牛蛙致病变形菌的鉴定及其敏感药物筛选

【目的】分离鉴定引起牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)皮肤溃疡病症的致病菌,筛选抗菌药物。【方法】采用无菌解剖组织划线分离法分离致病菌,通过人工感染试验、菌体和菌落形态观察、API20E系统鉴定、16S r RNA基因序列分析,确定分离菌的致病性及分类地位,并对该菌进行药物敏感性试验。【结果】从患病濒死牛蛙体内分离细菌NWG20141026,通过形态特征观察、生理生化试验、API 20E系统鉴定和16S r RNA基因序列相似性分析,认为NWG20141026菌株为普通变形菌(Proteus vulgaris)。人工感染试验显示,NWG20141026菌株不仅可以通过皮肤伤口感染引起蛙体表溃疡溃烂病症,也可通过消化道感染引起蛙肠炎病。药敏实验结果表明,氟苯尼考、四环素、多西环素、萘啶酸、磺胺异噁唑、恩诺沙星、红霉素等7种药物对普通变形菌具有较好的抑杀菌作用。【结论】引起牛蛙(R.catesbeiana)皮肤溃疡病症的致病菌NWG20141026为普通变形菌(P.vulgaris),所患疾病命名为牛蛙变形菌病。普通变形菌对健康牛蛙具有较强致病性,氟苯尼考、四环素、多西环素、萘啶酸、磺胺异噁唑等5种药可作为防治牛蛙变形菌病的候选药物。     

黄颡鱼拟态弧菌的鉴定、毒力相关因子及药敏特性

2018年浙江省黄颡鱼主养区暴发了严重的溃疡病, 为查明该病的病原特点, 了解病原的致病因子及药物敏感性, 对溃疡黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)上分离的多株优势菌, 分别采用生理生化特性和管家基因16S rRNA、pyrH的系统进化树进行分类鉴定, 通过人工回归感染试验分析菌株的病原性, 利用平板法测定相关的毒力因子并采用PCR法对毒力相关基因进行检测, 应用微量二倍稀释法测定14种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度。结果表明, 11株优势菌皆为拟态弧菌, 2株代表菌腹腔注射感染黄颡鱼后均可引发溃疡症状; 11株拟态弧菌均具有溶血活性、蛋白酶、明胶酶和DNA酶活性, 不具有卵磷脂酶活性, 可分泌产生铁载体; 所有菌株均携带vmh、ompU、toxR及matCDB-iucABCD-iutA等毒力相关基因, tcpA、ctxA、st、zot、ace、tdh等毒力基因均未检出。各菌株对氨苄青霉素、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶高度耐药, 对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、多西环素、土霉素、甲砜霉素、红霉素、交沙霉素、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶较敏感, 个别菌株对新霉素和甲砜霉素耐药。以上研究结果表明, 拟态弧菌感染可引起黄颡鱼溃疡病, 不同发病养殖场的分离株具有相同的表型特征及毒力基因型, 并具有较一致的生理生化特性和耐药谱型, 说明它们具有相同的遗传背景或传染源。     

斑点叉尾鲖源杀鲑气单胞菌无色亚种分离鉴定及药敏特性

研究从患溃疡症斑点叉尾鲙中分离到一株致病性菌株ry01, 生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA基因序列分析表明ry01株为鲑气单胞菌无色亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes)。人工感染该菌后发病鱼表现为与自然发病类似症状, 且从组织中再分离的细菌特性与原感染菌相同。腹腔注射后该菌株对斑点叉尾鲙的半数致死量为4.17×106 CFU/mL。菌株ry01对强力霉素及左氧氟沙星等高度敏感, 为斑点叉尾鲙该病防控提供了理论依据。     

加州鲈源鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的分离鉴定及致病性

[背景] 鰤鱼诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolae）是一种严重危害水产养殖业的病原菌,可引起以体表溃疡、出血及组织器官形成结节为特征的鱼类慢性肉芽肿疾病,目前尚无有效的防治方法。[目的] 明确引起安徽省临泉县某养殖场加州鲈（Micropterus salmonoides）结节病的病原菌,探讨其致病性,为该病的有效防治提供科学依据。[方法] 取肝脏结节病灶接种于TSB培养基分离优势细菌,利用表型检查结合分子生物学方法鉴定分离菌株。进一步通过检测分离菌株的毒力基因、测定其对加州鲈的半数致死量（LD₅₀）以及所感染加州鲈的组织病理学变化与组织载菌量,分析其致病性。[结果] 从病鱼体内分离到一株优势菌株NI,综合NI分离株的表型特性、16S rRNA基因序列与鰤鱼诺卡氏菌参考株相应序列的一致性以及特异性PCR扩增结果,确定其为鰤鱼诺卡氏菌。鰤鱼诺卡氏菌NI分离株携带毒力基因gapA、ibeA和mip,人工回归感染后加州鲈出现与自然病例相似的症状,其对加州鲈的LD₅₀为2.58×10⁶ CFU/尾。组织病理学观察到头肾、心脏、肝脏、胃和脾脏均出现慢性肉芽肿病变,肠管肌层疏松、肠绒毛脱落,肌肉组织中肌纤维疏松、间隙增宽。qPCR检测结果显示,组织中鰤鱼诺卡氏菌载量由高到低依次为头肾、心、肝、胃、脾、肠和肌肉。[结论] 鰤鱼诺卡氏菌是引起此次加州鲈结节病的病原菌,对该菌致病性的研究为加州鲈诺卡氏菌病的防控提供了理论依据。     

