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1.
我国城市昆虫学的研究兴起于20世纪80年代中期,此后,该领域的研究获得了长足的进展。城市生态系统不同于自然或农业生态系统,特别是城市化的进程对城市昆虫的生物学特性造成显著影响,致使城市害虫拥有自身的特点,其综合治理的理念和措施也相应有所变化。城市害虫主要包括卫生害虫、仓储害虫、园林害虫等,相关领域的研究也日益成为昆虫学家关注的焦点。本文从城市昆虫在城市化作用下的生物生态学基础、城市害虫群落发生特点、基因组测序概况、抗性分子机制以及城市害虫综合治理体系等方面入手,阐述城市害虫暴发成灾的内因及其抗性综合治理策略的制定原则。同时,本文对城市昆虫学未来研究方向和防控策略进行了展望,以期为我国城市害虫生物学特性及其防控策略的制定提供依据。此外,文中还讨论了基于分子生物学或昆虫不相容技术的具有应用前景的几种防控策略。  相似文献   

2.
隐蔽性害虫的发声及其声探测技术   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
程惊秋 《昆虫知识》1995,32(1):44-48
隐蔽性害虫声波的探测技术具有重要的实用价值。许多害虫可在寄主内部营隐蔽生活,取食或构筑巢穴,如鲜果、粮植和其它贮藏农产品中的蛀食害虫,木材、水坝和住宅建筑中的天牛、白以等等。人们困难以察觉这类害虫的活动踪迹而忽视其潜在危害;为了确定这些害虫的种类、为害部位和程度,往往需要剖检寄主,造成经济损失。因此,开发灵敏、有效的害虫声探测技术,可为隐蔽性害虫的快速探测、定位或长期监测提供新方法。早在30年代,人们已开始这一领域的研究。随着传感器、微电子技术的发展,害虫声探测的水平也逐渐提高,多种害虫的活动声波…  相似文献   

3.
我国苹果害虫(螨)的研究与防治:回顾与展望   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
谌有光 《昆虫知识》2000,37(2):107-110
20世纪后50年尤其是改革开放20年来,我国果业生产发展迅猛,成就举世瞩目。截止1998年全国果园面积863.55万hmz,果品总产量达54529亿kg,居世界之首。在落叶果树中苹果发展最快,1998年为283.8万hm’,产量达194.8亿kg,面积和产量在苹果生产国中均居首位,我国年人均占有苹果已达15kg,超出世界人均水平4kg左右。但若以单位面积产量衡量,我国与水果生产发达国家相比尚有较大差距。1998年我国苹果每667mz产量为405.Ikg,仅及发达国家的1/3-l/5。这在一定程度上反映了我国水果生产管理水平的差距,其中病虫为害是重要因素之一。本…  相似文献   

4.
盛承发 《生态学杂志》1993,4(3):319-324
本文试从分散的材料中概括出主要大田作物繁殖器官被害与产量损失之间的一般关系.不同作物对繁殖器官被害的产量反应有某些共同性.在生殖生长初期损失全部或部分繁殖器官经常引起增产,在后期损失幼嫩的繁殖器官对产量无不利影响,但在中期损失繁殖器官一般导致明显减产,表现了受害时的生长阶段的普遍重要意义.在繁殖器官损失量过大,作物品种晚熟或有限生长习性强,水、肥条件及温度与光照条件不良,补偿期过短,植株密度过小或过大,中部繁殖器官受害以及遭受连续为害情况下,减产的可能性增大.这与叶片损失后的产量反应有类似之处.本文归纳出的这一认识可供在作物产量损失测定等工作时参考.  相似文献   

5.
6.
什么听做害虫   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
赵修复 《昆虫知识》1991,28(3):190-192
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7.
姜玉英 《昆虫知识》2013,50(3):868-873
截止到2012年底,全国农业技术推广服务中心共制定了24个害虫测报技术的国家标准和农业行业标准,涉及水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、果树、蔬菜等多种主要农作物。同时,一些省级植保部门根据各自的工作要求和业务特长,补充制定了部分害虫的地方性测报技术规范及国家标准。迄今,已对15大类107种(类)害虫制定了测报技术规范,为基层技术人员的害虫监测和预报业务提供了技术方法,促进了测报工作的有效开展。  相似文献   

