水稻纹枯病菌营养及寄主资源生态位

由于IPM概念的局限性,有害生物生态调控（EPM）理论和方法的提出发展了IPM,生态位原则是有害生物生态调控（EPM）的重要原则之一,生态位研究为EPM的具体实施提供了依据。应用可持续农业和EPM理论及生态位理论研究了水稻纹枯病的生态位,分析了水稻纹枯病菌氮肥营养生态位和寄主品种资源生态位,结果表明：以相对侵染效率作为指标,在水稻不同生育期,纹枯病的氮肥营养生态位宽度不同,其中以孕穗期的生态位宽度最小,为0.6979,拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期的生态位宽度分别是0.9741,0.8884,0.7974和0.9815,表明水稻纹枯病在水稻不同生育阶段利用氮肥的效能不同。寄主品种资源生态位宽度在拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期分别为0.9348,0.7677,0.8875和0.9962。以病情指数为指标,氮肥营养生态位宽度在拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期分别为0.9379,0.9696,0.6775,0.6729和0.7691。其氮肥营养生态位宽度在拔节期与孕穗期最大,生态位宽度指数接近于1。寄主品种资源生态位宽度在各生育期均接近1,表明寄主品种资源生态位宽度在各生育期是相似的,即说明水长期稻纹枯病菌利用品种资源各状态的选择和利用效能是相似的。     

水稻纹枯病菌的微气候生态位

运用生态位原理与方法,研究水稻纹枯病菌的微气候生态位.结果表明:照度、温度和湿度三者综合作用效应高于各单因子的独立效应,三因子中照度和温度的联合效应高于其他因子间两两组合效应;在分蘖盛期、孕穗期、抽穗期和蜡熟期,水稻纹枯病菌的微气候生态位宽度指数分别为0.3112、0.4012、0.4326和0.7365,即随着水稻的生长而逐渐增大,但病菌占有的生态位仍以低光照、低温度、高湿度的微气候类型为主.     

水稻纹枯病时空生态位施药干扰研究

以施药作为干扰因子,研究干扰条件下水稻纹枯病菌的时间和空间生态位变化.结果表明,各施药处理与对照纹枯病菌的空间生态位存在差异,其中孕穗期施药+齐穗期施药和孕穗期施药+灌浆期施药两处理的空间生态位宽度指数分别为0.520、0.572,与对照的空间生态位宽度指数0.8563相差最大;分蘖盛期一次施药处理的空间生态位宽度指数为0.8577,与对照相差最小.各施药处理和对照的时间生态位宽度无显著差异,表明施药对纹枯病菌的时间生态位宽度影响不大.空间生态位宽度指数、病叶(鞘)率、病情指数及防治效果等计测结果表明,两次施药对病害的控制好于一次施药,其中两次施药中以孕穗期施药+齐穗期施药和孕穗期施药+灌浆期施药对病害的控制作用最强.施药不但压缩了水稻纹枯病菌的空间生态位宽度,限制了其在产量形成较为重要的上部叶位的扩张,而且压缩了水稻纹枯病菌的时间生态位宽度,限制了其在水稻产量形成时期的扩张.但施药只改变了病菌生态位的分布,调整压缩了水稻产量形成期的病害生态位,病菌生态位势的总和不变.     

农抗702对植物病原真菌的抑制效果及抑菌机理

为探索农抗702在植物病害生物防治中的实际应用价值及对病原真菌的作用机理,采用生长速率法测定其抑菌谱,并以水稻纹枯病菌为研究对象,测定其作用下菌丝的电解质渗漏、蛋白质、核酸、Mg2+、K+含量的变化,及其对细胞膜麦角甾醇生物合成和水稻纹枯病菌超显微结构的影响.结果表明:农抗702对供试13种病原真菌均有较强的抑制作用,其中对油菜菌核病菌的作用最强,EC50为0.23 μg·mL-1;农抗702作用水稻纹枯病菌菌体后相对电导率增加72.2％;蛋白质、核酸、Mg2+、K+等胞内物质均发生了不同程度的渗漏;细胞麦角甾醇含量降低了92.O％;细胞膜轮廓不清、破损;细胞器严重损伤,有空泡化.抑制麦角甾醇合成、造成真菌细胞膜渗透增加是农抗702抑制真菌的主要机理.     

