Structures and topographical pattern of the tree layer of Fagus engleriana-Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon community in Shennongjia area, Hubei Province, China

Shennongjia represents an area of considerable plant biodiversity, not only for China but for the whole world. The numerous species are distributed along an altitude gradient. The genus Fagus, commonly known as Beeches, constitutes one of the dominant woody species of the humid temperate forests in China. This paper deals with the community structure of a mixed, broadleaved deciduous-evergreen beech forest dominated by the Fagus engleriana and Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon, which occurs along an altitude gradient range in this area. The community consists of 46 woody species, belonging to 22 families and 27 genera. The tree layer can be divided into three sub-strata. The upper layer is composed of deciduous trees, 80.7% of which is F. engleriana. The second and third layers are dominated by the evergreen species, such as C. oxyodon and the Rhododendron hypoglaucum. These species increase from 55.9% in the second layer to 80.5% in the third, and regeneration at that rate allows us to assume that the stability of the community may be guaranteed. The micro-site heterogeneity plays an important role in maintaining species diversity in plant communities. In this research, a terrain surface of 0.96 hm² was simulated using the digital elevation model (DEM) in order to analyze the influence of the topography on plant community structures on a small scale. The slope relief aspect obtained with the DEM showed an accentuated heterogeneity. Semivariance analysis was used to measure the heterogeneity scale. The range and nugget variance of the semivariograms for slope were 285.8 and 280.5, respectively; for aspect, were 21.8 and 498, respectively. The elevated value of the nugget variance suggested that even on a small scale, the topographic variations influenced the species distribution. Twenty-four species were selected to estimate the correlation coefficient between the slope, aspect, and orientation. Then based on the correlation results using the Square Euclidean Distance cluster analysis, the 24 species were divided into four groups.     

神农架地区米心水青冈-曼青冈群落的结构与格局研究

 米心水青冈(Fagus engleriana)-曼青冈(Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon)常绿落叶阔叶混交群落是神农架山地植被垂直带谱的重要类型。通过分析乔木层结构及优势种的分布格局,探讨群落的特点及动态。结果表明,群落乔木层可分为3个亚层：第一亚层落叶阔叶树种占优势,势树种为米心水青冈;第二及第三亚层以常绿树种为主,优势种为曼青冈。应用偏离指数、Lloyd的平均拥挤度和聚块性指数及Morisita指数,在8个尺度下对米心水青冈及曼青冈两种优势树种进行格局分析,发现两者总体上均为聚集分布,米心水青冈的聚集强度高于曼青冈。按1～4cm, 4～8cm及8cm以上３个径级对曼青冈分布格局进行比较,各径级间聚集强度相似,没有自疏现象。由于米心水青冈及曼青冈占据乔木层不同的高度,且均不缺乏更新贮备,因此形成稳定共存的群落。     

数字高程模型在群落内物种共存研究中的应用——以神农架米心水青冈-曼青冈群落的地形模型建立为例

 地形是环境异质性产生的原因之一。受技术条件的限制,以往研究中地形因子只能作为背景因子介入,无法分析地形的细微变化对植物分布格局的影响。该文将数字高程模型引入群落内物种多样性研究,以神农架米心水青冈(Fagus engleriana)-曼青冈(Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon)群落固定样地的地形分析为例,介绍DEM的建立及地形因素的提取。摸拟0.96 hm2样地的地形变化,发现样地总坡向为西偏北30°,总坡度为40.01°,最大坡度为74.6°,最小坡度为18.2°,DEM的精度为0.4 m。选择群落中24种植物与坡度、坡向及坡位等地形因素进行相关分析,发现不同的种对地形变化的反应不同。该次研究中,DEM量化了地形数据,使之可以参与到生物多样性研究中,为在连续面上分析地形因素对群落内植物分布的影响提供了极大的便利。DEM在小尺度中应用的主要问题是原数据的采集,该次研究中的地形数据为人工野外测量,研究规模受到一定限制。     

湖北星斗山地形变化对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响

探究地形变化对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响有助于深入理解森林群落物种组成的维持特征。该研究以湖北星斗山常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象, 测量了50个样地中224种木本植物的叶面积、叶厚度、叶干质量、叶干物质含量和比叶面积, 运用单因素方差分析揭示了乔木、灌木和木质藤本的叶功能性状变异特征, 并采用偏曼特尔检验分别从群落水平和物种水平分析了地形变化对不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状的影响。研究发现: 不同生活型植物叶性状变异系数分布范围为23.42%-110.45%; 不同生活型之间的植物叶功能性状差异明显。群落水平上, 海拔与乔木叶干质量、灌木叶面积和木质藤本叶厚度显著正相关, 坡度仅对灌木和木质藤本比叶面积具有显著影响, 坡向与灌木叶厚度、叶干质量和比叶面积显著正相关。物种水平上, 海拔比坡度和坡向对植物叶功能性状影响更为显著, 且不同物种对地形变化的敏感度不一致; 在控制空间结构影响后, 地形因子对植物叶功能性状的影响降低。该研究结果表明, 不同生活型植物的叶功能性状对地形变化的响应格局不同, 这可能是星斗山常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物多样性的主要维持机制。     

The Janzen-Connell effect on the population dynamics of a Fagus engleriana- Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon community in a subtropical zone of China

The Janzen-Connell (J-C) hypothesis provides a mechanism explaining the high species diversity in tropical rainforests. It postulates that predation could cause greater mortality on seeds and seedlings near their parental trees. In this study, we tested the hypothesis in a subtropical zone, a mixed evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated by the Fagus engleriana and Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon. The study area was in the Shennongjia region, a key area of biodiversity conserva-tion in both China and the world. The recruitment probability index was used to detect the J-C effect on nine species of the community, which were more than 50 individuals. Six large adults of each species were selected, and the numbers of saplings and adults were counted at the distance intervals of 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and 20-25 m from each focal tree. Two species in saplings stage and six in adult stage supported the J-C hypothesis, but their χ2 was not significant. Three species, the F. engleri-ana, Rhododendron hypoglaucum, and Toona sinensis, showed a strong Hubbell pattern in the adult stage. Because of these results, we reject the J-C hypothesis and conclude that species could recruit near the conspecific trees in subtropical forest. The reasons why the J-C hypothesis fails to explain the species diversity in this community are the shortage of seed-consuming agents of subtropical forest and the influence of microsite topo-graphic variation.     