8.
间接性害虫为害与作物产量损失的关系Ⅰ.食叶害虫   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
本文将繁多的农作物害虫分为间接性害虫和直接性害虫。间接性害虫造成的作物的某类器官或组织的损失率小于产量损失率。食叶害虫是间接性害虫中的一大类。作物对叶面积损失的产量反应很不一致,从完全失收到增产10倍。影响叶面积损失与产量关系的首要因素通常是作物在受害时的生长阶段。在叶面积损失率一定时,处于生长中期(最终营养库迅速增大期)的作物出现最大程度减产。在损失率过大,上部功能叶受害,为害持续时间过长,作物矮秆紧凑,水、肥及气象条件不良以及损失的叶面积分布不均匀等情形下,叶片受害后易于减产;反之则减产较少甚至增产。从分散的材料中归纳出这一基本关系,对当前广泛开展的食叶害虫的产量损失评价工作可能有参考和改进意义。  相似文献   

9.
四川重要经济瘿蚊名录   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
江兴培 《昆虫知识》1994,31(4):245-247
双翅目瘿以科是长角亚目昆虫中唯一在农业、园艺和森林等方面具有重要经济意义的一个科。全世界已知4490余种,目前我国已定名的有60余种。其中有很多植食性种类和捕食性种类是重要的作物害虫和生物防治利用的有效灭敌资源“-“。本文首次对四川省庵蚊害、益虫进行了较系统的研究,共发现具有经济意义的害虫ZI种,益虫2种。其中农作物害虫4种,果树害虫5种,园林害虫6种,其它经济作物害、益虫8种。现将其学名、省内分布范围、寄主和为害等,以及种类检索表介绍如下。亚农作物害虫麦黄吸浆虫分布:四川(北陪、南部县人寄生:小麦、大麦、…  相似文献   

10.
侵入型害虫的成灾机制与防治对策   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
张润志  康乐 《昆虫知识》1999,36(3):181-183
侵入型农业害虫,即一种昆虫从其原产地迁到另一地(侵入),而在新侵入地对农作物造成严重危害,就该种昆虫对新侵入地而言,称为侵入型农业害虫。侵人型害虫,有时也称为外来种或引入种。为了警示人们对该类昆虫的重视,称为“侵入型害虫”似乎更好一些。确定是否为侵入型农业害虫,关键在于区分其原产地和侵入地,例如马铃薯甲虫,原产北美洲洛基山东麓,而对欧洲、亚洲而言,显然为侵人型害虫,或称侵人种。而这种划分标准,有时也是难以区分的,如果昆虫原产地并不很清楚,或分布范围很广,或扩散距离较近,这时就难以断定该种昆虫是否…  相似文献   

11.
Abstract The ladybeetle, Delphastus catalinae (Horn), is one of the most commonly used predacious natural enemies being commercially reared for controlling whiteflies, including Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B (= B. argentifolii Bellows & Perring), on various ornamental and vegetable crops under greenhouse conditions. The development, survivorship, and fecundity of D. catalinae feeding on B. tabaci biotype B on collard plants were determined in the laboratory, and the age-specific life table parameters were analyzed based on the life history data. Developmental time was 4.0, 1.9, 1.1, 1.4, 5.2, and 5.3 days for eggs, first, second, third, fourth instars, and pupae, respectively, with an average of 18.9 days from oviposition to adult emergence for both sexes, 19.0 days for females, and 18.8 days for males. Adult longevities averaged 146.6 days for both sexes, 122.6 days for females, and 170.5 days for males. After an average 4.9 days preoviposition period, females laid a mean of 5.6 eggs per day over a 97.0-day period. Net reproductive rate ( R 0) and gross reproductive rate (ΣM mx ) were estimated by life table analysis at 276.8 and 325.1, respectively. Generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) were 35.6 and 4.8 days respectively, and the intrinsic rate of natural population increase ( rm ) was estimated at 0.158, or l = 1.171 for the finite rate of increase. The rm value of D. catalinae is similar to or higher than those of the whitefly feeding on most vegetable and ornamental crops, indicating that the ladybeetle is capable of regulating populations of B. tabaci biotype B and other whiteflies under greenhouse conditions.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract Effects of four commercial ornamentals on the development, survivorship and reproduction of the whitefly B biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were studied in the laboratory (temperature 26 ± 1 °C; relative humidity 75%–90%; L: D 14:10). The total survivorship from egg to adult on hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima Will), cottonrose hibiscus ( Hibiscus mutabilis L.) and variegated leafcroton ( Codiaeum variegatum'Aucubaefolium' ) were 33.69%, 40.55%, 79.11%, and 29.39%, respectively. The developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 23.12 days on cottonrose hibiscus to 32.13 days on hibiscus. The average longevity of adult females ranged from 6.87 days on variegated leafcroton to 21.07 days on poinsettia. The average numbers of eggs laid per female were 9.20, 25.13, 54.45, and 26.79 on the above respective hosts. The intrinsic rates of natural increase ( rm ) for B biotype B. tabaci on cottonrose hibiscus was the highest. Based on life table analyses of whitefly populations, cottonrose hibiscus was the most suitable host for B biotype B. tabaci in this study.  相似文献   

