解脂耶氏酵母诱变育种及发酵产α-酮戊二酸条件优化

对具有发酵产α-酮戊二酸能力的解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia Lipolytica)ZY-4进行了紫外诱变和NTG诱变育种,筛选得到产量提高的突变株,并对突变株的发酵培养基进行了优化,结果表明,紫外诱变和NTG诱变后筛选到的突变株分别比原始出发菌株产量提高了67.8%和110%。优化后发酵培养基成分为甘油8%,氯化铵5.0 g/L,硫胺素1.0μg/L,磷酸二氢钾1.0 g/L,七水硫酸镁0.5 g/L,培养基优化后α-酮戊二酸产量比原始出发菌株提高了232.4%。     

高效发酵木糖生产乙醇酵母菌株的构建

获得高效发酵木糖生产乙醇的酵母菌株是木质纤维素生物转化生产燃料乙醇的重要前提。在4%乙醇驯化的基础上,选择了乙醇耐性提高的休哈塔假丝酵母（Candida shehatae）CICC1766菌株进一步进行紫外诱变,得到了木糖发酵性能较强的呼吸缺陷型突变体,并与乙醇发酵性能良好的酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）ATCC4126进行原生质体融合。采用单亲灭活法对休哈塔假丝酵母原生质体进行紫外灭活,在聚乙二醇（PEG）诱导下融合,对得到的融合子进行木糖发酵能力测定,选择到了一株能够更好地利用木糖产乙醇,并且木糖发酵性能比亲本得到明显提高的融合子F6,此融合子发酵50 g/L木糖,最高乙醇浓度达到18.75g/L,乙醇得率为0.375,达到理论转化值0.511的73.4%。与原始出发菌株CICC1766相比,乙醇产量提高了28%。     

虾青素高产菌的选育

红发夫酵母（Phaffia rhodozyma)是微生物发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株,作者采用Cs^137-γ射线重复辐照,并进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红发夫酵母YB-20-28突变株,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达老人家酵母YB-20-28突变株,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.3g/L,总色素含量为1216.0μg/g,较出发菌株提高308%,虾青素产量达30.9μg/mL,是一株颇具开发潜力的虾青素高产菌株。     

高产虾青素的红发夫酵母菌种的选育

红发夫酵母（Phaffia rhodozyma）是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。本采用Cs^137-γ射线重复辐照,并交替进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红夫酵母YB-20-29突变株。该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.32g/L,总色素含量为1216.0ug/g,较原始菌株提高308%,虾青素产量达30.9ug/mL,是一株很有开发前景和虾青素高产菌株。     

一株中型假丝酵母发酵木糖产乙醇的特性研究

本研究对自然界中筛选得到的1株可以发酵木糖产乙醇的中型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)的特性进行了研究.该菌株在28℃、120 r/min、72 h条件下,发酵3%木糖的乙醇产率最高,达到理论值的43.70%,发酵7%木糖得到的乙醇产量最高,为6.480 g/L.发酵时间延长到156 h,可以利用8%木糖产乙醇21.225 g/L,产率为理论值的72.87%.该菌株还可以在同样条件下,发酵13%葡萄糖得到乙醇50.965 g/L,达到理论值的76.90%.以3% 2% 3%分批补加糖,比一次性发酵8%木糖的乙醇产量提高9.91%.在葡萄糖和木糖的混合培养基中,优先利用葡萄糖,同时还表现出葡萄糖对木糖发酵的促进作用,当2%的木糖与6%葡萄糖混合时,乙醇产量比两者单独发酵的加和提高了25%.     

产氢菌的复合诱变选育及突变株HCM-23的产氢特性

以厌氧产氢细菌Clostridium sp. H-61为原始菌株, 先后经亚硝基胍(NTG)、紫外(UV)诱变, 选育得到1株高产突变株HCM-23。在葡萄糖浓度为10 g/L的条件下, 其产氢量为3024 mL/L, 比原始菌株提高了69.89%; 其最大产氢速率为33.19 mmol H2/g DW·h, 比原始菌株(19.74 mmol H2/g DW·h)提高了68.14%。经过多次传代试验, 稳定性良好。其发酵末端产物以乙醇和乙酸为主, 属于典型乙醇型发酵代谢类型。其最适产氢初始pH为6.5, 最适生长温度为36℃, 以蔗糖为最佳碳源。与原始菌株相比, 突变株HCM-23的产氢特性发生了改变, 如生长延滞期延长, 可利用无机氮源等。     

