5 s; (3) extracting psyllid nymphs from heated water by passing it through a sampling unit composed of a funnel with a fine mesh‐organza fabric inside and attached to a vacuum pump; and (4) removing organza fabric and count psyllid nymphs under a stereoscope. With five sampling units operating simultaneously, one person is able to process and count immatures from about 400 leaf samples in two normal work days. As examples of applications, the LWM was used to characterize: (1) the vertical distribution of potato psyllid nymphs in the potato canopy; and (2) the spatio‐temporal distribution of potato psyllid nymphs in three potato varieties. Using LWM, we showed that psyllid nymphs were most predominant in the middle portion of the canopy and that spatio‐temporal distributions of nymphs varied among potato varieties.  相似文献   

15.
【目的】褐带蚜小蜂Aphelinus maculatus是近几年发现的棉蚜Aphis gossypii重要寄生蜂之一。目前关于该寄生蜂生物学特性包括行为习性方面的研究非常少。为有效挖掘利用褐带蚜小蜂,对其成虫生物学特性进行了研究。【方法】在室内采取体视显微镜下观察和记录褐带蚜小蜂的羽化节律、交配行为、交配各阶段持续时间、交配次数、交配竞争、不同生殖方式下所产子代性比以及成虫寿命,并观察其对棉蚜若蚜的寄生过程、在棉蚜若蚜上寄生和取食时产卵器的刺入时间以及对不同日龄棉蚜若蚜的寄生和取食选择。【结果】褐带蚜小蜂羽化时间集中在上午6∶00-10∶00。羽化当天即可交配,交配过程可分为求偶、交配前期、交配及交配后期4个阶段,交配时间短,平均为5.5±0.2 s。1头雄蜂可与2~4头雌蜂交配,但雌蜂在所观察时间内只交配1次。雌蜂和雄蜂都存在交配竞争现象。褐带蚜小蜂可进行孤雌生殖和两性生殖,孤雌生殖的子代均为雄性,两性生殖的子代雌、雄兼有。产卵寄生过程可划分为寻找寄主、试探寄主、刺探寄主、产卵寄生或取食寄主及清扫梳理这些步骤。产卵寄生或取食寄主的决策与产卵器刺入时间长短有关,刺入时间大于4.8 min时,多会决策取食寄主。褐带蚜小蜂成蜂喜欢取食棉蚜低龄若蚜,很少取食4或5日龄若蚜;但可寄生棉蚜各日龄若蚜。一头雌蜂在24 h内平均可寄生14.8头棉蚜若蚜,取食3.7头棉蚜若蚜。褐带蚜小蜂成虫寿命与羽化后补充营养有关,取食10%蔗糖和10%蜂蜜水的成虫寿命均显著延长,其寿命分别为24±2.5和28±1.6 d。【结论】褐带蚜小蜂可进行孤雌生殖和两性生殖,雌蜂个体间及雄蜂个体间均存在交配竞争。该蜂是卵育型蚜虫内寄生蜂,可取食蚜虫,提供糖蜜可延长其成蜂寿命。  相似文献   

16.
The predatory beetle, Oenopia conglobata contaminata, is associated with the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae, the major pistachio pest in Iran. Successful development and reproduction on both A. pistaciae and Aphis gossypii (the major weed aphid in the pistachio orchards) indicated they were suitable prey for O. conglobata contaminata. Under ample prey supply, larval development on A. pistaciae was shorter and mortality was lower compared to those reared on A. gossypii. Furthermore, this ladybird attacks and destroys a large number of psyllid nymphs during the whole of its larval period (620±17 fourth stage nymphs) and also in its adult stage (191±7.5 4th stage nymphs daily). The optimum temperature for development was 30°C, the theoretical threshold for development was 13°C and thermal requirements from egg to adult was estimated as 196 degree-days (°D). Fecundity for the first 21 days of adult life was 387 and 355 eggs when females fed on A. pistaciae and A. gossypii nymphs, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) at 27.5°C was 0.19 and 0.18 when ladybirds were fed on psyllid and aphid nymphs, respectively. In a laboratory choice experiment, the adult ladybirds showed a strong preference for A. pistaciae compared to A. gossypii. This was in agreement with our field observation that O. conglobata contaminata is almost always found on psyllid colonies, even when aphids were plentiful on weeds in the pistachio orchards. The influence of the predator on psyllid seasonal population under natural condition was not studied in this investigation and this subject must be measured in subsequent trials.  相似文献   