13.
Data on adult longevity, reproduction and intrinsic rate of population increase of insect parasitoid Amitus fuscipennis MacGown and Nebeker (Hym., Platygasteridae) were obtained under different climatic conditions on two bean cultivars. The insect host was the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hom., Aleyrodidae). On cv. Chocho, at 19°C, 75 ± 5% RH and at 22°C, 70 ± 5% RH, mean longevity of adult Amitus females on the host insect was 9.3 and 5.7 days; mean fertility was 64.1 eggs and 52.7 eggs; and rm values were 0.102 day–1 and 0.144 day–1 for the respective conditions. On cv. ICA-Pijao, at 19°C, 75 ± 5% RH, mean longevity was 15.2 days; mean fertility was highest (162.8 eggs); and rm value was 0.117 day–1. The rm values of Amitus were higher than those of its host under the same test conditions. This parasitoid may therefore be a suitable candidate for use in inoculative or seasonal inoculative control programs against T. vaporariorum .  相似文献   

14.
《Journal of Asia》2014,17(2):115-117
This study was conducted to determine the effects of six different leguminous seeds (cowpea, white kidney bean, soybean cultivars Cheongja and Daepung, mung bean, and azuki bean) on the life history traits of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). The total developmental time from the first instar nymph to adult ranged from 18 to 25 d; R. pedestris fed with white kidney beans were the slowest to develop. In addition, bugs fed with white kidney beans had the highest mortality (93%) and the shortest longevity (18 d). R. pedestris fed with cowpeas, soybeans, or azuki beans had high reproductive success, with the highest egg hatching success recorded in bugs fed cowpeas. The results suggest that cowpea may be a beneficial food source for the development and reproduction of bean bugs.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract  The potential of a new, previously unidentified Serangium species (Col., Coccinellidae) to control the high Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) populations on cassava was evaluated. Field and laboratory studies were carried out to determine the abundance and feeding capacity of this Serangium species feeding on B. tabaci on cassava. Serangium nymphs and adults were most abundant in cassava fields late in the season, rising sharply from 5 months after planting (MAP) to a peak at 7–8 MAP. Pre-imaginal development averaged 21.2 days and was longest in eggs and shortest in the L1 instar. Mean total prey consumption of immature Serangium increased with the stage of development with the lowest consumption in the L1 instar and highest in the L4 instar. Mean daily consumption was lowest on the first day after hatching in the L1 instar and rose to a peak on the 13th day after hatching in the L4 instar. Each Serangium larva consumed a mean of over 1000 nymphs during its entire development. These results have demonstrated the potential of this Serangium species to control B. tabaci populations on cassava.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract The development, survivorship and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on eggplant at seven constant temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35°C) were studied. The developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 48.7 days at 17°C to 13.9 days at 29°C and the developmental threshold estimated for a generation by linear regression was 12.4°C. The optimum temperature for B. tabaci population growth was 26°C, both extremely low (< 17°C) and high temperature (> 32°C) delayed the development. Survivorships from egg to adult was 67.3% at 26°C, 27.6% and 29.0% at 35°C and 17°C respectively. The average longevity of females ranged from 39.6 days at 20°C to 12.8 days at 35°C. Oviposition per female varied from 164.8 eggs at 20°C to 78.5 eggs at 32°C. Both the longevity and oviposition of B. tabaci females at different temperatures were significantly different ( P < 0.05), and the intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r m) for B. tabaci at 29°C was the highest.  相似文献   