常压室温等离子体诱变高效利用木糖产丁二酸菌株

大肠杆菌Escherichia coli AFP111是E. coli NZN111 (△pflAB△ldhA) 的ptsG自发突变株,其转化1 mol的木糖合成丁二酸的过程中净产生1.67 mol ATP,但是转化1 mol的木糖合成丁二酸的过程中实际需要2.67 mol ATP,因此在厌氧条件下,ATP的供给不足导致E. coli AFP111不能代谢木糖。采用常压室温等离子体射流诱变产丁二酸大肠杆菌菌株,在厌氧条件下,利用以木糖为碳源的M9培养基,筛选得到一株可以代谢木糖并积累丁二酸的突变株DC111。该突变菌株在发酵培养基中,72 h内可以消耗10.52 g/L木糖产6.46 g/L的丁二酸,丁二酸的得率达到了0.78 mol/mol。而且突变株中伴有ATP产生的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶 (PCK) 途径得到加强,PCK的比酶活相对于出发菌株提高了19.33倍,使得其在厌氧条件下能够有足够的ATP供给来代谢木糖发酵产丁二酸。     

利用木糖-葡萄糖为原料产乙醇酵母的筛选、鉴定及发酵试验

建立筛选利用木糖为碳源产乙醇酵母模型,获得一株适合利用木质纤维素为原料产乙醇的酵母菌株。样品经麦芽汁培养基培养后,以木糖为唯一碳源的筛选培养基初筛,再以重铬酸钾显色法复筛。通过生理生化和26D1/D2区对筛选得到的菌株进行分析和鉴定,该菌初步鉴定为Pichia caribbica。经过筛选得到的菌株Y2-3以木糖（40g/L）为唯一碳源发酵时：生物量为23.5g/L,木糖利用率为94.7 %,乙醇终产量为4.57 g/L;以混合糖（葡萄糖40 g/L,木糖20 g/L）发酵时：生物量为28.6 g/L,木糖利用率为94.2 %,葡萄糖利用率为95.6%,乙醇终产量为20.6 g/L。Pichia caribbica是可以转化木糖及木糖-葡萄糖混合糖为乙醇的酵母菌株,为利用木质纤维素发酵乙醇的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

产氢菌的复合诱变选育及突变株HCM-23的产氢特性

以厌氧产氢细菌Clostridium sp.H-61为原始菌株,先后经亚硝基胍(NTG)、紫外(UV)诱变,选育得到1株高产突变株HCM-23.在葡萄糖浓度为10 g/L的条件下,其产氢量为3024 mL/L,比原始菌株提高了69.89%;其最大产氢速率为33.19 mmol H2/g DW·h,比原始菌株(19.74 mmolH2/g DW·h)提高了68.14%.经过多次传代试验,稳定性良好.其发酵末端产物以乙醇和乙酸为主,属于典型乙醇型发酵代谢类型.其最适产氢初始pH为6.5,最适生长温度为36℃,以蔗糖为最佳碳源.与原始菌株相比,突变株HCM-23的产氢特性发生了改变,如生长延滞期延长,可利用无机氮源等.     

米根霉乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)突变菌株的诱变选育

米根霉发酵生产L-乳酸过程中,由于丙酮酸在丙酮酸脱羧酶、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)催化下生成乙醇,使得丙酮酸向乳酸转化的流量减少。采用亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变米根霉AS3．3462孢子液,诱变剂量为0．15 mg/ mL时,致死率为70%～80%。在含丙烯醇的YPD筛选培养基上筛选获得两株ADH活力降低的突变株mut-1和mut-2,检测突变株mut-1和mut-2的最大ADH活力分别为35．67和43．09U/mL,是原始菌株的41．63%和50．29%。发酵72h后,原始菌株的乙醇与乳酸浓度分别为28．9g/L和40．31g/L,而mut-1和mut-2突变株的乙醇产量分别为4．87g/L和6．56g/L,乳酸产量为54．45g/L和44．07g/L。在相同的发酵条件下,米根霉ADH突变株mut-1和mut-2对还原糖的利用速率高于出发菌株,其生物量积累亦高于出发菌株。     

Alcoholic Fermentation of d-Xylose by Yeasts

Type strains of 200 species of yeasts able to ferment glucose and grow on xylose were screened for fermentation of d-xylose. In most of the strains tested, ethanol production was negligible. Nineteen were found to produce between 0.1 and 1.0 g of ethanol per liter. Strains of the following species produce more than 1 g of ethanol per liter in the fermentation test with 2% xylose: Brettanomyces naardenensis, Candida shehatae, Candida tenuis, Pachysolen tannophilus, Pichia segobiensis, and Pichia stipitis. Subsequent screening of these yeasts for their capacity to ferment d-cellobiose revealed that only Candida tenuis CBS 4435 was a good fermenter of both xylose and cellobiose under the test conditions used.     

