槲皮素体内外抗氧化作用和比较研究

目的：测定槲皮素的体外总抗氧化力,进一步观察槲皮素灌胃后大鼠外周血总抗氧化力的变化,并与芦丁、维生素C、维生素E相比较,方法：总抗氧化力采用Fe^3 还原法,槲皮素,芦丁分析采用紫外分光光度法及高效液相色谱法,结果：相同浓度条件下槲皮素的体外总抗氧化力显著强于芦丁,与传统的抗氧化剂维生素C、维生素E相当。槲皮素40mg/kg灌胃1h后大鼠外周血总抗氧化及槲皮素含量（紫外分光光度法）较灌胃前升高最为明显,维生素C也有显著提高外周血总抗氧化力的作用,芦丁与维生素E未表现出显著作用。血浆高效液相分析表明槲皮灌胃后未出现明显的槲皮素收峰,而与其峰相邻的两个未知峰的面积增大。结论：槲皮素的体外抗氧化作用强于芦丁,与传统的抗氧化剂维生素C、维生素E相当,槲皮素吸收后经代谢形成衍生物,提高血浆总抗氧化力的程度与维生素C相近。     

三种抗氧化剂对小鼠体外受精胚胎发育的影响

本实验以昆明小鼠为实验对象,CZB为基础培养液,在其中分别添加不同浓度的三种抗氧化剂-槲皮素（quercetin）、维生素C和维生素E,比较它们对小鼠体内受精1-细胞胚胎体外发育的影响,测定其克服小鼠胚胎体外发育阻滞、促进胚胎发育的最佳浓度。然后将三种抗氧化剂分别加入体外受精胚胎培养液中,观察三种抗氧化剂对小鼠体外受精胚胎发育的作用,     

紫外分光光度法测定水果蔬菜中维生素C含量测定

利用维生素C对紫外产生吸收和对碱不稳定的特性,用紫外分光光度法测定五种常见果蔬中维生素C的含量。该方法具有准确、快速、稳定、试剂易得等优点。     

蚂蚁黑色素的提取、纯化及抗氧化活性研究

对黑蚂蚁采用盐酸水解、氢氧化钠溶液提取、盐酸沉淀,以及多种有机溶剂洗涤等工艺手段提取分离、纯化得到黑蚂蚁黑色素。研究发现黑蚂蚁黑色素溶于碱性溶液,不溶于水、酸及有机溶剂;其紫外吸收光谱与红外光谱具有吲哚型黑色素典型光谱性质。利用分光光度法测定了黑蚂蚁黑色素的总抗氧化能力、羟基自由基清除能力及还原力,试验结果表明:黑蚂蚁黑色素有一定的抗氧化能力,但在试验范围内其抗氧化能力比维生素C低。     

雅安4种常见水果维生素C含量的测定与比较

采用紫外分光光度法对雅安常见水果草莓、桔子、猕猴桃和苹果的维生素C含量进行测定和比较。配制维生素C标准溶液,在243nm的紫外波长下绘制标准曲线。根据维生素C标准溶液的线性方程计算上述4种水果的维生素C含量。结果表明,雅安市常见水果中维生素C的含量依次为草莓37.1mg·100g-1,桔子52.6mg·100g-1,猕猴桃95.5mg·100g-1,苹果4.9mg·100g-1。4种水果样品的维生素C含量多少依次为:猕猴桃>桔子>草莓>苹果,为人们合理地获取维生素C提供理论依据。     

维生素C对衰老大鼠红细胞抗氧化能力的修复作用及其机制探讨

该文探讨了维生素C对衰老大鼠红细胞的抗氧化能力的修复作用及机制。将40只雄性SD大鼠按年龄分为4组:年轻对照组(Y)、年轻维生素C组(Yc)、年老对照组(A)和年老维生素C组(Ac)。对各组大鼠红细胞GSH、GSSG、GSH/GSSG和TFG含量进行检测。评估各组红细胞L-半胱氨酸转运能力及三价铁降低抗氧化能力差异。构建黄嘌呤/次黄嘌呤氧化酶体外氧化体系,观察各组大鼠红细胞在体外氧化条件下脂质过氧化、血红蛋白含量差异。研究发现,与年轻组大鼠相比,年老组大鼠红细胞中GSSG含量增加,GSH、TFG含量下降,GSH/GSSG比值显著降低。在年老组中,维生素C补充使TFG含量显著增加,L-半胱氨酸转运能力和三价铁降低抗氧化能力显著提升。体外氧化条件下,维生素C补充组大鼠红细胞所受氧化损伤程度显著减少,L-半胱氨酸转运能力增加。研究证明,衰老过程伴随着红细胞抗氧化能力的下降,腹腔注射维生素C可以通过提高红细胞L-半胱氨酸转运能力增加GSH抗氧化物含量,提高细胞抗氧化潜能,从而减少氧自由基诱导的损伤。     

