贵阳市表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源解析

运用高效液相色谱仪对贵阳市区及近郊的表层土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析,对其分布特征、污染水平以及来源进行了探讨.结果表明:土壤中PAHs含量为61～ 1560 μg·kg-1,城区土壤样品中PAHs含量为247～1560 μg·kg-1,郊区土壤样品中PAHs含量为61 ～339 μg· kg-1,土壤中4环、5环PAHs含量较高,在土壤PAHs含量中占有绝对优势;参照国外环境标准,对区域表层土壤PAHs的污染现状进行了评价,结果显示,贵阳市表层土壤受到一定程度的PAHs污染.利用相关系数法和典型源三角图法对PAHs的可能来源进行了解析,发现贵阳市的土壤主要受到燃煤排放以及混合污染源——燃煤与汽车尾气排放PAHs的联合污染.     

安徽农田表层土壤中有机氯农药的分布及其组成

以安徽省寿县等19个地区的农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)为对象,采用超声波提取,气相色谱法/电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)检测,分析了α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、op′-DDE、pp′-DDD、α-硫丹和百菌清等8种有机氯农药(OCPs)在农田表层土壤中的分布及组成特征.结果表明： 19个取样点中8种有机氯农药残留的总含量范围为ND～23.75 μg·kg^-1,其中PP′-DDD、γ-HCH为主要污染物,平均质量浓度分别为13.83和13.49 μg·kg^-1.与1990年的调查结果相比,六六六平均值含量呈明显下降趋势;与国内外土壤相比,安徽省农田表层土壤中的六六六(HCHs)处于中等偏高的水平.安徽省农田表层土壤中OCPs、HCHs和pp′-DDD平均浓度分别为48.58、28.64和13.83 μg·kg^-1,均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)的一级土壤质量标准(<50 μg·kg^-1),污染较轻.     

长期灌溉含多环芳烃污水对稻田土壤酶活性与微生物种群数量的影响

以沈抚污水灌区为例,研究了长期灌溉含多环芳烃(PAHs)污水对稻田土壤酶活性、微生物种群数量的影响。结果表明,灌区稻田土壤PAHs含量在319.5～6362.8μg.kg-1。长期污水灌溉导致稻田土壤PAHs含量严重超过环境标准。随清水连续灌溉年限的增加,土壤PAHs总量不同程度降低直至低于土壤PAHs环境质量标准。相关性分析表明,在目前污染程度下,灌区稻田3大土壤微生物类群和主要功能群的种群数量主要受土壤理化性质的影响,受PAHs含量影响不明显。土壤全氮含量与细菌数量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。土壤酶活性受到土壤养分和PAHs污染的双重影响,土壤有机碳和全磷含量分别与脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),PAHs含量分别与脱氢酶和脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

多环芳烃和重金属复合污染土壤生物修复研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)和重金属是土壤环境中有机和无机污染物的典型代表，二者来源广泛且能在土壤中长期存在，极易造成复合污染。研究表明，PAHs和重金属共存时会发生复杂的相互作用，使复合污染土壤修复往往比单一污染土壤修复更加困难。生物修复具备成本低、不造成二次污染、适用于大范围修复等优势，是极具应用前景的PAHs和重金属复合污染土壤修复技术。本文总结了土壤中PAHs和重金属复合污染的分布特点及交互作用，对PAHs和重金属复合污染土壤生物修复技术作用机理及研究进展进行了综述，并对PAHs和重金属复合污染土壤生物修复技术的发展提出了展望。     

小冶炼地区PAHs污染及其风险评价

采样分析了中国东部沿海某镇小冶炼地区多介质环境中 PAHs的浓度水平 ,发现小冶炼集中生产区内大气中 17种PAHs总浓度 (Σ PAHs)高达 4 170 ng/ m3,是区外大气中 Σ PAHs平均值的 6倍 ;该区内河及边境河流下游河水中 Σ PAHs平均为 8.17μg/ L ,远大于边境河流上游河水中的Σ PAHs平均值 (2 .17μg/ L ) ;表层水稻土中Σ PAHs平均为 15 2 mg/ kg,并随着土壤深度增加逐渐减少 ;水稻根、茎叶、籽实中Σ PAHs平均分别为 5 2 9μg/ kg、5 39μg/ kg、10 5μg/ kg。类比调查表明 ,小冶炼地区各环境介质中的 PAHs浓度均不同程度地高于文献报道值。估算了当地居民及冶炼工人经呼吸进入体内的 8种致癌 PAHs的量 ,分别达 5 30 ng/ d和 1138ng/ d。调查了小冶炼地区及其周围地区近 3a死亡人群的死因 ,发现该区死亡人群中病死比例和死于癌症比例平均分别达 32 .2 %和 2 5 .6 % ,均高于周围地区的相应值 (2 3.3%和 16 .0 % )     