斑点叉尾源杀鲑气单胞菌无色亚种分离鉴定及药敏特性

研究从患溃疡症斑点叉尾鲙中分离到一株致病性菌株ry01,生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA基因序列分析表明ry01株为鲑气单胞菌无色亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida subsp.achromogenes)。人工感染该菌后发病鱼表现为与自然发病类似症状,且从组织中再分离的细菌特性与原感染菌相同。腹腔注射后该菌株对斑点叉尾鲙的半数致死量为4.17×10~6 CFU/m L。菌株ry01对强力霉素及左氧氟沙星等高度敏感,为斑点叉尾鲙该病防控提供了理论依据。     

杂交鲟海豚链球菌的分离、鉴定及药物敏感性

【目的】2012年7月,北京市怀柔区一家养殖场的杂交鲟爆发疾病,陆续死鱼。为确定病原,【方法】从具有典型症状的患病鱼的肝、肾和脾中分离获得3株分离菌,编号HRS12718L、HRS12718K和HRS12718S。采用形态特征、理化特性、16S rDNA和海豚链球菌特异性基因逐步鉴定病原菌的种类。取HRS12718K分离株进行人工感染实验,确认病原菌的致病性。开展药物敏感性实验筛选分离株的敏感药物。【结果】结果显示3株分离菌的形态特征和理化特性与从中国其它鱼类分离的海豚链球菌一致。采用16S rDNA序列构建的进化树与海豚链球菌聚为一支,与海豚链球菌的同源性在99.1%以上。HRS12718K分离株对杂交鲟的半致死量LD50为4.42×105CFU/mL,试验感染鱼出现与自然发病鱼相似临床症状。分离株对诺氟沙星、嗯诺沙星、硫酸新霉素、盐酸多西环素和盐酸四环素敏感,尤其对嗯诺沙星敏感。【结论】最终确认引起该养殖场杂交鲟发病的病原为海豚链球菌,建议使用嗯诺沙星进行治疗。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

Koebner's phenomenon in vitiligo: European position paper

Koebner's phenomenon (KP) has been observed in a number of skin diseases, including vitiligo. Its clinical significance in vitiligo with respect to disease activity and course is still debatable, while its relevance for surgical techniques has been demonstrated in some reports. We present a literature review on the currently known facts about KP in vitiligo, including details of clinical, experimental, and histopathological changes. The consensus view is that there are still no methods to define and assess KP in vitiligo. A new classification is proposed to allow an evaluation of KP in daily practice or in experimental studies. However, many unanswered questions still remain after redefining KP in patients with vitiligo. Active research focusing on KP in vitiligo may not only provide unexpected clues in the pathogenesis of vitiligo but also help to tailor novel therapies against this chronic and often psychologically devastating skin disease.     

荧光假单胞菌感染大鲵的病理损伤

通过对感染荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescents)发病的大鲵(Andrias davidianus)主要器官进行病理剖解和病理组织学观察,以明确大鲵感染荧光假单胞菌引起的病理学损伤特点。结果表明,大鲵感染荧光假单胞菌后,主要表现为腹部极度膨胀、腹水和严重胃肠道反应,严重者可见将胃呕吐至口腔;组织器官具有典型的病理变化,其主要靶器官为肾、肝、肠道、皮肤和肌肉。分别引起坏死性肾小球肾炎、肝炎。此外,还可引起轻微肠炎及皮炎。可在肾小管管腔内、肝细胞坏死灶内、肠道固有层内及皮肤肌肉中发现数量极多的杆状细菌。     

Eosinophil activation in acute and chronic chagasic myocardial lesions and deposition of toxic eosinophil granule proteins on heart myofibers

