10种中草药提取物体外抗铜绿假单胞菌作用研究

通过对粗糠柴等10种中草药采用80%乙醇室温下浸渍制备的提取物进行体外抗铜绿假单胞菌及其耐药菌活性研究,并采取药敏纸片法测定临床分离菌株的耐药性。结果表明:这10种中草药80%乙醇提取物中,粗糠柴的乙酸乙酯层对铜绿假单胞菌标准菌及其耐药菌的抑菌效果最好,其抑菌圈直径范围在10~17 mm之间,MIC范围在0.125~0.5 mg·mL~(-1)之间,MBC范围在0.5~1 mg·mL~(-1)之间;正丁醇层、水层的抑菌活性较乙酸乙酯层弱,石油醚层对铜绿假单胞菌没有效果。而小叶藤黄、滇南红厚壳、续随子的乙酸乙酯层,巴豆、罗汉松、肉桂醇提物对铜绿假单胞菌及其耐药菌株有较弱抗菌活性;滇南红厚壳的正丁醇层、续随子乙酸乙酯层以及大八角和郁金的醇提物对铜绿假单胞菌及其耐药菌株均无活性。从这些数据中可以得出,粗糠柴的乙酸乙酯层、正丁醇层和水层对铜绿假单胞菌及其耐药菌有较好的抑菌活性,尤以乙酸乙酯层活性最好,而粗糠柴的石油醚层没有活性。     

抗菌肽Lfcin15-Me8分子设计及对老年呼吸道致病菌铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌性能分析

探讨人工设计合成的Lfcin15-Me8分子对老年病患者中铜绿假单胞菌抑菌活性研究。从老年病患痰液中分离鉴定铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)感染情况,截取牛乳铁蛋白素(Lfcin B)1-15和蜂毒素(Melittin)1-8核心氨基酸序列,固相合成新型抗菌肽分子,采用微量肉汤稀释法,测定新型抗菌肽分子对临床分离菌株的抑菌活性。结果显示,铜绿假单胞菌占院内感染的32.2%,位列致病菌第二位。合成的新型抗菌肽分子Lfcin15-Me8,为阳离子型抗菌肽,并富含α-螺旋。对临床铜绿假单胞菌抑菌MIC值均达到128μg/m L以下,其中最低达到32μg/m L,具有良好抗菌活性。铜绿假单胞菌在老年呼吸道感染中占较大比重,需注意防控,人工合成的Lfcin15-Me8分子可抑制临床铜绿假单胞菌的生长繁殖。     

23种中草药的体外抗菌活性筛选研究

为考察中草药抗菌物质基础筛选出活性提取物,该研究通过80%乙醇冷浸和95%乙醇回流提取制备23种中草药的提取物,采用琼脂扩散法测量抑菌圈直径,用微量液体培养基倍比稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration,MBC/MFC),并测定了提取物对临床4种常见病原菌体外抗菌活性。结果表明:紫珠草、千斤拔、黄龙尾等9种中草药对金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值除个别菌是12.5 mg·mL~(-1)外,其他都在0.09～3.12 mg·mL~(-1)之间;千斤拔、大红袍、过江龙等5种中草药对铜绿假单胞菌有较强抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值在3.12～12.5 mg·mL~(-1)之间;紫珠草、千里光、石楠等13种中草药对大肠埃希菌有较强的抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值在0.09～6.25 mg·mL~(-1)之间;八角对白色念珠菌有较强抑菌活性,其MIC/MFC值在0.78～12.5 mg·mL~(-1)之间。23种中草药的抗细菌活性较好,尤其是千斤拔、大红袍、过江龙、八角、黄药子对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌都具有较好的抑菌活性,具有广谱抗菌活性;但对真菌抑菌效果不明显,仅有八角对白色念珠菌有抑菌活性。此外,提取溶剂浓度、提取温度和提取时间对中草药的提取率和活性均有影响,冷提稍优于热提。     

中草药复方对拟态弧菌的体内外抗菌和拮抗外毒素的作用

目的探明拟态弧菌外毒素的致病性,筛选出对拟态弧菌具有良好抗菌和拮抗外毒素作用的中草药复方。方法培养拟态弧菌安徽分离株,采用蛋白分离技术提取其外毒素,测定其对实验草鱼的致病性。以黄连、大黄、金银花、夏枯草、丹皮、地锦草、连翘、茯苓、车前子、黄芪和甘草组成3个复方,采用改良微量稀释法测定不同中草药复方对拟态弧菌的体外抑菌作用。同时使用动物模型测定不同中草药复方拮抗外毒素作用和对拟态弧菌感染草鱼的保护作用。结果4株拟态弧菌产生的外毒素对实验鱼均具有较强的致死性。复方3的体外抑菌作用最强,对4株拟态弧菌的MIC值均为1.96g/L;其次为复方1,其MIC值介于3.92～7.84g/L;复方2的抑菌作用最差,其MIC值介于62.72～125g/L。复方3拮抗外毒素作用最强,其次为复方2,复方1不具有抗毒素作用。复方3对拟态弧菌感染草鱼具有最好的保护作用,保护率为100%;其次为复方2,保护率为23.81%;复方1的保护率最低,仅为19.05%。结论拟态弧菌外毒素在腹水病发生过程中起着重要致病作用。复方3具有良好的抗菌和拮抗外毒素作用,为筛选出的最佳复方,可进一步研制成为治疗腹水病的中草药复方制剂。     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌产ESBLs酶与高产AmpC酶情况及药物敏感性研究