贵州省某土法炼锌点土壤重金属污染现状

对贵州省赫章县新官寨土法炼锌点的土壤重金属含量及空间分布进行了研究,以了解土法炼锌活动停止以后土壤重金属的污染状况.结果表明,当地农业土壤重金属的平均含量分别为Pb 337、Zn 648、Cd 9.0、Hg 0.44、Cu 121和As 17 mg·kg-1,分别是贵州省农业土壤背景值的7.5、7.9、26.4、2.2、4.7和0.8倍.单项污染指数显示,土壤Cd的污染最重,依次为Zn、Pb、As、Hg和Cu.综合污染指数揭示,该土法炼锌点4 km范围内的表层农业土壤严重污染.土壤中的污染物主要累积于表层30 am内,30 cm以下浓度较低.土壤Zn和Cd具有较高的活性和迁移性,峰值已向下迁移15～20 cm.     

建立污染土壤修复标准的探讨

随着污染土壤修复技术的发展和污染土壤修复环境工程的实施,污染土壤修复标准的建立已成为检验污染土壤修复工程效果的瓶颈.我国现行的土壤环境质量标准已不能适应污染土壤修复效果评判的需要.本文在分析我国土壤环境质量标准不足的基础上,结合一些发达国家土壤修复标准以及我国土壤污染实际情况,提出建立污染土壤修复标准应从污染物的选择、分析检测方法、修复标准的分类、对地下水的保护和生态毒理学评价方面综合考虑.     

西沙永兴岛土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

通过采集西沙永兴岛表层土壤和土柱样品, 研究了21种多环芳烃(PAHs)在永兴岛土壤中的浓度和组成特征, 对土壤中PAHs的来源进行解析,并对生态风险进行了评估。结果表明, 永兴岛表层土壤中PAHs的浓度范围为38.9—176.4 ng·g-1, 16种优控PAHs的浓度为36.7—155.6 ng·g-1, 跟其它类似环境相比, 永兴岛土壤中PAHs污染相对较轻。芘、荧蒽、菲、苯并[b]荧蒽、、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1, 2, 3-cd]芘和苯并[e]芘是永兴岛表层土壤中最主要的PAHs。永兴岛土柱中总PAHs与2—3环PAHs浓度分布特征相似, 表层和底层浓度较高, 2—3环PAHs在土柱中占比为74%—96%。来源解析表明永兴岛土壤中PAHs主要以石油、木材或煤等燃烧源为主。16种PAHs的等效致癌风险浓度显示永兴岛土壤中PAHs生态风险较低。     

多环芳烃污染土壤生物修复研究进展

多环芳烃 (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs) 是一类广泛分布于环境中的持久性污染物,结构稳定、难以降解,对生态环境和生物具有“三致”毒害性,其环境去除和修复备受关注。绿色、安全、经济的生物修复技术被广泛应用于PAHs污染土壤的修复。本文从土壤中PAHs的来源、迁移、归趋和污染水平总结了目前我国土壤多环芳烃污染的基本状况;归纳了具有PAHs降解作用的微生物、植物种类及机理;比较了微生物修复、植物修复和联合修复3类主要的生物修复技术。指出植物与微生物的互作机理的解析,抗逆菌株、植株的筛选与培育,实际应用的安全和效能评估应成为多环芳烃污染土壤修复领域未来的研究方向。     

