拟南芥AtNCED2基因启动子区域序列克隆及其活性分析

目的:克隆拟南芥AtNCED2基因启动子区域序列,并分析其组织器官特异性及对外界刺激的响应.方法:通过PCR从拟南芥基因组中克隆AtNCED2基因5'侧翼2295bp启动子区域序列(AtNCED2p),并进行生物信息学分析.构建AtNCED2p驱动GUS的植物双元表达载体pAtNCED2p::GUS,通过根癌农杆菌介导法将其转化野生型拟南芥,检测转基因植侏中GUS表达的组织器官特异性.结果:该启动子序列中存在TATA-box、CAAT-box、根器官特异性元件、ABA响应元件、低温响应元件、昼夜节律响应元件等顺式作用元件.GUS活性主要集中在转基因拟南芥根尖及侧根发生部位.外源ABA处理的转基因植株根中GUS活性为174.8nmol 4-MU min-1 mg-1蛋白,明显高于对照值91.7nmol 4-MU min-1mg-1蛋白.结论:AtNCED2基因可能在根的生长和发育中起作用,且外源ABA处理增强其在根中的表达.     

中间锦鸡儿CiNAC038启动子的克隆及对激素响应分析

NAC转录因子家族是植物中特有的、家族数目较多的一类转录因子家族,对植物生长发育起重要作用。了解CiNAC038的表达调控分子机制,为中间锦鸡儿CiNAC038功能研究奠定基础。以中间锦鸡儿为植物材料,通过染色体步移法克隆启动子序列,并对启动子序列上的响应元件进行分析。构建GUS表达载体,并转化拟南芥,对拟南芥的组织特异性进行表达分析,用ABA诱导转基因植株,研究ABA与CiNAC038的关系。结果显示,克隆了1 800 bp的CiNAC038启动子序列,该启动子包含多种顺式元件。成功构建植物表达载体ProCiNAC038∶GUS,通过浸花法转化至野生型拟南芥。GUS组织化学染色结果显示,转基因拟南芥幼苗根部染色较深,胚轴无染色;成熟期转基因拟南芥的叶脉、果荚两端、花瓣、花药等组织染色较深,茎无染色。CiNAC038启动子驱动的GUS报告基因主要在植物叶片、根和花的组织器官表达。进一步ABA诱导表达分析发现,GUS染色随着浓度增加颜色越浅。CiNAC038启动子是ABA抑制型启动子。     

海州香薷(Elsholtzia haichowensis Sun)细胞壁转化酶基因启动子(EhcwINVP)的克隆及活性分析

以海州香薷基因组DNA为模板,通过hiTAIL-PCR和walking技术扩增得到其细胞壁转化酶基因启动子(Ehcw INVP)片段,长度为1727 bp。生物信息学分析结果表明,该启动子片段中含有多个对脱落酸、赤霉素、细胞分裂素等激素以及对干旱、低温、重金属铜等逆境胁迫响应相关的顺式作用元件。将通过克隆得到的Ehcw INVP序列替换p CAMBIA1301载体上驱动GUS报告基因表达的Ca MV35S启动子序列,构建Ehcw INVP融合GUS的植物表达载体Ehcw INVP::GUS。转基因拟南芥植株的组织化学分析结果表明,海州香薷细胞壁转化酶基因启动子序列具有驱动GUS基因表达的功能,且在10μmol/L铜胁迫下,转基因拟南芥植株叶和根中的GUS活性分别约是对照组的1.7倍和1.5倍。     

油棕DGAT2基因启动子克隆及表达的组织特异性研究

以油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)叶片基因组DNA为模板,克隆获得长度为1035 bp的二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因(DGAT2)的启动子区序列。序列分析结果表明,DGAT2基因启动子含有大量光反应元件、激素响应元件及部分转录因子结合位点。本研究同时构建了DGAT2基因启动子和GUS基因植物融合表达载体,通过蘸花法侵染拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana L.),并对转基因拟南芥中GUS基因表达的特异性进行了分析。结果显示,GUS基因在拟南芥各组织中均有表达,但没有明显的组织特异性;荧光定量PCR分析结果表明DGAT2在油棕不同器官中的转录水平存在明显差异。     