三种森林生态系统昆虫病原真菌优势种生态位比较

研究了天然阔叶林、天然阔叶次生林和马尾松人工纯林3种不同森林生态系统中昆虫病原真菌优势种的数量组成及生态位宽度和生态位重叠值.结果表明:球孢白僵菌在这3种森林生态系统中分别为第三、第一和第二优势种.该菌在3种森林生态系统中的营养生态位宽度和时间生态位宽度均最大,远大干环链棒束孢、粉棒束孢和细脚棒束孢等优势种;该菌与其他优势种的时间生态位重叠值较大,而营养生态位重叠值较小.球孢白僵菌在3种森林生态系统中都是发生时间最长、寄主昆虫最丰富、适应环境能力最强的昆虫病原真菌.     

水稻籽粒矿质元素含量遗传及主要农艺性状相关性分析

通过了解水稻子粒钙、镁、铜、铁、锌和硒等矿质元素含量,以绿旱1号作为父本与102S、KD36S、7HS012及7HS013不育系为母本进行配组,对父本与杂交后代主要农艺及经济性状、水稻子粒中的矿质元素含量进行了遗传分析,并对各杂交后代的主要农艺性状和子粒中矿质元素含量以及各矿质元素含量间进行了相关性分析.结果表明,杂交后代农艺及经济性状多数表现出超高亲分离现象,且LK3的农艺及经济性状均表现为最好.水稻子粒矿质元素含量与部分农艺和经济性状存在明显的正相关或负相关关系,且K、Mg、Zn、Se等元素含量与水稻产量密切相关.水稻子粒中矿质元素含量大小依次为P＞K ＞Mg ＞S＞ Ca＞ Mn ＞Fe ＞Zn ＞Cu ＞Se,4个杂交后代的K元素含量表现出超高亲分离现象,LK2、LK3和LK4的Fe元素含量也表现出超高亲分离现象.水稻子粒大量与微量元素之间相关性最高,微量元素之间相关性次之,大量元素之间相关性最小,以7HS012不育系为母本得到的杂交后代农艺性状表现较好,矿质元素含量最高,7HS013次之,其他不育系表现一般.本研究为选育出耐旱及营养价值高的水稻新品种母本的选择提供了理论依据.     

绿僵菌对小麦纹枯病菌的抑制作用研究

在实验室条件下,研究了金龟子绿僵菌（Metarhizium anisopliae）对小麦纹枯病菌（Rhizoctonia cerealis）的拮抗作用及其机理。结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌与小麦纹枯病菌对峙培养以及在培养基中加入金龟子绿僵菌孢子悬浮液,对小麦纹枯病菌菌丝生长均有较好的抑制作用。测定了培养不同天数的金龟子绿僵菌Ma55发酵液对小麦纹枯病菌菌丝生长、菌核产生量及菌核萌发率的影响。结果表明,液体振荡培养25 d的金龟子绿僵菌Ma55发酵液对小麦纹枯病菌的菌丝生长、菌核产生量及菌核萌发具有显著的抑制作用,且Ma55发酵液中的抑菌活性物质具有较好的热稳定性。在光学显微镜下,未观察到Ma55对小麦纹枯病菌的重寄生现象,但发现金龟子绿僵菌与小麦纹枯病菌对峙培养处小麦纹枯病菌营养菌丝的细胞质变稀薄、菌丝部分消解或断裂。上述结果显示,金龟子绿僵菌对小麦纹枯病菌的拮抗机制主要是营养竞争、空间竞争及抗生作用等。     