休哈塔假丝酵母乙醇发酵性能的研究

木糖的高效发酵是制约纤维素燃料乙醇生产的技术瓶颈之一,高性能发酵菌种的开发是本领域研究的重点。以木糖发酵的典型菌株休哈塔假丝酵母为材料,研究氮源配比、葡萄糖和木糖初始浓度、葡萄糖添加及典型抑制物等因素对其木糖利用和乙醇发酵性能的影响规律。结果表明,硫酸铵更适宜于木糖和葡萄糖发酵产乙醇。在摇瓶振荡发酵条件下,该酵母可发酵164.0 g/L葡萄糖生成61.9 g/L乙醇,糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为99.8%和74.0%;受酵母细胞膜上转运体系的限制,对木糖的最高发酵浓度为120.0 g/L,可生成45.7 g/L乙醇,糖利用率和乙醇得率分别达到94.8%和87.0%。休哈塔假丝酵母发酵木糖的主要产物为乙醇,仅生成微量的木糖醇;添加葡萄糖可促进木糖的利用;休哈塔假丝酵母在葡萄糖发酵时的乙酸和甲酸的耐受浓度分别为8.32和2.55 g/L,木糖发酵时的乙酸和甲酸的耐受浓度分别为6.28和1.15 g/L。     

Ethanol production from xylose by a recombinant Candida utilis strain expressing protein-engineered xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase

The industrial yeast Candida utilis can grow on media containing xylose as sole carbon source, but cannot ferment it to ethanol. The deficiency might be due to the low activity of NADPH-preferring xylose reductase (XR) and NAD(+)-dependent xylitol dehydogenase (XDH), which convert xylose to xylulose, because C. utilis can ferment xylulose. We introduced multiple site-directed mutations in the coenzyme binding sites of XR and XDH derived from the xylose-fermenting yeast Candida shehatae to alter their coenzyme specificities. Several combinations of recombinant and native XRs and XDHs were tested. Highest productivity was observed in a strain expressing CsheXR K275R/N277D (NADH-preferring) and native CsheXDH (NAD(+)-dependent), which produced 17.4 g/L of ethanol from 50 g/L of xylose in 20 h. Analysis of the genes responsible for ethanol production from the xylose capacity of C. utilis indicated that the introduction of CsheXDH was essential, while overexpression of CsheXR K275R/N277D improved efficiency of ethanol production.     

Fermentation to ethanol of pentose-containing spent sulphite liquor

Ethanolic fermentation of spent sulphite liquor with ordinary bakers' yeast is incomplete because this yeast cannot ferment the pentose sugars in the liquor. This results in poor alcohol yields, and a residual effluent problem By using the yeast Candida shehatae (R) for fermentation of the spent sulphite liquor from a large Canadian alcohol-producing sulphite pulp and paper mill, pentoses as well as hexoses were fermented nearly completely, alcohol yields were raised by 33%, and sugar removal increased by 46%. Inhibitors were removed prior to fermentation by steam stripping. Major benefits were obtained by careful recycling of this yeast, which was shown to be tolerant both of high sugar concentrations and high alcohol concentrations. When sugar concentrations over 250 g/L (glucose: xylose 70:30) were fermented, ethanol became an inhibitor when its concentration reached 90 g/L. However, when the ethanol was removed by low-temperature vacuum distillation, fermentation continued and resulted in a yield of 0.50 g ethanol/g sugar consumed. Further improvement was achieved by combining enzyme saccharification of sugar oligomers with fermentation. This yeast is able to ferment both hexoses and pentoses simultaneously, efficiently, and rapidly. Present indications are that it is well suited to industrial operations wherever hexoses and pentoses are both to be fermented to ethanol, for example, in wood hydrolysates.     