油菜(Brassica napus)Bna-miR1140基因启动子miR1140Pro的克隆与表达模式研究

旨在研究Bna-miR1140的表达模式及其调控机理,依据本实验室前期的油菜miRNA芯片实验结果,从油菜栽培种Westar中克隆了Bna-miR1140前体序列上游1.5 kb的片段,并进行了顺式作用元件分析,然后构建了GUS报告基因植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法将miR1140 pro∷GUS转化到甘蓝型油菜Westar品种中,经PCR法鉴定获得5株阳性株。对阳性株油菜T1代各组织的GUS化学染色分析表明,miR1140前体序列上游1.5 kb区域具有启动子的功能,能够驱动GUS在油菜中表达,并且GUS基因仅在叶柄及叶腋中特异性表达,说明油菜miR1140Pro为特异性启动子。     

百子莲脱水素基因ApY2SK2逆境应答模式及启动子调控功能研究

在百子莲胚性细胞中筛选到对超低温保存复合逆境具有积极响应的保护类蛋白脱水素(ApY_2SK_2),为探明ApY_2SK_2基因在复合逆境中的应答模式,该研究采用染色体步移技术克隆并分析了ApY_2SK_2编码基因上游1 200 bp的启动子序列。结果表明:(1)序列分析显示,该启动子含有多个与逆境和激素诱导相关的顺式调控元件;实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,ApY_2SK_2基因的表达具有组织特异性,在百子莲的叶和果中表达量较高,且在多种胁迫处理与ABA激素诱导下,其表达量显著升高。(2)成功构建了5个ApY_2SK_2启动子不同缺失片段驱动GUS基因的融合表达载体,经农杆菌转化、抗性筛选和PCR检测鉴定,获得T_3代纯和转基因拟南芥株系。(3) GUS组织化学染色结果显示,GUS基因在拟南芥幼苗全株、成年苗的叶、花和成熟果实中表达活性较强,但在未成熟果实中无明显表达;烟草瞬时表达结果显示,与对照组相比,在脱水胁迫和ABA处理下的ApY_2SK_2启动子不同缺失片段驱动GUS基因表达具有显著差异。(4)转基因拟南芥GUS活性测定结果显示,ApY_2SK_2启动子MBS元件和ABRE元件可响应干旱与渗透胁迫信号;ApY_2SK_2启动子LTR元件参与低温响应;ApY_2SK_2启动子-1 199～-262 bp区域包含多个串联的ABRE顺式调控元件(-373～-211 bp)对响应ABA信号具有主要调控作用。该研究结果揭示了ApY_2SK_2启动子的组织特异性,且启动子上的关键顺式调控元件对不同的胁迫和激素信号响应具有决定性调控作用。     

油菜(Brassica napus)Bna-miR1140基因启动子miR1140Pro的克隆与表达模式研究北大核心CSCD

旨在研究Bna-miR1140的表达模式及其调控机理,依据本实验室前期的油菜miRNA芯片实验结果,从油菜栽培种Westar中克隆了Bna-miR1140前体序列上游1.5 kb的片段,并进行了顺式作用元件分析,然后构建了GUS报告基因植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法将miR1140 pro∷GUS转化到甘蓝型油菜Westar品种中,经PCR法鉴定获得5株阳性株。对阳性株油菜T1代各组织的GUS化学染色分析表明,miR1140前体序列上游1.5 kb区域具有启动子的功能,能够驱动GUS在油菜中表达,并且GUS基因仅在叶柄及叶腋中特异性表达,说明油菜miR1140Pro为特异性启动子。     

芥菜型油菜BjuA09DFR基因及其启动子的克隆与转化和表达

该研究利用实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)检测了BjuA09 DFR基因的时空表达特异性,并通过克隆BjuA09 DFR基因启动子片段,构建该基因的启动子GUS融合表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法将重组质粒转入野生型拟南芥,最后对拟南芥转基因材料不同发育时期的不同组织部位进行GUS组织化学染色,分析BjuA09 DFR基因启动子的表达模式,为BjuA09 DFR基因启动子功能的进一步研究提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)BjuA09 DFR基因在芥菜型油菜的多个组织部位都有表达,尤其是在叶、花、角果和授粉后15d种子中表达量较高。(2)成功构建了BjuA09 DFR基因启动子和GUS基因融合表达载体(pBjuA09 DFR∷GUS),采用农杆菌介导法将重组质粒转入野生型拟南芥,经卡那霉素筛选和PCR检测抗性苗,获得转基因拟南芥阳性苗。(3)GUS组织化学分析结果显示,转基因拟南芥材料的GUS活性具有明显的时空特异性,在叶、花、角果和种子中的染色较深,具有很强的GUS活性。     