干热河谷石漠化区火龙果地不同耕作方式的土壤矿质元素特征

为探讨不同耕作方式的土壤矿质元素含量变化特征,促进火龙果生长发育和品质改良,该研究采用套种紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、施用有机肥和化肥与农药、地膜覆盖和无措施五种耕作方式,以每种方式土壤的22种矿质元素为评价指标,比较不同耕作方式的矿质元素含量差异,阐明土壤矿质元素之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)与无措施相比,其他耕作方式的Ca、Si、Mn等元素含量呈增加趋势,Fe、Mg、Al等元素含量则降低,Na含量无显著差异。(2)施用有机肥的矿质元素含量最丰富,地膜覆盖次之,套种紫花苜蓿最低。(3)相关性分析表明,火龙果地土壤矿质元素间多存在显著相关性,Al、Si、S、Ni与其他元素的相关性较密切,其次为Fe、Mg、Na、Mn、Cu和Co,均达到显著或极显著水平。(4) Ca、Fe、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn和B之间多呈负相关,存在拮抗效应。干热河谷石漠化区在火龙果栽培时,应首选有机肥作为养分添加方式,并及时补充不同耕作方式造成的土壤矿质养分亏缺,尤其是Fe、Mg、Al、Na、Cu、Zn等元素。     

太白山土壤淡色丝孢真菌群落多样性及生态位

从秦岭太白山南、北坡采集的40个土壤样品中分离纯化得到土壤淡色丝孢真菌16属,利用物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度、生态位宽度及生态位重叠等指标对太白山南、北坡不同林带土壤淡色丝孢真菌的群落结构进行了研究.结果表明：土壤淡色丝孢菌各物种在南、北坡各林带中的分布具有明显的环境梯度格局.海拔和植物林带类型是决定太白山土壤淡色丝孢菌分布的主要因素.淡色丝孢真菌物种丰富度和多样性指数随着海拔的升高呈明显降低的趋势;群落的均匀度随海拔的升高呈一定的升高趋势,但规律不明显.对淡色丝孢菌各物种的生态位研究结果表明,太白山南、北坡青霉属、曲霉属、轮枝孢属、拟青霉属、枝顶孢属等物种生态位宽度值较大,与其他各属的生态位重叠较高,说明上述各属真菌在太白山南、北坡分布较广泛.而单端孢属、粘帚霉属、绿僵菌属的生态位宽度较窄,与其他各属的生态位重叠较小,说明这些属的真菌分布受海拔高度及植被类型的影响较大,仅在某些特殊林带中出现.     

外源钙(Ca)对毛葱耐镉(Cd)胁迫能力的影响

以对环境敏感的毛葱(Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.)为材料,通过水培试验分别研究不同浓度Ca(0、0.1、1、10 mmol/L)对Cd(10μmol/L、100μmol/L和300μmol/L)胁迫下毛葱幼苗生长、叶片光合特性、体内Cd积累和矿质营养的变化,探讨Ca缓解敏感植物Cd毒害的生理生化机制。结果表明:(1)Cd显著抑制了毛葱的生长并导致其根端弯曲、发黄,叶片绿色加深;外源Ca显著削弱了Cd的毒害,缓解了其对毛葱生长的抑制;(2)Cd导致毛葱叶片光合色素含量大幅度上升却显著降低了毛葱的光合作用;外源Ca延缓了光合色素上升的速度,提高了毛葱的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率;(3)Cd胁迫导致毛葱体内Cd含量显著增加,并造成明显的矿质营养失衡,主要表现为显著降低了毛葱根中Mg、Mn,叶中Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn等元素的含量,毛葱根中Ca、Fe、Zn,叶中Fe元素含量的显著增加,扰乱了毛葱体内矿质营养的内稳态;外源Ca削弱了毛葱对Cd的积累,减轻了Cd胁迫所造成的矿质营养失衡。因此,外源Ca能通过抑制Cd的吸收,促进叶片光合作用及气体交换速率,维持植物体的含水量、植物叶片光合色素含量及矿质营养的平衡等途径来增强毛葱对Cd胁迫的耐性。     