17.
Solitary male nymphs of the cockroach Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz) (Blattaria: Blaberidae) took significantly longer to reach adulthood than males paired with either a male or female nymph or grouped with four other male nymphs since birth. When isolated throughout nymphal development, 15.8% of males passed through 3 stadia before adult eclosion, and the remainder went through 4 stadia. In contrast, 61.3% of paired males became adults in 3 stadia. Males need not, however, be isolated or paired for the entire nymphal period to express isolated or paired patterns of development. About 60% of males paired in just the first stadium or its initial 9 days became adults in 3 stadia, and only 20.4% of males isolated in the first stadium and the first 3 days of the second reached adulthood within 3 stadia. Although the first stadium was a critical period in which social condition determined the course of future development, analyses of covariance showed that isolated males gained less weight than paired ones, not only in the first stadium, but in the second as well. Moreover, the degree of growth of a male in the second stadium, measured as either weight gain or relative growth rate, did not depend on the male's social condition in the first stadium, because isolated second-instar males grew less than paired ones, even when both sets of insects had been paired in the first stadium. Female nymphal development, unlike that of males, was not greatly affected by social factors.  相似文献   

18.
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is the primary vector of the bacterium causing citrus huanglongbing (citrus greening), the most serious disease of citrus worldwide. Psyllids and other hemipterans produce large amounts of honeydew, which has been used previously as an indicator of phloem sap composition and insect feeding or metabolism. Behavioral, ultrastructural and chemical studies on ACP, its honeydew and waxy secretions showed important differences between nymphs, males and females, and suggested some mechanisms by which the psyllids, especially nymphs and adult females, can minimize their contamination with honeydew excretions. The anal opening in ACP, near the posterior end of the abdomen, is on the ventral side in nymphs and on the dorsal side in adult males and females. Video recordings showed that adult males produce clear sticky droplets of honeydew gently deposited behind their body on the leaf surface, whereas adult females produce whitish honeydew pellets powerfully propelled away from the female body, probably to get their excretions away from eggs and newly hatched nymphs. ACP nymphs produce long ribbons or tubes of honeydew that frequently stay attached to the exuviae after molting, or drop when feeding on the lower side of citrus leaves. Furthermore, honeydew excretions of both nymphs and adult females are covered with a thin layer of whitish waxy material ultrastructurally composed of a convoluted network of long fine filaments or ribbons. This material is extruded from intricate arrays of wax pores in the circumanal ring (around the anus) that is found in nymphs and females but not in males of ACP or other psyllid species. Infrared microscopy and mass spectroscopy revealed that, in addition to various sugars, honeydew excretions of ACP nymphs and females are covered with a thin layer of wax similar in profile to ester waxes.  相似文献   

19.
温度及补充营养物对泽兰实蝇寿命的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
【背景】泽兰实蝇是恶性杂草紫茎泽兰的专食性天敌,能够抑制紫茎泽兰的生长、发育,可有效控制紫茎泽兰的蔓延。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40℃等8个温度及配置浓度为2.5%、5%、10%和20%的不同营养物(白糖、蜂蜜和葡萄糖),测定温度及营养物对泽兰实蝇雌、雄成虫寿命的影响。【结果】在5℃时雌、雄成虫寿命最长,分别为35.06、35.26d;在40℃时雌、雄成虫寿命最短,均为0.16d。雄成虫饲喂20%葡萄糖时寿命最长,为30.00d;而雌成虫饲喂20%白糖时寿命最长,为19.20d。【结论与意义】在5~40℃泽兰实蝇雌、雄成虫寿命与温度呈负相关性;20℃下补充白糖、蜂蜜和葡萄糖均能延长雌、雄成虫寿命。这为泽兰实蝇的室内大量繁殖和田间释放提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

20.
The complete life cycle of Triatoma flavida, weekly fed on hens, was studied at 28+/-2 degrees C and 80+/-10% RH. Aspects related to hatching, life span, mortality and feeding behavior for each stage of its life cycle were evaluated. The hatching rate observed for 100 eggs was 93% with an average incubation period of 27.2 days. Sixty-two nymphs completed the cycle and the mean egg to adult development time was 230.4 days. Mean duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar nymphs was 22.1, 25.3, 36.7, 49.7 and 69.4 days, respectively. The number of blood meals on each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 7. The mortality rate was 6.5% for NI, 23% for NIII and 7.5% for NV nymphs. Mean number of laid eggs per female was 283.1. Adult survival rates were 344.8 +/- 256.4 days for males and 285.3 +/- 201.8 days for females.  相似文献   

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