目的探讨多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs酶)与高产头孢菌素酶(Amp C酶)情况及药物敏感性。方法收集我院各病区提供的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌菌株共128株,无重复菌株,检测产ESBLs酶、Amp C酶情况同时进行药物敏感性分析。结果 128株铜绿假单胞菌共检测出产酶菌株98株,占总菌株数的76.56%,其中单产ESBLs酶菌株25株、单产Amp C酶菌株58株、同时产ESBLs酶与Amp C酶菌株15株、不产酶菌株30株;大多数抗菌素对产酶铜绿假单胞菌不敏感,特别是同时产ESBLs酶与Amp C酶菌株几乎所有抗菌素均不敏感,而对于不产酶铜绿假单胞菌大多数抗菌素均较为敏感。结论多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌产酶菌株较多,抗菌药物敏感性差,临床应该根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌素,减少和控制细菌耐药的发生。     

烧伤病房难愈性创面病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析烧伤病房难愈性创面病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据.方法 对2006年1月至2012年6月间中国人民解放军第八五医院烧伤病房收治的难愈性创面患者创面分离出的病原菌,采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,分析病原菌耐药性.结果 分离出病原菌154株,革兰阳性菌62株,占40.26％;革兰阴性菌92株,占59.74％.常见病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌.烧伤难愈性创面中金黄色葡萄球菌最多见,压迫性溃疡创面中常见铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,其他难愈性创面中铜绿假单胞菌最常见.创面革兰阳性菌对利奈唑烷和呋喃妥因的耐药率较低,革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、亚胺培南、氨曲南和头孢西丁的耐药率较低,无万古霉素耐药菌.常见病原菌中金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率较高,铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率较低.结论 不同病因的难愈性创面病原菌分布不同,引起难愈性创面的病原菌主要为多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌.     

羧甲基壳聚糖对5株口腔颌面部感染细菌的抑菌性能的评价

目的 研究羧甲基壳聚糖对5株口腔颌面部感染细菌的抑菌性能,为在临床应用提供相关资料。方法 采用液体梯度稀释法分别测定羧甲基壳聚糖对牙龈卟啉菌、中间普氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 羧甲基壳聚糖对5株菌的MIC分别为：20、5、2.5、5、10 g/L。结论 羧甲基壳聚糖对口腔颌面部感染重要相关细菌具有抑菌作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌抗菌物质对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性研究

目的观察铜绿假单胞菌抗菌物质对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus,MRSA)的体外抑菌活性。方法用交叉划线接种方法进行铜绿假单胞菌对32株耐甲氧西林金葡菌的体外抗菌活性的测定。结果铜绿假单胞菌抗菌物质对MRSA的体外抑菌活性良好,产生色素的菌株的抗菌活性最好,15株铜绿假单胞菌中,7株产蓝绿色色素的铜绿假单胞菌,对MRSA的抑制率均达到了100%,平均抑菌带的宽度为37.7 mm。结论铜绿假单胞菌抗菌物质对32株MRSA具有较强的抗菌活性,无疑对MRSA感染的抗菌药物研制方面开辟了一条新的途径。这是国内的首次研究报道。     

26种滇产植物提取物的体外抗耐药菌作用研究

研究26种云南滇东南产植物80%乙醇提取物的体外抗耐药菌作用。制备植物的醇提物,用琼脂打孔法对其进行抗菌活性的筛选。通过微量稀释法测定提取物的最低抑菌浓度[minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)]、最低杀细菌浓度[minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)]及最低杀真菌浓度[minimum fungicidal concentration(MFC)]。结果表明:26种提取物中有9种对金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌有不同程度的抑制活性;其中以红花荷、马蹄参、百花贝母兰、二色大包兰和光序肉实树提取物对耐甲氧西林金葡菌的抑菌作用最强,其MIC/MBC(mg/L)范围分别为512/2048～>2048,512/2048～>2048,256-512/2048～>2048,512～1024/1024～>2048和512～1024/>2048。另外,肋果茶提取物对铜绿假单胞菌及白色念珠菌有较好的抑制作用,其对铜绿假单胞菌及其耐药菌株的MIC/MBC为512～2048/>2048mg/L;对白色念珠菌及其耐药菌株的MIC/MFC均为2048/>2048mg/L。26种植物提取物对大肠埃希菌的抑制作用均较弱。     

Antimicrobial activities of 26 Yunnan plants extracts against clinical multi-drug resistant pathogens in vitro

研究26种云南滇东南产植物80％乙醇提取物的体外抗耐药菌作用.制备植物的醇提物,用琼脂打孔法对其进行抗菌活性的筛选.通过微量稀释法测定提取物的最低抑菌浓度[minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)]、最低杀细菌浓度[minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)]及最低杀真菌浓度[minimum fungicidal concentration(MFC)].结果表明:26种提取物中有9种对金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌有不同程度的抑制活性;其中以红花荷、马蹄参、百花贝母兰、二色大包兰和光序肉实树提取物对耐甲氧西林金葡菌的抑菌作用最强,其MIC/MBC(mg/L)范围分别为512/2048～＞2048,512/2048～＞2048,256-512/2048～＞2048,512～1024/1024～＞2048和512～1024/＞2048.另外,肋果茶提取物对铜绿假单胞菌及白色念珠菌有较好的抑制作用,其对铜绿假单胞菌及其耐药菌株的MIC/MBC为512～2048/＞2048mg/L;对白色念珠菌及其耐药菌株的MIC/MFC均为2048/＞2048 mg/L.26种植物提取物对大肠埃希菌的抑制作用均较弱.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。