景观格局对农业表层土壤重金属污染的影响

景观格局是决定诸多生态过程的重要因素,但其对农业土壤重金属污染的影响尚未明确.鉴于此,本研究基于珠江三角洲2005年的300个表层土壤As、Pb、Cd、Ni样点数据和土地利用/覆盖图,使用地统计分析、景观格局分析、单因子污染指数和Pearson相关分析,揭示4种农业表层土壤重金属的污染特征及空间分布格局,探讨样点缓冲区内景观格局与农业表层土壤重金属污染的定量关系.结果显示:1)235个农业表层土壤样品中,As、Pb、Cd和Ni超过国家土壤质量二级标准的比例分别为3.8%、0.4%、17.0%和9.4%,高污染区主要位于广州、佛山和中山;2)耕地表层土壤样品中重金属的平均污染水平大于林地和果园,但除了Cd,其他3种重金属污染水平在不同农用地类型上的差异并不显著;3)缓冲区内水体的比例、平均斑块规模、破碎化程度、景观形状复杂度和聚集度/连接度与4种表层土壤重金属污染水平呈显著正相关;缓冲区内城市用地的部分景观格局与土壤Pb和Cd污染水平呈现类似的显著正相关.相反,缓冲区内林地的比例、平均斑块规模和聚集度越大,土壤Pb和Ni污染水平越低(呈显著负相关,P<0.05);4)距离工业用地越近,农业表层土壤Pb、Cd和Ni污染水平越高.景观多样性仅与土壤Cd污染呈显著正相关.研究结果可为珠江三角洲农业土壤重金属污染防治提供理论依据.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Pollution in Agricultural Soil in Tianjin,China

Representative soil samples (n = 60) collected from suburban agricultural land in Tianjin were analyzed to determine 16 PAHs in this study. Accelerated solvent extraction, GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography), and SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) clean-up procedures were employed for PAH preparation prior to analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the total PAHs (T-PAHs) ranged from 228.6 ng/g to 14722.1 ng/g with the mean value of 613.1 ng/g. Bap concentrations in many sites exceeded the suggested standards. Spatial variation of PAHs in soil was illustrated; the pollution status and comparison to other cities were also investigated. Severe PAH soil pollution was observed in some sites near urban areas. Higher PAH concentrations were detected at the downwind side of the urban areas, indicating the influence of human activities. Two indicative ratios (Fl/(Fl+Pyr, Baa/(Baa+Chr)) and principal component analysis were used to identify the possible sources of PAHs. These suggested that coal combustion was still the most important source of PAHs in Tianjin, which coincided well with the previous studies. These data can be further used to assess the health risk associated with soils polluted by PAHs and can help local government find proper ways to reduce PAHs’ pollution in soils.     

Occurrence,distribution and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in peri-urban vegetable soils of Changchun,Northeast China

The characterizations of residue levels and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils are necessary to evaluate the potential pollution and risks of OCPs to the ecosystems and human health. A total of 51 surface soil samples were collected from peri-urban vegetable fields of Changchun and 13 OCPs were analyzed to learn the composition, spatial distribution and sources. The concentrations were in the ranges of 0.94–107.8 ng g^?1 for DDTs, 0.89–98.3 ng g^?1 for HCHs, 0.22–18.20 ng g^?1 for Chlordanes, nd–4.49 ng g^?1 for aldrin and nd–9.66 ng g^?1 for dieldrin, respectively. The total OCPs concentrations ranged from 2.44 to 177.1 ng g^?1 and the higher residues were mainly distributed in northeast and southwest sites, as well as sites along the Yitong River. According to the concentrations and detection frequencies, DDTs and HCHs were the most dominant compounds. Compositional analysis and principal component analysis suggested that DDT, HCH and chlordane in most soil samples derived from historical application except the slight fresh introduction at some locations. There exist a variety of OCPs residues in peri-urban vegetable soils of Changchun, but it is still safe and suitable for agricultural production for the most part, and some specific locations with high OCPs residues ought to be a cause for concern.     

The impact of the marine sewage outfalls on the sediment quality: The Black Sea and the Marmara case

Marine sewage outfalls are the cheapest method of disposal for municipalities with restricted funds, despite their negative effects on marine ecosystems. This study was conducted on the marine sewage outfalls of the Turkish cities Rize (Black Sea) and Yalova (Sea of Marmara). Heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in the sediments for determine pollution degree. Two of Yalova stations were classified as having high contamination levels (1034.436 and 1476.483 ng/g, respectively) and all the other stations suffered moderate pollution in terms of ∑₁₆PAHs. ∑DTTs in sediments above probable effect levels (PELs), were observed both stations Yalova and Rize. The highest metal concentrations in the sediments from the eight stations ranged from 4.97 to 29.65 mg/kg for Ni; 7.57–44.14 mg/kg for Cr; 9.84–42.76 mg/kg for Cu; and 48.08–103.77 mg/kg for Zn. In sum, examination of pollutant sources provides clear evidence of an anthropogenic effect on the discharge environments.     