厚藤脱水素基因IpDHN启动子IpDHN-Pro的克隆和调控转录活性分析

为了解厚藤(Ipomoea pes-caprae)脱水素基因IpDHN (GenBank登录号:KX426069)启动子的转录活性和对非生物胁迫和植物激素ABA的响应,通过染色体步移法克隆了IpDHN的上游启动子序列IpDHN-Pro,长度为974 bp。构建IpDHN-Pro调控下GUS转基因载体,转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)植株获得IpDHN-Pro::GUS转基因植株并进行GUS染色,验证IpDHN-Pro启动转录活性以及在氯化钠、甘露醇、ABA处理后拟南芥GUS基因表达变化。结果表明,扩增获得的IpDHN-Pro序列包含多个顺式作用元件,包括1个ABRE、3个Myb转录因子结合位点、富含TC的重复序列以及Skn-1基序等。转基因拟南芥GUS染色及qRT-PCR表明该序列可驱动GUS基因在拟南芥稳定表达,且表达受高盐、渗透压及ABA的诱导。这表明IpDHN-Pro是一个盐旱、ABA诱导的启动子序列,可应用于相关的植物抗逆遗传工程研究。     

白桦BpSPL2基因启动子的克隆及表达分析

SPL(SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like)是植物特有的转录因子,研究表明其在参与发育阶段转变、花和果实发育等方面起着重要作用。利用PCR技术从白桦基因组DNA中扩增获得BpSPL2基因上游1 960 bp启动子序列,使用PLACE和Plant CARE在线软件分析序列,发现BpSPL2基因启动子序列中含有与开花、非生物胁迫及激素响应等相关的顺式作用元件,暗示其在植物的生长发育和胁迫应答中起重要作用。进而构建了BpSPL2基因启动子驱动GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,并利用农杆菌介导将其瞬时转化至白桦和拟南芥,通过GUS组织化学染色检测BpSPL2基因启动子的组织表达特性,结果表明BpSPL2基因启动子具有启动子活性,能够驱动GUS基因在白桦和拟南芥中表达;而其表达活性在白桦的叶片、芽及根部中较强,在拟南芥的花药、雌蕊和叶片较强,为进一步研究白桦BpSPL2基因的表达调控及其功能分析提供参考。     

拟南芥AtNHX6基因启动子的克隆及表达分析

为了探明拟南芥内膜反向转运体AtNHX6基因的组织表达模式,从基因组中克隆了AtNHX6基因开放阅读框(ORF)上游侧翼调控区1 922bp序列,并成功构建AtNHX6基因启动子与GUS融合表达载体pCAM-BIA1381-proNHX6-GUS,通过农杆菌花序浸染法转化野生型拟南芥获得T3代纯合转基因拟南芥株系,经PCR检测扩增得到2 187bp目的条带。利用组织染色法鉴定转基因拟南芥的GUS表达模式发现,在子叶、下胚轴和花中GUS活性显著。在这些广泛表达的部位中,微管系统中的表达最为显著,真叶中只有局部检测到GUS表达;在根中GUS在根毛和侧根生长部位表达;在未成熟果荚中只有在果荚顶端和基部存在GUS活性,成熟果荚中只在果柄检测到GUS表达;在花中,雄蕊的花丝和花粉粒及雌蕊的柱头中检测到GUS表达。GUS染色分析结果表明,AtNHX6基因启动子与GUS的融合表达载体成功构建并正常启动GUS基因表达,且AtNHX6基因主要在拟南芥的子叶、下胚轴、根、花、果荚中的微管系统、根毛和侧根生长部位以及花丝、花粉、柱头中表达。     