褪黑素与维生素 E 对抗花萼海绵诱癌素毒性作用的差异

最近的研究发现,褪黑素对花萼海绵诱癌素 (calyculin A , CA) 引起的骨架蛋白神经细丝异常过度磷酸化有保护作用 . 为进一步探讨褪黑素对骨架蛋白τ异常过度磷酸化的保护作用及其机制,分别用 CA, CA+ 褪黑素或 CA+ 维生素 E 处理鼠野生型成神经瘤细胞 (N2awt) ,采用 MTT 法测定细胞存活率,用免疫印迹法测定τ蛋白磷酸化水平,用 ³²P- 特异底物标记技术检测 GSK-3 和 PP-2A 活性,并进一步测定了细胞内脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量,细胞内过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性 . 结果显示：褪黑素不仅对 CA 引起的抗氧化酶活性降低和脂质过氧化的保护作用强于经典抗氧化剂维生素 E ,而且对τ蛋白磷酸化的保护作用也强于经典抗氧化剂维生素 E ;褪黑素可同时激活 PP-2A 又抑制 GSK-3 ,而维生素 E 同时抑制两种酶的活性 . 研究提示：褪黑素既通过抗氧化作用,也通过调节细胞内磷酸化平衡对抗 CA 对神经细胞的毒性作用 .     

糖尿病大鼠的SOD活性与抗氧化剂治疗对机体抗氧化状态的影响

目的探究糖尿病大鼠主要脏器SOD活性及蛋白表达水平的变化,并观察抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)短期治疗(4周)后对机体抗氧化状态的影响。方法 STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠(D组,n=8)每天给予NAC 1.5 g/kg灌胃治疗(D+N组,n=8),正常对照组(C组,n=8)同时给予同体积生理盐水。4周后,获取心、肺、肝、肾组织,试剂盒检测血浆总SOD、总抗氧化物浓度、脂质过氧化特异性标志物15-F2t-isoprostane及各组织总超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,Western blotting分析SOD亚型Cu/Zn-SOD及MnSOD蛋白表达水平。结果与C组相比,D组大鼠血浆15-F2t-isoprostane与总抗氧化物浓度及心肌组织中总SOD活性显著升高,而血浆、肺、肝、肾组织总SOD活性显著降低;心、肺组织中Cu/Zn-SOD蛋白表达水平明显升高,而肝、肾组织中明显降低;肺、肾组织中Mn-SOD蛋白表达水平明显降低,而肝组织明显升高,但心肌组织变化不明显。NAC干预能不同程度逆转上述改变,但进一步降低肾组织Mn-SOD表达。结论糖尿病大鼠各组织中总SOD活性、Cu/Zn-SOD及Mn-SOD蛋白表达水平具有组织差异性,抗氧化剂NAC能不同程度恢复糖尿病大鼠各组织抗氧化水平,从而起到阻止或延缓糖尿病相关的靶器官功能损害的作用。     

黄连木叶粗多酚的纯化及其抗氧化研究

采用硅胶柱层析法对黄连木叶粗多酚进行纯化,并且对纯化后的多酚、单宁、黄酮组分进行测定。结果表明,纯化产物中的多酚、单宁、黄酮含量分别为1．0125g当量没食子酸每克样品、0．8600g当量单宁酸每克样品和0．1453g当量芦丁每克样品。与粗多酚相比,多酚含量提高了20．54％,单宁含量提高了13．53％,黄酮含量提高了12．03％。采用DPPH自由基清除法、FRAP总抗氧化法对纯化产物进行体外抗氧化活性检测。同时,以秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditiselegans）为模式动物检测纯化产物对胡桃醌诱导线虫体内活性氧（ROS）的抑制效应和对线虫存活率的影响。结果表明,黄连木多酚纯化产物体外抗氧活性强于黄连木叶粗多酚,强于维生素C,但稍逊于纯茶多酚;且能显著提高线虫的存活率和降低线虫细胞内ROS浓度。以上结果说明黄连木叶多酚是很好的天然抗氧化剂,具有在食品、医药、化妆品等领域广泛应用的潜力。     