Dairy ruminant exposure to persistent organic pollutants and excretion to milk

Human activities produce polluting compounds such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which may interact with agriculture. These molecules have raised concern about the risk of transfer through the food chain via the animal product. POPs are characterised by a strong persistence in the environment, a high volatility and a lipophilicity, which lead to their accumulation in fat tissues. These compounds are listed in international conventions to organise the information about their potential toxicity for humans and the environment. The aim of this paper is to synthesise current information on dairy ruminant exposure to POPs and the risk of their transfer to milk. Three major groups of POPs have been considered: the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), the polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results show that contamination of fodder and soil by these compounds is observed when they are exposed to emission sources (steelworks, cementworks, waste incinerators or motorways) compared with remote areas. In general, soil contamination is considered higher than plant contamination. Highest concentrations of POPs in soil may be close to 1000 ng/kg dry matter (DM) for PCDD/Fs, to 10 000 mg/kg DM for PAHs and 100 μg/kg DM for PCBs. The contamination of milk by POPs depends on environmental factors, factors related to the rearing system (fodder and potentially contaminated soil, stage of lactation, medical state of the herd) and of the characteristics of the contaminants. Transfer rates to milk have been established: for PCBs the rate of transfer varies from 5% to 90%, for PCDD/Fs from 1% to 40% and for PAHs from 0.5% to 8%. The differential transfer of the compounds towards milk is related to the hydrophobicity of the pollutants as well as to the metabolic susceptibility of the compounds.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils of Kunming,China: Concentrations,Distribution, Sources,and Potential Risk

The concentrations, distribution, possible sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils were studied in Kunming, which is situated in a lake basin of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau. 15 PAHs were analyzed in 40 surface soil samples (0–5 cm layer) collected from six types of land uses in the Kunming urban area. Meanwhile, the potential sources of PAHs in surface soils of Kunming were investigated by PAH composition ratios, isomer ratios, and principal component analysis (PCA). The total concentrations of 15 PAHs ranged from 101.64 to 6,208.25 ng/g (dry weight basis). The concentrations in different land uses increased in an order as: green space (541.43 ng/g) < education area (756.49 ng/g) < business area (810.17 ng/g) < residential area (1,034.36 ng/g) < industrial area (1,166.79 ng/g) < roadside greens (2,146.76 ng/g). The results of sources identification suggested that PAHs in surface soils of the Kunming urban area were greatly affected by combustion activities which came mainly from coal combustion and vehicular traffic. In addition, the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were used to estimate benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentration in surface soils of Kunming, and the risk level of PAHs in Kunming's urban surface soils was low as a whole.     

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Trace Metals in New Orleans Soils and Sediments

Soil and sediment samples from New Orleans have been collected and analyzed for contamination by 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 8 trace metals. Total PAH contents were found to vary from 40 μ g/kg to 40,000 μ g/kg, and concentrations of total metals varied in the range of 80 mg/kg and 7600 mg/kg. Source analysis of PAHs using diagnostic concentration ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/ pyrene indicated that PAHs found at elevated concentrations in New Orleans soils and sediments were of pyrolytic origins. Spearman rank bivariate correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between soil PAHs and metals (r = 0.80, p < 0.0001) and between sediment PAHs and metals (r = 0.62, p < 0.05), suggesting common pollution sources for the two groups of environmental pollutants. Strong correlations were also found between Pb and Zn in soils (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001) as well as in sediments (r = 0.65, p < 0.05).     