A sterol biosynthetic geneAtCYP51A2 promoter for constitutive and ectopic expression of a transgene in plants

Arabidopsis CYP51A2 (AtCYP51A2) mediates the sterol 14α-demethylation step inde novo sterol biosynthesis, and is constitutively and highly expressed in all plant tissues (Kim et al., 2005). We exploited the molecular features of its expression and the fundamental role of sterol biosynthesis in cells to develop a plant-derived promoter. Our GUS expression analysis between transgenicArabidopsis lines forAtCYP51A2::GUS and35S::GUS revealed that activity of theAtCYP51A2 promoter was comparable to that of the35S promoter, based on enzymatic activities and protein levels. TheAtCYP51A2 promoter was also constitutively active in transgenic tobacco, indicating that 5′ regulatory elements could be conserved amongCYP51 promoters in dicot plants. A homologue ofAtCYP51A2 was identified from rape seed, a crop species closely related toArabidopsis. Its constitutive tissue expression pattern implies that the application of thisAtCYP51A2 promoter is possible for that species. Based on these results, we present a new binary vector system with the plant-derivedAtCYP51A2 promoter, which is able to constitutively and ectopically drive a transgene in various dicotyledonous plants. These two authors are equally contributed to this work.     

A petal‐specific InMYB1 promoter from Japanese morning glory: a useful tool for molecular breeding of floricultural crops

Production of novel transgenic floricultural crops with altered petal properties requires transgenes that confer a useful trait and petal‐specific promoters. Several promoters have been shown to control transgenes in petals. However, all suffer from inherent drawbacks such as low petal specificity and restricted activity during the flowering stage. In addition, the promoters were not examined for their ability to confer petal‐specific expression in a wide range of plant species. Here, we report the promoter of InMYB1 from Japanese morning glory as a novel petal‐specific promoter for molecular breeding of floricultural crops. First, we produced stable InMYB1_1kb::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis and Eustoma plants and characterized spatial and temporal expression patterns under the control of the InMYB1 promoter by histochemical β‐glucuronidase (GUS) staining. GUS staining patterns were observed only in petals. This result showed that the InMYB1 promoter functions as a petal‐specific promoter. Second, we transiently introduced the InMYB1_1 kb::GUS construct into Eustoma, chrysanthemum, carnation, Japanese gentian, stock, rose, dendrobium and lily petals by particle bombardment. GUS staining spots were observed in Eustoma, chrysanthemum, carnation, Japanese gentian and stock. These results showed that the InMYB1 promoter functions in most dicots. Third, to show the InMYB1 promoter utility in molecular breeding, a MIXTA‐like gene function was suppressed or enhanced under the control of InMYB1 promoter in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plant showed a conspicuous morphological change only in the form of wrinkled petals. Based on these results, the InMYB1 promoter can be used as a petal‐specific promoter in molecular breeding of floricultural crops.     

Isolation of a maize beta-glucosidase gene promoter and characterization of its activity in transgenic tobacco

The β-glucosidase gene of maize (ZmGLU1) was suggested to hydrolyze cytokinin-conjugate and release free cytokinin during plant growth and development. A clone containing the upstream region of ZmGLU1 was isolated and sequenced from a maize genomic library. The full-length ZmGLU1 promoter and a series of its 5′ deletions were fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transferred into tobacco. The GUS activity of transgenic plants was assayed at various developmental stages. The results showed that ZmGLU1 promoter-driven GUS gene had the highest expression level in the roots and that the expression of GUS gene declined during seed maturation and down to the lowest level in mature seeds. The ZmGLU1 promoter-driven GUS expression increased during seed germination, reaching a peak on day 11. The results also showed that this promoter could be inhibited by 6-BA, trans-zeatin, and NAA, but was not affected by GA₃, ABA, SA, cold, salt, drought, and submergence treatments. The histochemical staining revealed that GUS activity was located in vigorous cell division zones with dominant staining associated with vascular tissues. Deletion analysis showed that the promoter contained a putative leaf-specific and stem-specific negative regulative element and two putative enhancers.     