石榴果实及果皮抗氧化成分的测定

目的：比较新鲜石榴皮、干石榴皮、石榴带籽果实和去籽果实中绿原酸、总花青素、总黄酮和维生素C的含量差异。方法：采用紫外分光光度法测定绿原酸、总花青素、总黄酮,2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定维生素C。结果：鲜果皮中的绿原酸、总花青素、维生素C含量都高于干果皮。去籽果实中绿原酸、总花青素类成分、维生素C含量均高于带籽果肉,说明可能石榴籽中这3种成分含量很少甚至没有。而总黄酮含量带籽果肉高于去籽果肉2倍,说明石榴籽里含有黄酮,且含量高于果肉。石榴皮中绿原酸和总花青素类成分含量都较高,超过3%。结论：在今后的石榴皮和果肉活性成分提取时,侧重点应该有所不同。     

Intestinal absorption and metabolism of a soluble flavonoid, alphaG-rutin, in portal cannulated rats

A highly soluble quercetin glycoside, alphaG-rutin, is a glucose adduct of insoluble rutin, and intestinal absorption and metabolism of alphaG-rutin has not been known. We investigated the intestinal absorption and metabolism of alphaG-rutin by using portal and duodenal cannulated rats and the isolated rat intestinal mucosa. After a duodenal instillation of alphaG-rutin (150 mumol), intact alphaG-rutin, rutin and quercetin were appeared in the portal blood and these concentrations were similarly increased at 15 min. Portal quercetin reached a peak value at 60 min, and the value was higher than those of alphaG-rutin and rutin at that time. Quercetin-conjugates were also increased 30 min after the instillation. The remaining of alphaG-rutin metabolites, mainly rutin, in the intestine were 58% of instilled alphaG-rutin after 150 min. In the experiment by using the isolated mucosa of the jejunum, ileum and cecum, alphaG-rutin and rutin, but not quercetin, appeared in the serosal sides of all segments, and they were increased linearly from 10 to 100 mmol/l of mucosal alphaG-rutin. We also showed portal injected alphaG-rutin was very rapidly cleared from the blood, and appeared a large amount of conjugates. In conclusion, a soluble flavonoid-glycoside, alphaG-rutin, was absorbed as glycosides into the portal blood. A part of alphaG-rutin was hydrolyzed to rutin, but not to aglycone, through the intestine.     

Intestinal absorption and metabolism of a soluble flavonoid, αG-rutin,in portal cannulated rats

A highly soluble quercetin glycoside, αG-rutin, is a glucose adduct of insoluble rutin, and intestinal absorption and metabolism of αG-rutin has not been known. We investigated the intestinal absorption and metabolism of αG-rutin by using portal and duodenal cannulated rats and the isolated rat intestinal mucosa. After a duodenal instillation of αG-rutin (150 μmol), intact αG-rutin, rutin and quercetin were appeared in the portal blood and these concentrations were similarly increased at 15 min. Portal quercetin reached a peak value at 60 min, and the value was higher than those of αG-rutin and rutin at that time. Quercetin-conjugates were also increased 30 min after the instillation. The remaining of αG-rutin metabolites, mainly rutin, in the intestine were 58% of instilled αG-rutin after 150 min. In the experiment by using the isolated mucosa of the jejunum, ileum and cecum, αG-rutin and rutin, but not quercetin, appeared in the serosal sides of all segments, and they were increased linearly from 10 to 100 mmol/l of mucosal αG-rutin. We also showed portal injected αG-rutin was very rapidly cleared from the blood, and appeared a large amount of conjugates. In conclusion, a soluble flavonoid-glycoside, αG-rutin, was absorbed as glycosides into the portal blood. A part of αG-rutin was hydrolyzed to rutin, but not to aglycone, through the intestine.     