17.
The developmental period of immature stages, survival per cent, longevity, fecundity and life table parameters of Harmonia axyridis by feeding on fresh and frozen grain moth eggs (GME) of Sitotroga cerealella were studied under laboratory conditions. The effect of crowding adults on fecundity of females was also determined. The total developmental time from egg hatching to adult eclosion ranged from 18.89 ± 0.32 to 22.5 ± 0.21 days on fresh and frozen GME, respectively. Survival per cent from egg hatching to adult emergence differed significantly when the predator fed on the two diets of GME. Also, pupal and adult weights were affected by feeding on fresh and frozen GME. There were no significant differences in longevity of females, while there were significant variations in fecundity of females and longevity of males. The calculated values of T , DT , Ro , rm , and erm were high by feeding on fresh GME. Morever, rates of survivorship ( Lx ), and maximum oviposition per female per day ( Mx ) were higher when the predator was reared on fresh than on frozen GME. Crowding conditions of predator adults affected the fecundity of females due to egg cannibalism by both males and females of the predator.  相似文献   

18.
不同寄主植物对B型烟粉虱发育适合度的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为探明寄主植物对B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)种群发育适合度的影响,采用室内实验比较了B型烟粉虱在番茄、棉花、菜豆和辣椒上的生存曲线、发育进度和成虫性比等生物学指标。结果表明,B型烟粉虱种群在不同寄主植物上的生存曲线差异显著,由卵发育至成虫的存活率由高到低依次为:番茄=棉花>菜豆>辣椒。B型烟粉虱在辣椒、棉花、菜豆和番茄上50%成虫羽化期依次为25.5、23.0、22.8和22.5d,在辣椒上的发育进度显著慢于其他植物。在不同寄主植物上B型烟粉虱的雌成虫比例差异显著,由高到低依次为:辣椒(63.0%)>棉花(58.3%)>菜豆(52.0%)>番茄(49.7%)。在番茄上B型烟粉虱第二代的生存率显著高于第一代,发育速率较第一代加快,雌成虫比例(63.3%)也显著高于第一代(49.7%)。在棉花上,第一代和第二代间的生存曲线、发育进度和雌成虫比例则差异不显著。可见,不同寄主植物对B型烟粉虱的发育适合度不同,在番茄上的发育适合度则以第二代较第一代显著提高。此外,B型烟粉虱在不适寄主植物辣椒上的存活率较低,但后代雌成虫比例增加,推测B型烟粉虱可通过调整后代性比增加其在不适寄主植物上的种群。  相似文献   

19.
Abstract:  Axinoscymnus cardilobus is an indigenous coccinellid predator in South China, which feeds on many whitefly species. Its development, consumption rate, survivorship, longevity and fecundity on a diet of eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci were evaluated. Larval consumption decreased sharply as instars of B. tabaci become bigger, and development time of beetle larvae was significantly different when fed on different stages of B. tabaci . The sex ratio was 0.44. The performances were better after feeding on whitefly eggs than nymphs. Axinoscymnus cardilobus showed good potential for biological control of B. tabaci , especially in greenhouse situations.  相似文献   

20.
The silverleaf whitefly is one of the most harmful pests that attack bean crops, mainly for extracting large quantities of phloem sap and transmitting the bean golden mosaic virus. Resistant germoplasm plants can be an important method for controlling this pest. The biological aspects of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes were evaluated. The tests were conducted under laboratory conditions, with the following genotypes: Arc 1, Arc 3s, Arc 5s, G13028, G11056 and Porrillo 70. The bean plants in a stage IV-1 were infested during one day with silverleaf whiteflies. Afterwards the eggs and nymphs were observed until adult emergence. Longevity and fecundity of emerged insects were also evaluated. The longest development time occurred for nymphs fed on Arc 3s genotype (26.5 days), following by G11056 (25.9 days) and G13028 (25.3 days). The development period was 5.5 days longer in Arc 3s when compared with Porrillo 70. Also, the wild genotypes Arc 3s and G11056 showed higher mortality rates (94.7% and 83.1%, respectively), which may suggest antibiosis and/or feeding nonpreference resistance type. For this reason, although longevity and fecundity were not influenced when the whitefly fed on resistant genotypes (Arc 3s, G11056, G13028 and Arc 5s), those genotypes can be used for bean breeding program towards B. tabaci B biotype.  相似文献   

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