The second intron of AGAMOUS drives carpel- and stamen-specific expression sufficient to induce complete sterility in Arabidopsis

Gene containment technologies that prevent transgene dispersal through pollen, fruit and seed are in immediate demand to address concerns of gene flow from transgenic crops into wild species or close relatives. In this study, we isolated the enhancer element of Arabidopsis AGAMOUS that drives gene expression specifically in stamens and carpels. By fusing this AG enhancer to a minimal 35S promoter fragment, two tissue-specific promoters, fAGIP and rAGIP in forward and reverse orientations, respectively, were created and fused to the GUS reporter. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring either fAGIP::GUS or rAGIP::GUS displayed similar GUS expression specifically in carpel and stamen tissues and their primordial cells. To test their utility for engineering sterility, the promoters were fused to the Diphtheria toxin A (DT-A) gene coding for a ribosome inactivating protein as well as the Barnase gene coding for an extracellular ribonuclease, and tested for tissue-specific ablation. Over 89% of AGIP::DT-A and 68% of AGIP::Barnase transgenic plants displayed specific and precise ablation of stamens and carpels and are completely sterile. These transgenic plants showed normal vegetative development with prolonged vegetative growth. To evaluate the stability of the sterile phenotype, 16 AGIP::DT-A lines underwent two consecutive cutback generations and showed no reversion of the floral phenotype. This study demonstrates a simple, precise and efficient approach to achieve absolute sterility through irreversible ablation of both male and female floral organs. This approach should have a practical application for transgene containment in ornamental, landscaping, and woody species, whose seeds and fruits are of no economic value.     

基于Tail-PCR分析AN2基因上游启动子活性

黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)富含花青素,AN2基因是调控黑果枸杞花青素合成代谢的主效基因。为解析AN2基因启动子的活性差异,采用Tail-PCR方法分别克隆了黑果枸杞和红果枸杞(L. barbarum) AN2基因起始密码子上游约1 686 bp (LrAN2p)和1 495 bp (LbAN2p)的序列。Plant CARE预测表明,LbAN2p和LrAN2p中分别有133和137个的顺式作用元件, 其中,参与光调控的顺式元件分别有11和15个;参与激素响应相关的顺式元件分别有13和16个。构建AN2启动子植物表达载体pKGWFS7:LbAN2p和pKGWFS7:LrAN2p,利用农杆菌介导的烟草遗传转化体系获得转基因烟草。GUS染色结果表明,LrAN2p能够驱动GUS在烟草中的表达,叶片呈现蓝色,具有较LbAN2p更强的启动活性,qRT-PCR结果表明,LrAN2p转基因烟草中GUS基因具有更高的转录水平,这可能会使AN2基因在黑果枸杞中具有更高的表达,激活黑果枸杞花青素合成代谢通路。这为解析枸杞果色形成及AN2基因的表达调控机制奠定了理论基础。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of GUS expression directed by 5′ regions of the Arabidopsis thaliana farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes FPS1 and FPS2

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), the enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), is considered a regulatory enzyme of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis. The promoter regions of the FPS1 and FPS2 genes controlling the expression of isoforms FPS1S and FPS2, respectively, were fused to the -glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The FPS1S:GUS gene is widely expressed in all plant tissues throughout development, thus supporting a role for FPS1S in the synthesis of isoprenoids serving basic plant cell functions. In contrast, the FPS2:GUS gene shows a pattern of expression restricted to specific organs at particular stages of development. The highest levels of GUS activity are detected in flowers, especially in pollen grains, from the early stages of flower development. After pollination, much lower levels of GUS activity are detected in the rest of floral organs, with the exception of the ovary valves, which remain unstained throughout flower development. GUS activity is also detected in developing and mature seeds. In roots, GUS expression is primarily detected at sites of lateral root initiation and in junctions between primary and secondary roots. No GUS activity is detected in root apical meristems. GUS expression is also observed in junctions between primary and secondary stems. Overall, the pattern of expression of FPS2:GUS suggests a role for FPS2 in the synthesis of particular isoprenoids with specialized functions. Functional FPS2 gene promoter deletion analysis in transfected protoplasts and transgenic A. thaliana plants indicate that all the cis-acting elements required to establish the full pattern of expression of the FPS2 gene are contained in a short region extending from positions –111 to +65. The potential regulatory role of specific sequences within this region is discussed.