Influence of Exogenous Silicon Addition on Aluminium Tolerance in Rice Seedlings

For better understanding of silicon (Si)-mediated increase in metal tolerance in plants, the alterations in growth, mineral elements and anatomical features were investigated in rice seedlings exposed to Si (10?μM) and aluminium (Al; 50?μM). Al decreased seedling growth which was accompanied by an increase in Al accumulation. In contrast, addition of Si alleviated toxic effects of Al and led to the decrease in Al accumulation. Magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) contents were decreased by Al; however, Si addition prevented decrease in Mg and Zn contents. Manganese (Mn) content was increased by Al while Si addition did not have a significant effect on Mn content under Al treatment. Al exposure decreased frequency of stomata and root hairs, length of root hairs and leaf epidermal cells, and distorted the structure and integrity of mesophyll cells and phloem; however, addition of Si reduced these abnormalities. Results showed that Si addition protected rice seedlings against Al toxicity by decreasing Al accumulation and by maintaining level of some mineral elements, and the key structures of leaf and root.     

太阳辐射减弱对水稻光合生理特性和中微量元素积累的影响

近年来雾霾等大气环境污染问题突出,气溶胶导致到达地表的太阳辐射强度降低,对农作物生长造成了较大影响。为了探讨太阳辐射强度降低对粮食作物生理特性和矿质元素营养的影响,本研究以‘南粳5055’水稻品种为供试材料,采用田间随机区组设计,通过不同程度遮光处理模拟弱光环境(CK,不遮光对照;Y₁、Y₂遮光率分别为19%、45%),研究了在水稻关键生育期(拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期)内叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片净光合速率、产量和籽粒中、微量金属元素(Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu)含量的响应特征。结果表明: 全生育期内遮光处理抑制了水稻光合作用产物的合成,降低了叶面积指数;但在生育前期对叶绿素含量无显著影响,在生育后期则显著增加。两种遮光处理下水稻的千粒重较CK分别降低了14.4%和18.4%,结实率降低了4.3%和12.9%,从而导致水稻产量下降,且随着遮光程度增加,水稻减产率加大,产量分别下降了58.5%和66.4%。遮光处理籽粒糙米和颖壳中金属元素含量升高,尤其微量元素含量显著上升。可见,遮光对水稻生长产生了不利影响,最终使其减产,并使Cu、Mn等重金属元素含量增加,这可能造成污染风险进而对人体健康造成威胁,因此,太阳辐射减弱对作物产量和品质的影响需要综合评价。     

Silicon alleviates simulated acid rain stress of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L. seedlings by adjusting physiology activity and mineral nutrients

Silicon (Si) has been a modulator in plants under abiotic stresses, such as acid rain. To understand how silicon made an effect on rice (Oryza sativa L.) exposed to simulated acid rain (SAR) stress, the growth, physiologic activity, and mineral nutrient content in leaves of rice were investigated. The results showed that combined treatments with Si (1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mM) and SAR (pH 4.0, 3.0, or 2.0) obviously improved the rice growth compared with the single treatment with SAR. Incorporation of Si into SAR treatment decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content; increased soluble protein and proline contents; promoted CAT, POD, SOD, and APX activity; and maintained the K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu content balance in leaves of rice seedlings under SAR stress. The moderate concentration of Si (2.0 mM) was better than the low and high concentration of Si (1.0 and 4.0 mM). Therefore, application of Si could be a better strategy for maintaining the crop productivity in acid rain regions.     