天山南麓山前平原植物群落物种多样性及空间分异研究

荒漠灌丛是天山南麓山前平原主要植被类型.本研究定量分析了山前平原植物群落物种多样性及生境尺度异质性的影响.结果表明:(1)天山南麓山前平原的植物群落多样性指数Simpson、均匀度指数McIntosh及丰富度指数Margalef都较低,在地貌带的过渡上,植物分布呈现均匀化.(2)海拔和地下水埋深是影响天山南麓山前平原植物群落物种多样性的重要环境指标.海拔梯度与物种多样性指数Simpson、Margalef及McIntosh均呈显著的线性正相关关系,物种多样性均随海拔高度的增加而增加;地下水埋深与物种多样性指数呈极显著的线性负相关关系,物种多样性随地下水埋深的增加而减小.(3)土壤含盐量与物种多样性指标无显著关系,但土壤含盐量与地下水埋深相关性显著,这是天山南麓山前平原土壤盐分空间异质性的一个重要特点.土壤盐分含量变化影响着植物群落物种组成,随土壤盐分含量增加,群落中盐生植物种类逐渐占据优势.(4)海拔的变化是决定天山南麓山前平原灌丛群落生境差异的主导因子.海拔差异表征了山前平原地貌、水文地质条件及土壤的变化,而随海拔变化的水热、水盐等干扰体系的差异则进一步导致了异质性的生境,进而影响不同植被类型中群落组成结构和多样性的差异.     

啮齿动物对米心水青冈种子命运的影响

有性生殖(实生更新)和无性生殖(萌生更新)是植物繁殖的两种关键方式。自然界中,个别物种同时具备两种更新方式,米心水青冈(Fagus engleriana Seem.)就是典型的物种。已有研究表明萌生更新在米心水青冈种群生活史中普遍存在,可使其占据原有生态位(生态位占据假说),但对米心水青冈实生更新的研究却未见报道。为了探索啮齿动物对米心水青冈实生更新的作用机制,笔者在神农架米心水青冈林中通过坚果摆放实验,研究啮齿动物对米心水青冈坚果传播机制的影响。结果显示,鼠类对坚果的原地捕食率高达81.22%;坚果被扩散率低,仅18.56%;坚果在原地平均留存时间为(5.25±5.95)d;坚果扩散距离为(2.63±1.60)m。研究发现,米心水青冈坚果被啮齿动物捕食率极高,贮藏率极低,且坚果被传播距离在同属植物中较小,不利于该物种更新繁殖。萌生更新在很大程度上弥补了米心水青冈实生更新繁殖方式的不足。本研究结果有助于对水青冈属植物繁殖策略的理解。     

河北坝上草原东沟植物群落生态梯度的数量分析

运用DCCA排序轴分类,将河北坝上草原东沟的植物群落划分为8类,效果较好．排序图表达了植物群落的环境梯度、结构梯度和人为干扰．第1轴反映了群落在海拔和坡度方面的空间梯度,第2轴反映了群落的坡向分异格局,两轴综合反映了群落沿水分梯度的空间分异．群落的层片构成和各层片物种组成也表现出相应的空间分布格局．白桦局限在阴坡高海拔陡峭处．阴坡灌木与草本层片优势种分别为金露梅与细叶苔草,阳坡则为蒿类和冰草．阳坡群落各层片优势种还存在海拔和坡度分布格局．另外,放牧、耕作和伐树等人为干扰对群落时空分布也有显著影响．一般来说,生境条件较好的群落,人为干扰较严重．     

中条山混沟地区森林乔木种的数量分类与环境解释

 通过对中条山混沟地区森林植被调查资料的多元分析——TWINSPAN分类、CCA排序与环境解释,划分了该地区的植被类型,给出了植被与环境因子的定量关系。结果如下 ：1）40个样地可划分为青檀林（Form. Pteroceltis tatarinowii）、栾树林（Form. Koelreuteria paniculata）、槲栎林（Form.Quercus aliena）、栓皮栎林（Form. Quercus variabilis）、鹅耳枥 + 葛萝槭林（Form. Carpinus turczaninowii + Acer grosseri）、元宝槭 + 千金榆林（Form. Acer truncatum + Carpinus cordata）和辽东栎林（Form. Quercus liaotungensis）7种群落类型,体现了中条山地带性植被类型为暖温带落叶阔叶林的特点。2）群落类型的划分主要反映了CCA排序第一、二轴的环境梯度,CCA排序第一轴突出反映了海拔与土壤养分梯度,第二轴与土壤pH值、湿度指数和坡度显著相关。总体来说,海拔和土壤因子是影响混沟地区乔木物种分布分异的最主要环境因子。3）环境因子和空间因子解释了物种格局变化的46.14%,其中环境因子占30.79%,空间因子占8.48%,空间因子 和环境因子交互作用解释的部分占6.87%。良好的环境解释反映了调查取样和环境因子选取的合理性,同时也体现了混沟地区植被的原始性。