芦丁等天然产物清除活性氧自由基O_(?)~-和·OH的ESR研究

本文用促癌剂PMA(phorbol myristate acetate)刺激人多形核白细胞(PMN)呼吸暴发产生的活性氧自由基,Fenton反应产生的羟自由基·OH,光照核黄素和黄嘌呤/黄嘌呤氧化酶体系中产生的超氧阴离子自由基O(?)为模型,用自旋捕集方法研究天然产物芦丁,槲皮素,异槲皮苷和汉防已甲素对活性氧自由基(?)和·OH的清除作用.除汉防已甲素外,其它药物都能很明显地清除PMN呼吸暴发过程中产生的活性氧自由基.芦丁和异槲皮苷对(?)的清除率分别高达78.1%和79.9%,远远大于维生素E(12.7%)的作用.除汉防已甲素外,其它三种药物对·OH的清除作用也大于维生素E.四种天然产物对O(?)和·OH的清除作用都小于维生素C.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of quercetin in human plasma and urine utilizing solid-phase extraction and ultraviolet detection

An HPLC method for determining quercetin in human plasma and urine is presented for application to the pharmacokinetic study of rutin. Isocratic reversed-phase HPLC was employed for the quantitative analysis by using kaempferol as an internal standard. Solid-phase extraction was performed on an Oasis HLB cartridge (>95% recovery). The HPLC assay was carried out using a Luna ODS-2 column (150 x 2.1 mm I.D., 5 microm particle size). The mobile phase was acetonitrile-10 mM ammonium acetate solution containing 0.3 mM EDTA-glacial acetic acid, 29:70:1 (v/v, pH 3.9) and 26:73:1 (v/v, pH 3.9) for the determination of plasma and urinary quercetin, respectively. The flow-rate was 0.3 ml/min and the detection wavelength was set at 370 nm. Calibration of the overall analytical procedure gave a linear signal (r>0.999) over a concentration range of 4-700 ng/ml of quercetin in plasma and 20-1000 ng/ml of quercetin in urine. The lower limit of quantification was approximately 7 ng/ml of quercetin in plasma and approximately 35 ng/ml in urine. The detection limit (defined at a signal-to-noise ratio of about 3) was approximately 0.35 ng/ml in plasma and urine. A preliminary experiment to investigate the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of quercetin after oral administration of 200 mg of rutin to a healthy volunteer demonstrated that the present method was suitable for determining quercetin in human plasma and urine.     

Evaluation of oxidative stress during apoptosis and necrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride in rat liver

After 12, 18, and 24 h of oral administration of carbon tetrachloride (as a 1:1 mixture with mineral oil: 4 ml/kg body weight) to rats, the activity of caspase-3-like protease in the liver increased significantly compared to that in the control group that was given mineral oil (4 ml/kg). In plasma, the activity of caspase-3 was barely detectable in the control rat, but increased significantly 24 h after drug administration along with a dramatic increase in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. These results indicate that carbon tetrachloride causes apoptosis in the liver by activating caspase-3, which is released to plasma by secondary necrosis. After 18 and 24 h of carbon tetrachloride administration, the liver concentration of hydrophilic vitamin C was decreased significantly, while that of hydrophobic vitamin E was not affected. The plasma concentration of vitamins C and E was not influenced significantly. These results suggest that carbon tetrachloride induces oxidative stress mainly in the aqueous phase of the liver cell.     

Quercetin metabolites inhibit copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation in rat plasma

The oxidative susceptibility of plasma obtained from rats after intragastric administration of quercetin was studied to know whether or not quercetin acts as an in vivo antioxidant after metabolic conversion. Quercetin was raised in the rat blood plasma essentially as glucuronide and/or sulfate conjugates. The plasma obtained from rats after quercetin administration was more resistant against copper sulfate-induced lipid peroxidation than the control plasma on the basis of the accumulation of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides and the consumption of α-tocopherol. The results strongly suggest that some conjugated metabolites of quercetin act as effective antioxidants when plasma is subject to metal ion-induced lipid peroxidation.     

Quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside is better absorbed than other quercetin forms and is not present in rat plasma

The effect of the nature of the sugar moiety on quercetin absorption has been investigated in rats. Four groups of rats received an experimental meal containing 20 mg of quercetin equivalents, supplied as quercetin, quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-β-rhamnoside or rutin. Four hours after the meal, the metabolites identified in hydrolysed plasma were identical in all groups (3′- and 4′-methylquercetin). However, the total concentration of metabolites was markedly different: 11.2±1.8, 2.5±2.0 and 33.2±3.5 μM for the quercetin, rutin, and quercetin 3-glucoside meals respectively. After quercetin 3-rhamnoside consumption, we failed to detect any metabolites in the plasma. These data suggest that the 3-O-glucosylation improves the absorption of quercetin in the small intestine, whereas the binding of a rhamnose to the aglycone markedly depresses it. Additional experiments have shown that the higher plasma levels measured after quercetin 3-glucoside meal compared to the quercetin meal were maintained throughout the 24-hour period following the meal. Using a multi-electrode coulometric detection, together with suitable chromatographic conditions, we were able to distinguish between the conjugated and the glycosylated forms. Thus, we clearly showed the absence of quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside in the plasma from rats fed a diet containing this glucoside. This result suggests that quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside is hydrolysed before or during its intestinal absorption.     

Quercetin 3-O-beta-glucoside is better absorbed than other quercetin forms and is not present in rat plasma

The effect of the nature of the sugar moiety on quercetin absorption has been investigated in rats. Four groups of rats received an experimental meal containing 20 mg of quercetin equivalents, supplied as quercetin, quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-β-rhamnoside or rutin. Four hours after the meal, the metabolites identified in hydrolysed plasma were identical in all groups (3'- and 4'-methylquercetin). However, the total concentration of metabolites was markedly different: 11.2±1.8, 2.5±2.0 and 33.2±3.5 μM for the quercetin, rutin, and quercetin 3-glucoside meals respectively. After quercetin 3-rhamnoside consumption, we failed to detect any metabolites in the plasma. These data suggest that the 3-O-glucosylation improves the absorption of quercetin in the small intestine, whereas the binding of a rhamnose to the aglycone markedly depresses it. Additional experiments have shown that the higher plasma levels measured after quercetin 3-glucoside meal compared to the quercetin meal were maintained throughout the 24-hour period following the meal. Using a multi-electrode coulometric detection, together with suitable chromatographic conditions, we were able to distinguish between the conjugated and the glycosylated forms. Thus, we clearly showed the absence of quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside in the plasma from rats fed a diet containing this glucoside. This result suggests that quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside is hydrolysed before or during its intestinal absorption.     

High-throughput fluorescence screening of antioxidative capacity in human serum.

Diphenylhexatriene-labeled phosphatidylcholine and propionic acid have been established as selective fluorescence markers for the continuous determination of oxidation processes in the lipid and aqueous phases of unfractionated human serum. Oxidation of the respective fluorophores leads to a decrease in fluorescence intensity from which the time-dependent degradation of the marker molecule can be determined. The lag times preceding the propagation of oxidation are representative for the antioxidative capacity of the system, which may be influenced by exogenous factors, e.g., the antioxidants from the diet. Supplementation of human serum by quercetin, rutin, vitamin E, vitamin C, or total apple phenolics in vitro led to a decrease in oxidizability depending on the oxidation marker and the hydrophobicity of the antioxidant. Quercetin and vitamin E showed a higher in vitro capacity of protecting lipoproteins against oxidation. In contrast, rutin and vitamin C were more efficient as inhibitors in the aqueous phase. The same effect on serum was found after dietary consumption of apples. This result is in line with the known observation that intake of plant polyphenols leads to an increase in serum levels of hydrophilic antioxidants.     

Maternal antioxidant concentrations after uncomplicated pregnancies

Background: To analyse the post-partum concentrations of intra- and extra-cellular blood antioxidants in women with uncomplicated pregnancies.

Methods: Whole blood and plasma thiols, plasma vitamin E and C, serum cholesterol and triglyceride, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) concentrations were compared between women delivered by caesarean section (n=17) or spontaneous delivery (n=10). A repeated mixed model was used for statistical analysis.

Results: The majority of whole blood thiols increased significantly in both groups the first days post-partum. However, within the caesarean group free cysteine, oxidised cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione and plasma cysteine and homocysteine levels dropped significantly after 24 h, while FRAP levels peaked significantly in this group. Plasma vitamin E levels decreased significantly in both groups within 24 to 48 h after delivery. Independent of the way of delivery whole blood and plasma thiols were significantly increased and vitamin E levels were significantly decreased 3 months post-partum while plasma vitamin C levels and FRAP were unchanged compared to ante-partum levels.

Discussion: Decreased plasma vitamin E levels shortly post-partum are associated with decreased lipid peroxidation. The 24 h post-partum drop of some plasma and whole blood thiols in the caesarean group may be due to prolonged fasting.