H+参与茉莉酸调控蚕豆气孔运动的信号转导

以BCECF-AM为pH的荧光探针,结合激光共聚焦扫描显微技术,研究H 可能参与茉莉酸(JA)调控气孔运动信号转导途径的结果表明,0.1~100μmol·L~(-1)浓度的(-)JA可诱导蚕豆气孔关闭,在引起气孔孔径改变之前,(-)JA能引起蚕豆保卫细胞胞质的碱化;而(±)JA可诱导气孔适当开放,它未引起蚕豆保卫细胞胞质中pH的明显改变。药理学实验证明,质膜上质子泵的抑制剂矾酸钠能减弱(-)JA诱导气孔关闭的作用;而质膜上质子泵的激活剂壳梭孢菌素(fusicoccin)基本上未改变(±)JA的作用趋势。(-)JA和(±)JA刺激保卫细胞胞质Ca2 变化则表现出不同趋势。说明不同异构体形式的JA在调节气孔运动中的作用和信号转导途径有所不同。     

Ca2+位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程

以拟南芥为材料,利用药理学实验,结合分光光度法和激光共聚焦显微技术,研究了Ca2+在硫化氢(H2S)诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H2O2)的关系。结果表明:H2S诱导气孔关闭,Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和质膜Ca2+通道阻断剂硝苯地平(Nif)能不同程度抑制H2S诱导的气孔关闭,而内质网钙泵阻断剂毒胡萝卜素(Thaps)对H2S的作用无显著影响。由此推测,Ca2+参与调节H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程,且胞质中Ca2+来源于胞外Ca2+的内流。另外,H2S诱导拟南芥叶片NADPH氧化酶基因At RBOHD和At RBOHF以及细胞壁过氧化物酶基因At PRX34表达增强,促进叶片和保卫细胞中H2O2积累,EGTA对此起抑制作用,而外源Ca Cl2处理上调At RBOHD、At RBOHF和At PRX34的表达。表明Ca2+可能位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。     

Ca2+位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程

以拟南芥为材料,利用药理学实验,结合分光光度法和激光共聚焦显微技术,研究了Ca2+在硫化氢(H2S)诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H2O2)的关系。结果表明： H2S诱导气孔关闭, Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和质膜Ca2+通道阻断剂硝苯地平(Nif)能不同程度抑制H2S诱导的气孔关闭,而内质网钙泵阻断剂毒胡萝卜素(Thaps)对H2S的作用无显著影响。由此推测, Ca2+参与调节H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程,且胞质中Ca2+来源于胞外Ca2+的内流。另外, H2S诱导拟南芥叶片NADPH氧化酶基因AtRBOHD和AtRBOHF以及细胞壁过氧化物酶基因AtPRX34表达增强,促进叶片和保卫细胞中H2O2积累, EGTA对此起抑制作用,而外源CaCl2处理上调AtRBOHD、AtRBOHF和AtPRX34的表达。表明Ca2+可能位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。     

钙离子对细胞分裂素延缓水稻叶片衰老的抑制作用

单独使用细胞分裂素 (BA和 Zeatin,1 0 -9～ 1 0 -5 mol/ L和 Ca2 (1 0 -3 mol/ L)处理水稻离体叶片时 ,二者均对叶片衰老有延缓作用。但当用 Ca2 和细胞分裂素同时处理叶片时 ,细胞分裂素延缓衰老的作用受到 Ca2 的明显抑制。进一步研究表明 ,细胞分裂素和 Ca2 并未协同刺激水稻离体叶片的乙烯生成 ,这样排除了通过乙烯促进叶片衰老的可能性。用可提高细胞质 Ca2 浓度的钙通道载体 A2 31 87处理叶片时 ,可延缓叶片衰老 ;而用可降低胞质 Ca2 浓度的试剂 ,如 EGTA、La Cl3 、Verapamil、氯丙嗪等(1 0 -3 mol/ L)处理叶片时 ,可促进叶片衰老 ,进而排除了细胞分裂素促进 Ca2 的吸收而加快衰老的可能性。     

过氧化氢对蚕豆气孔运动和质膜K+通道的影响

不同浓度H2 O2 可使蚕豆 (ViciafabaL .)叶片气孔关闭 ,抑制气孔张开 ,10mmol/L的H2 O2 最有效 ,10 μmol/L的H2 O2 仍明显使气孔关闭。且 10 μmol/L的H2 O2 抑制气孔张开作用能被EGTA所消除 ,表明Ca2 参与低浓度H2 O2 使气孔关闭的过程。 2mmol/L的H2 O2 可使质膜内向K 通道电流明显减小 ,而外向K 通道电流显著增加。因此 ,H2 O2 促进蚕豆气孔关闭主要是通过抑制K 通过保卫细胞质膜内向流入 ,或加强K 外向流出实现的     