The expression of a Pichia stipitis xylose reductase mutant with higher K(M) for NADPH increases ethanol production from xylose in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Xylose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the introduction of a xylose pathway, either similar to that found in the natural xylose-utilizing yeasts Pichia stipitis and Candida shehatae or similar to the bacterial pathway. The use of NAD(P)H-dependent XR and NAD(+)-dependent XDH from P. stipitis creates a cofactor imbalance resulting in xylitol formation. The effect of replacing the native P. stipitis XR with a mutated XR with increased K(M) for NADPH was investigated for xylose fermentation to ethanol by recombinant S. cerevisiae strains. Enhanced ethanol yields accompanied by decreased xylitol yields were obtained in strains carrying the mutated XR. Flux analysis showed that strains harboring the mutated XR utilized a larger fraction of NADH for xylose reduction. The overproduction of the mutated XR resulted in an ethanol yield of 0.40 g per gram of sugar and a xylose consumption rate of 0.16 g per gram of biomass per hour in chemostat culture (0.06/h) with 10 g/L glucose and 10 g/L xylose as carbon source.     

Ethanol Production from Xylose by a Recombinant Candida utilis Strain Expressing Protein-Engineered Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase

The industrial yeast Candida utilis can grow on media containing xylose as sole carbon source, but cannot ferment it to ethanol. The deficiency might be due to the low activity of NADPH-preferring xylose reductase (XR) and NAD⁺-dependent xylitol dehydogenase (XDH), which convert xylose to xylulose, because C. utilis can ferment xylulose. We introduced multiple site-directed mutations in the coenzyme binding sites of XR and XDH derived from the xylose-fermenting yeast Candida shehatae to alter their coenzyme specificities. Several combinations of recombinant and native XRs and XDHs were tested. Highest productivity was observed in a strain expressing CsheXR K275R/N277D (NADH-preferring) and native CsheXDH (NAD⁺-dependent), which produced 17.4 g/L of ethanol from 50 g/L of xylose in 20 h. Analysis of the genes responsible for ethanol production from the xylose capacity of C. utilis indicated that the introduction of CsheXDH was essential, while overexpression of CsheXR K275R/N277D improved efficiency of ethanol production.     

休哈塔假丝酵母HDYXHT-01利用木糖生产乙醇的发酵工艺优化

采用Plackett-Burman (PB) 方法和中心组合设计 (Ccentral composit design,CCD) 对休哈塔假丝酵母Candida shehataeHDYXHT-01利用木糖发酵生产乙醇的工艺进行优化。PB试验设计与分析结果表明：硫酸铵、磷酸二氢钾、酵母粉和接种量是影响木糖乙醇发酵的4个关键因素,以乙醇产量为响应目标,采用CCD和响应面分析法 (Response surface methodology,RSM),确定了木糖乙醇发酵的最佳工艺为：硫酸铵1.73 g/L、磷酸二氢钾3.56 g/L、酵母粉2.62 g/L和接种量5.66％,其他发酵条件为：木糖80 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1 g/L,pH 5.0,培养温度30 ℃,装液量100 mL/250 mL,摇床转速140 r/min,发酵时间48 h,在该条件下发酵液中乙醇产量可以达到26.18 g/L,比未优化前提高了1.15倍。     

Purification, characterization, and amino terminal sequence of xylose reductase from Candida shehatae.

D-Xylose is a major component of the carbohydrates derived from agricultural residues and forest products. Among more than two hundred known xylose-utilizing yeasts, only a few species are known to be able to ferment xylose anaerobically. Candida shehatae is one of such xylose-fermenting yeasts. Xylose reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.21) is a key enzyme responsible for xylose metabolism in xylose-utilizing as well as xylose-fermenting yeasts. In this paper, we report the development of a convenient and reliable procedure for the purification of xylose reductase from C. shehatae to near homogeneity. The amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence of the enzyme have also been analyzed. C. shehatae seems to contain only a single xylose reductase, but the enzyme has a dual coenzyme specificity for both NADPH and NADH. The enzyme is remarkably stable at room temperature and 4 degrees C.     

Construction of a recombinant yeast strain converting xylose and glucose to ethanol

Candida shehatae gene xyll and Pichia stipitis gene xyl2,encoding xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XD) respectively,were amplified by PCR.The genes xyl1 and xyl2 were placed under the control of promoter GAL in vector pYES2 to construct the recombinant expression vector pYES2-PI2.Subsequently the vector pYES2-P12 was transformed into S.cerevisiae YS58 by LiAc to produce the recombinant yeast YS58-12.The alcoholic ferment indicated that the recombinant yeast YS58-12 could convert xylose to ethanol with the xylose consumption rate of 81.3%.