Organochlorine pesticides in Cyprinus carpio from Sidi Salem Dam,north-western Tunisia

Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) caught in Sidi Salem Dam in 2011 were analysed for the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, heptachlor, lindane, dieldrin, endrin, and pp′-DDT and its two main metabolites pp′-DDD and pp′-DDE, in order to evaluate the extent of contamination of the dam. Fish were sampled monthly within the dam during 2011. Muscle, liver and gill tissues were analysed by gas chromatography for the determination of OCPs. Samples had variable concentrations of OCPs, ranging from 2.26 to 17.93 ng g?1, 0.59 to 42.67 ng g?1 and 3.30 to 84.27 ng g?1, which were isolated from gills, muscle and liver, respectively. The organochlorine pesticide levels found posed no threat to human health. The highest OCP levels were found in the liver tissues. The pp′-DDE concentrations and their ratios to ΣDDTs indicate aged DDT pollution and suggests that there has been no recent input of technical DDT from the agricultural areas into Sidi Salem Dam.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment of Beijing,China: Levels,distribution, trends and sources

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become a major type of persistent organic pollutant (POPs) in the world. To well understand the occurrence, spatial distribution and source apportionment of 16 PAHs in different media in Beijing, a comprehensive study was conducted based on 337 obtained and subsequently selected samples in four specific media, including soil, road dust, surface water and atmosphere covering sampling time spanning from 2005 to 2014. Mean concentrations of Σ16 PAHs in soils (878.5 μg/kg) decreased from inner city to exterior areas with different land uses decreased in the order of industrial estate (2510 μg/kg)>educational area (1331 μg/kg)>Park (783 μg/kg)>cultivated (650 μg/kg)>roadside (583 μg/kg)>residential (568 μg/kg)>green area (478 μg/kg)>forest area (125 μg/kg). Meanwhile, PAHs concentrations in branch roads were slightly higher than trunk roads and mainly concentrated in urban areas (1136 μg/kg). Affected by industrial and residential areas, PAHs concentrations in downstream surface rivers were much higher than upstream surface rivers (475 ng/L). Due to strong mobility, PAHs concentrations in atmosphere were not equally distributed around the study area (157.59 ng/m³). The result of source apportionment determined by diagnostic ratios method indicated PAHs in multiple media in Beijing are mainly from coal and biomass combustion.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soil and Sediment from Industrial,Residential, and Agricultural Areas in Central South Africa: An Initial Assessment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of global concern due to their ubiquitous presence, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. No data on PAHs in soils from South Africa have been published, even though it has the largest economy and industrial base in Africa. During this initial assessment, the levels of PAHs were determined in soils and sediments collected from central South Africa, specifically targeting industrial, residential, and agricultural areas. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The total concentration of PAHs (Σt-PAH) ranged between 44 and 39,000 ng/g, dw and the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs (Σc-PAH) ranged between 19 and 19,000 ng/g, dw. Pyrogenic processes were the most likely sources, with minimal petrogenic contributions. PAH levels were in the same range as levels reported from other countries, and the majority of the sites did not exceed Canadian environmental quality guidelines. Based on assumptions for dermal contact and ingestion of PAH-contaminated soil, we provisionally calculated only a small increase in cancer risk, but additional PAH inhalation could add considerably to this risk. Our data indicates a need for more analysis in industrial and residential areas, and should include air.     

Distribution,Sources Identification,and Ecological Risk of PAHs and PCBs in Coastal Surface Sediments from the Northern Persian Gulf

Hormozgan Province plays a vital role in fishery, petroleum, and industrial activities in southern Iran. However, no comprehensive studies on organic pollution have been performed. PCBs and PAHs were analyzed in surface sediments from areas receiving industrial (nine sites), river (one site), and urban (two sites) effluents. The sediment samples were collected in March and September 2010 (in dry and wet seasons) at the highest tidal time. The overall pollution level of PCBs ranged from 2.5 ± 0.8 to 462.0 ± 206.7 ng/g dry weight. CB153 congener dominated in most of the sediment samples. Congener profiles of PCBs showed close similarity with formulations of commercial products such as Aroclor 1260 and 1254 g. A wide range of 55.3 to 1231.6 ng/g dry weight was detected for ∑PAHs. Results of PCA and PCA-MLR tests confirmed both petrogenic and pyrogenic origins for PAH pollution. The higher means of ∑PAHs and ∑PCBs in industrial and urban wastewaters were found near the shore, evidencing the role of these wastewaters in the PAH and PCB contamination in Hormozgan sediment. The concentrations of PAHs and PCBs in detected hotspots exceed the U.S. NOAA sediment quality guidelines.