外源ABA、NO和H2O2对葱莲花瓣及叶片表皮气孔开闭的影响

以葱莲(Zephyranthes candida)为材料,研究不同浓度外源脱落酸、硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)及过氧化氢对花瓣和叶片表皮气孔开闭的影响,以期为三者在切花保鲜中的应用提供新的依据。实验结果表明,10~1000 μmol/L脱落酸和硝普钠均能不同程度地引起花瓣和叶片表皮气孔关闭,且花瓣气孔较叶片气孔有更高的敏感性。过氧化氢对叶片表皮气孔开闭的影响大于对花瓣气孔的影响,花瓣表皮的气孔孔径仅在1000 μmol/L处理时变化显著。这说明在外源信号物质延缓切花衰老的过程中,花瓣表皮气孔的运动也可能起到了一定的作用。适当外源信号物质处理能诱导花瓣表皮气孔关闭,从而使花瓣的蒸腾作用减小,维持植物体内水势,延缓切花衰老。     

外源ABA、NO和H2O2对葱莲花瓣及叶片表皮气孔开闭的影响

以葱莲（Zephyranthes candida）为材料,研究不同浓度外源脱落酸、硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside,SNP）及过氧化氢对花瓣和叶片表皮气孔开闭的影响,以期为三者在切花保鲜中的应用提供新的依据。实验结果表明,10～1000μmol/L脱落酸和硝普钠均能不同程度地引起花瓣和叶片表皮气孔关闭,且花瓣气孔较叶片气孔有更高的敏感性。过氧化氢对叶片表皮气孔开闭的影响大于对花瓣气孔的影响,花瓣表皮的气孔孔径仅在1000μmol/L处理时变化显著。这说明在外源信号物质延缓切花衰老的过程中,花瓣表皮气孔的运动也可能起到了一定的作用。适当外源信号物质处理能诱导花瓣表皮气孔关闭,从而使花瓣的蒸腾作用减小,维持植物体内水势,延缓切花衰老。     

过氧化氢对蚕豆气孔运动和质膜K+通道的影响

不同浓度H2O2可使蚕豆(ViciafabaL.)叶片气孔关闭,抑制气孔张开,10mmol/L的H2O2最有效,10μmol/L的H2O2仍明显使气孔关闭。且10μmol/L的H2O2抑制气孔张开作用能被EGTA所消除,表明Ca2+参与低浓度H2O2使气孔关闭的过程。2mmol/L的H2O2可使质膜内向K+通道电流明显减小,而外向K+通道电流显著增加。因此,H2O2促进蚕豆气孔关闭主要是通过抑制K+通过保卫细胞质膜内向流入,或加强K+外向流出实现的。     

蚕豆下表皮细胞外钙调素的存在及其对气孔运动的调节

细胞外钙调素可能作为多肽第一信使,调节细胞增殖、花粉萌发、特定基因表达等生理过程.气孔能灵敏地对外界刺激作出反应,快速开闭.本文用免疫电镜和免疫荧光显微镜技术证明保卫细胞及其它表皮细胞胞外都存在钙调素.外源纯化钙调素能促进气孔关闭、抑制气孔开放,最适浓度为10-8mol/L;不能透过质膜的大分子钙调素拮抗剂W7-agarose和钙调素抗血清都能抑制气孔关闭、促进开放,说明保卫细胞的内源胞外钙调素确实能促进气孔关闭、抑制开放,而且只能在细胞外起作用.推测在自然情况下,保卫细胞内源胞外钙调素可能作为胞外第一信使和其它信号分子一起调节气孔的开关运动,而且可能在环境刺激与细胞响应之间起重要作用.     

Ca~(2+)参与NO对蚕豆气孔运动的调控

观察了Ca2 + 、Ca2 + 的螯合剂和Ca2 + 通道抑制剂对NO调控的蚕豆气孔运动的影响。结果表明 ,NO的供体 1～ 10 0 μmol/LSNP (sodiumnitroprusside ,硝普纳 )可诱导气孔关闭 ;除去表皮条缓冲液中的Ca2 + 后 ,NO不再影响气孔的运动 ;Ca2 + 的螯合剂EGTA和BAPTA几乎可以完全抑制NO诱导的气孔关闭作用 ;胞内钙通道抑制剂钌红 (rutheniumred)和L型Ca2 + 通道阻断剂硝苯吡啶 (nifedipine)能够减弱SNP诱导气孔运动的关闭趋势 ;加入Ca2 + 通道抑制剂LaCl3 ,则外源NO失去其诱导气孔关闭的作用。说明在NO调控的气孔运动中 ,在NO信号途径的下游可能涉及来自胞内和胞外Ca2 + 的参与 ,并且胞外Ca2 + 更为重要。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.