Pea-Fer基因导入和表达对水稻植株和子粒重要矿质元素积累的影响

为研究外源豌豆铁蛋白基因(Pea-Fer)的导入和表达对水稻植株和子粒重要矿质元素的积累所产生的影响,本试验以原始受体亲本粳稻品种秀水11为轮回亲本,外源豌豆铁蛋白转基因纯系Fer34为非轮回亲本,采取连续回交,结合GUS标记基因辅助选择技术,在BC6F3获得含Pea-Fer的Fer34-XS11,它与秀水11构成一对近等基因系。并利用该近等基因系,研究Pea-Fer基因导入对水稻植株不同生长发育阶段(幼苗期、分蘖期、成熟期)的根、茎(叶鞘)、叶及子粒不同部分(谷壳、米糠、糙米、精米)的主要矿质元素(Fe、Ca、Mn、Zn)积累的影响。结果表明:外源豌豆铁蛋白基因(Pea-Fer)的导入,使得水稻植株在不同生长发育时期的根、茎(叶鞘)、叶等器官中的Fe含量较对照品种秀水11明显增加,而对于Ca、Mn和Zn的含量并没有显著影响;同时,水稻子粒中Fe含量积累也有较高提升,而Ca、Mn和Zn的积累却未出现显著变化。这为深入开展转基因富铁水稻新种质的研究和利用提供了一定依据。     

Effect of exchangeable sodium percentage and presubmergence on yield and nutrition of rice under field conditions

Summary The effects of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels of 82, 72, 65 and 35 and 0, 15 and 30 days of presubmergence (submergence prior to the transplanting of rice) on yield and chemical composition of rice and availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and P in soil were studied factorially in a field experiment. Presubmergence increased rice yields at all ESP levels, the effect being more pronounced at high ESP's. Increasing ESP decreased yields and the contents of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu but increased that of P and Na in the crop. Presubmergence enhanced absorption of all the above elements by the crop except P, K, Mg, Zn and Cu in the grain and decreased Na in grain and straw. Growing of rice under submerged conditions also facilitated the improvement of these soils. Effects of submergence and ESP on the availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and P in soil and their role in the nutrition of rice are discussed. The results suggest that 15 to 30 days presubmergence improved rice yields on a calcareous sodic soil of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain.     

Impact of exogenous silicon addition on chromium uptake, growth, mineral elements, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and leaf and root structures in rice seedlings exposed to hexavalent chromium

Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the role of exogenous silicon (Si) addition in increasing hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) tolerance in rice seedlings. Rice seedlings were grown under 100 μM Cr(VI) stress without or with 10 μM Si. Chromium treatment decreased growth, photosynthetic pigments and protein, which was accompanied by a significant increase in Cr accumulation and lipid peroxidation (as malondialdehyde; MDA). However, Si addition alleviated Cr toxicity and promoted growth of rice by decreasing Cr accumulation, root-to-shoot Cr transport and MDA level. Contents of macro (Mg, Ca and K) as well as micronutrients (Zn and Fe) were decreased by Cr except Mn while Si addition prevented decrease in these nutrients induced by Cr. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents were decreased by Cr while these indices improved by Si addition. Treatment of Cr decreased the length of leaf epidermal cells and stomatal frequency, and adversely affected chloroplasts containing mesophyll cells and integrity of xylem and phloem, and Si addition minimized these abnormalities. However, frequency of root hairs was increased by Cr treatment. Results showed that exogenous Si addition enhanced Cr(VI) tolerance in rice seedlings by decreasing Cr accumulation, root-to-shoot Cr transport and MDA level, and by increasing content of some mineral elements (K, Fe and Zn) and antioxidant capacity compared to the Cr treatment alone.     

Contribution of mineral nutrients from source to sink organs in rice under different nitrogen fertilization

The pot experiment with three treatments of nitrogen (N) topdressing was performed with the japonica rice cultivar viz. Huaidao 5. Remobilization of nine mineral nutrients including N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) was measured from the source organs including bracts, leaf, and sheath to sink rice grain. Experimental results showed considerable contribution of bracts to grain for N, Mg, and Zn, with the averages contributions of 5.96, 12.56, and 12.34%, respectively, indicating a positive role of rice bracts in N, Mg, and Zn remobilization during grain filling. By contrast, minor contribution of bracts to grain P, K, and Cu was revealed, with the contribution rate being 0.99, 3.90, and 3.05%, respectively. Further, a net increase in Ca and Fe concentrations of bracts was detected, implying that bracts function as a sink of these mineral nutrients. In addition, grains produced at a moderate level of N topdressing had higher Fe and similar Zn concentration in comparison with those at high N level, suggesting the possibility of N management for maintaining Fe and Zn level under high yielding conditions.