Cardiac lesions in patients with Chagas' disease are infiltrated with various types of inflammatory cells, including eosinophils (EOS). We determined the proportions of resting and activated EOS in 2 types of chagasic myocardial lesions to establish whether their presence correlated with lesion severity. One lesion type was defined by interstitial infiltration associated with degeneration and necrosis of myocardial fibers; the other type presented mild myocarditis but myofibers were preserved. In all cases (1 patient with acute and 5 patients with chronic Chagas' disease), a marked degree of EOS infiltration was seen in the necrotic areas after staining either with Giemsa or immunohistochemically, using antibodies specific for the EOS cationic protein or the major basic protein of the granule. In contrast, a very small number of EOS was present in areas of the very same tissue sections displaying mild myocarditis and preserved myofibers. Of the EOS present in the necrotic areas, 42-78% were in the activated secretory stage as evidenced immunohistochemically after incubation with a monoclonal antibody specific for an epitope of the secretory but not the storage form of the EOS cationic protein. In areas with mild myocarditis this proportion was much smaller, ranging from 9 to 28%. In all cases, both the total level of resting and activated EOS in the necrotic areas correlated well with the overall degree of severity of myocarditis evaluated histopathologically. Deposits of the major basic cationic proteins of the EOS granules were found on myofibers in the necrotic areas from the acute and chronic cases, indicating EOS degranulation.     

Development of Microemulsions and Microemulgels for Enhancing Transdermal Delivery of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kaempferia parviflora</Emphasis> Extract

The purpose of this research was to develop microemulsions (ME) and microemulgels (MG) for enhancing transdermal delivery of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract. The methoxyflavones were used as markers. Various formulations of ME and MG containing 10% w/v KP extract were prepared, and the in vitro skin permeation and deposition were investigated. The potential ME system containing oleic acid (5% w/v), Tween 20 (20% w/v), PG (40% w/v), and water (35% w/v) was successfully formulated. ME with 10% w/v limonene (ME-L10%) showed higher methoxyflavones flux than ME-L5%, ME-L1%, ME without limonene, and KP extract in water, respectively. ME-L10% was selected for adding a gelling agent to form microemulgels (MG-L10%). However, the high viscosity of the gel formulation might control the diffusion of the compound from gel layer into the skin. Therefore, the liquid formulation provided potential ME droplets to deliver KP extract through the skin. Limonene also plays an effective role on the skin permeation, in which the histological image of the skin treated with ME-L10% exhibited larger space of each flattened keratinocyte layer in the stratum corneum compared to the skin treated with KP extract in water. Moreover, ME-L10% showed good stability. Therefore, ME-L10% was a potential formulation for improving transdermal delivery of KP extract.     

Inheritance of sensitivity to cadmium induced testicular damage in mice.

Testicular damage induced by cadmium in inbred mouse strains was evaluated on the basis of the thickness of tunica albuginea and histological images of the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue. While comparing the thickness of the tunica in the untreated KP, C57 and CBA males as well as in F1 (KP x CBA) and B1 (KP x CBA) x CBA, the authors found it to be inherited in a simple Mendelian way. The thin tunica of the sensitive KP and C57 strain males became markedly thickened after injected with cadmium chloride. On the contrary, no changes were observed in the resistant CBA strain males which are characterised by a thick tunica. The results corroborate Taylor's [10] hypothesis that resistance to the damaging effect of cadmium is controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene. In addition, it is suggested that thickness of the tunica is positively correlated with the resistance to the action of cadmium.     

Sarcoidosis as seronegative spondyloarthropathy

Two cases were presented with initial symptoms of inflammatory low back pain and alternate buttock pain. They developed a progressive dyspnea with bilateral mediastinal and hiliar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary interstitial disease as visualized with chest CT scan. Sarcoidosis diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy in both cases--in one case by skin biopsy and in the other by open lung biopsy. These clinical forms of spondyloarthropathy and sarcoidosis were unusual and were compared with similar cases present in the literature.     

Autophagy protects against necrotic renal epithelial cell-induced death of renal interstitial fibroblasts

We recently reported that necrotic renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) can induce the death of renal interstitial fibroblasts. Since autophagy plays either cytoprotective or cytodestructive roles depending on the experimental condition, the present study was carried out to investigate whether necrotic RPTC would induce autophagy of renal interstitial fibroblasts and, if so, whether autophagy would contribute to cell death or exert a protective effect. Exposure of necrotic RPTC supernatant (RPTC-Sup) induced autophagy in renal interstitial fibroblast cells (NRK-49F) in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and its induction was earlier than caspase-3 activation. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or knockdown of Beclin-1, a molecule involved in the initiation of autophagosome formation, with small interference RNA (siRNA) significantly enhanced necrotic RPTC-Sup-induced cell death. Necrotic RPTC-Sup induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), p38, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNKs), and AKT. Treatment with an ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor, but not with specific inhibitors for p38, JNKs, or AKT pathways, blocked NRK-49F autophagy and cell death upon exposure to necrotic RPTC-Sup. Furthermore, knockdown of MEK1 with siRNA also reduced autophagy along with cell death in NRK-49F exposed to necrotic RPTC-Sup. In contrast, overexpression of MEK1/2 increased RPTC-Sup-induced fibroblast cell death without enhancing autophagy. Collectively, this study demonstrates that necrotic RPTC induce both autophagy and cell death and that autophagy plays a cytoprotective or prosurvival role in renal fibroblasts. Furthermore, necrotic RPTC-induced autophagy and cell death in renal fibroblasts is mediated by the activation of the MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.     

Numerical modeling of fluid flow in solid tumors

A mathematical model of interstitial fluid flow is developed, based on the application of the governing equations for fluid flow, i.e., the conservation laws for mass and momentum, to physiological systems containing solid tumors. The discretized form of the governing equations, with appropriate boundary conditions, is developed for a predefined tumor geometry. The interstitial fluid pressure and velocity are calculated using a numerical method, element based finite volume. Simulations of interstitial fluid transport in a homogeneous solid tumor demonstrate that, in a uniformly perfused tumor, i.e., one with no necrotic region, because of the interstitial pressure distribution, the distribution of drug particles is non-uniform. Pressure distribution for different values of necrotic radii is examined and two new parameters, the critical tumor radius and critical necrotic radius, are defined. Simulation results show that: 1) tumor radii have a critical size. Below this size, the maximum interstitial fluid pressure is less than what is generally considered to be effective pressure (a parameter determined by vascular pressure, plasma osmotic pressure, and interstitial osmotic pressure). Above this size, the maximum interstitial fluid pressure is equal to effective pressure. As a consequence, drugs transport to the center of smaller tumors is much easier than transport to the center of a tumor whose radius is greater than the critical tumor radius; 2) there is a critical necrotic radius, below which the interstitial fluid pressure at the tumor center is at its maximum value. If the tumor radius is greater than the critical tumor radius, this maximum pressure is equal to effective pressure. Above this critical necrotic radius, the interstitial fluid pressure at the tumor center is below effective pressure. In specific ranges of these critical sizes, drug amount and therefore therapeutic effects are higher because the opposing force, interstitial fluid pressure, is low in these ranges.     

Drosophila eye color mutants as therapeutic tools for Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein (htt). A pathological hallmark of the disease is the loss of a specific population of striatal neurons, and considerable attention has been paid to the role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) degradation in this process. The KP contains three neuroactive metabolites: 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), quinolinic acid (QUIN), and kynurenic acid (KYNA). 3-HK and QUIN are neurotoxic, and are increased in the brains of early stage HD patients, as well as in yeast and mouse models of HD. Conversely, KYNA is neuroprotective and has been shown to be decreased in HD patient brains. We recently used a Drosophila model of HD to measure the neuroprotective effect of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of kynurenine monoxygenase (KMO)—the enzyme catalyzing the formation of 3-HK at a pivotal branch point in the KP. We found that KMO inhibition in Drosophila robustly attenuated neurodegeneration, and that this neuroprotection was correlated with reduced levels of 3-HK relative to KYNA. Importantly, we showed that KP metabolites are causative in this process, as 3-HK and KYNA feeding experiments modulated neurodegeneration. We also found that genetic inhibition of the upstream KP enzyme tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) was neuroprotective in flies. Here, we extend these results by reporting that genetic impairment of KMO or TDO is protective against the eclosion defect in HD model fruit flies. Our results provide further support for the possibility of therapeutic KP interventions in HD.     

Drosophila eye color mutants as therapeutic tools for Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein (htt). A pathological hallmark of the disease is the loss of a specific population of striatal neurons, and considerable attention has been paid to the role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) degradation in this process. The KP contains three neuroactive metabolites: 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), quinolinic acid (QUIN), and kynurenic acid (KYNA). 3-HK and QUIN are neurotoxic, and are increased in the brains of early stage HD patients, as well as in yeast and mouse models of HD. Conversely, KYNA is neuroprotective and has been shown to be decreased in HD patient brains. We recently used a Drosophila model of HD to measure the neuroprotective effect of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of kynurenine monoxygenase (KMO)-the enzyme catalyzing the formation of 3-HK at a pivotal branch point in the KP. We found that KMO inhibition in Drosophila robustly attenuated neurodegeneration, and that this neuroprotection was correlated with reduced levels of 3-HK relative to KYNA. Importantly, we showed that KP metabolites are causative in this process, as 3-HK and KYNA feeding experiments modulated neurodegeneration. We also found that genetic inhibition of the upstream KP enzyme tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) was neuroprotective in flies. Here, we extend these results by reporting that genetic impairment of KMO or TDO is protective against the eclosion defect in HD model fruit flies. Our results provide further support for the possibility of therapeutic KP interventions in HD.