几种鲤科鱼类及杂种的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析了14种鲤科鱼类和4个杂交种的肌肉、心脏、晶状体、脑和肾脏的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶。根据LDH酶谱的异同可将雅罗鱼亚科的5种鱼分成两组:草鱼、鳡和鳤;青鱼和赤眼鳟。鳊亚科中青梢红鲌的LDH谱形与长春鳊、团头鲂和红鳍鲌相似,而与(歺又鱼)条有明显的区别。鲢亚科中的鳙与鲢的谱形相似。密鲴亚科中的细鳞斜颌鲴与黄尾密鲴的谱形也非常相似。将谱形相似的鱼类进行杂交,如细鳞斜颌鲴♀×黄尾密鲴♂、鳙♀×鲢♂,不仅杂种的成活率高而且可繁殖后代。谱形相差很大的鱼类进行杂交,如草鱼♀×团头鲂♂及草鱼♀×鳙♂,杂种的成活率都很低。这些结果和酶谱所显示的关系是一致的。     

鲤科七种鱼的银染核型研究

对鲤科七种鱼的银染核型进行了比较研究。这七种鱼均有4个NORs。其中鲴亚科五种鱼的Ag-NORs彼此特征相似;鮈亚科的似刺鳊鮈sm_3染色体上的NORs与次缢痕的位置、形态一致;雅罗鱼亚科的鳡鱼sm_6同源染色体上的一对NORs显示相对大小异形。结合以前的工作,本文以NORs为指标,讨论了有关雅罗鱼亚科几种鱼的亲缘关系及亚科鱼类染色体进行保守等问题。     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究 Ⅱ.鲴亚科四种鱼的染色体组型

鲴亚科(Xenocyprininae)鱼类多为中小型鱼类,常见于江河湖泊等较宽阔的水域中,我国长江、黑龙江、黄河及珠江诸流域皆有分布,共有10种,隶属4个属(伍献文等,1964)。迄今尚未见有该亚科鱼类染色体组型的研究报道。本文是对其中三属四种鱼的染色体组型的观察结果。这四种鱼是银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)、细鳞斜颌鲴(Plagiognathops microlepis)和逆鱼(Acanthobrama simoni)。其中黄尾鲴和细鳞斜颌鲴均为新的淡水养殖鱼(沈德长等,1981;陈楚星,1979)。     

异鲴的骨骼形态及其属的分类位置

对异鲴的骨骼形态进行了详细的描述并与丹亚科及鲴亚科代表种的骨骼特征进行了比较。结果显示异鲴与丹亚科在骨骼学性状缺乏共同离征,一系列的离征却表明它与再生鲴亚科鱼类紧密相关。这些离征包括：咽骨形态独特,前臂略长或与后臂等长;下咽齿侧扁,有明显的咀嚼面;基枕骨具有向下弯曲的基枕骨突,咽突而发达,椭圆形且向前突出;穿行于基枕骨的背大动脉通道接近咽突长;副蝶骨具有发达的龙骨突;前上颌骨短宽,下边缘为软骨;上颌骨外侧具突起;齿骨前背缘有外侧等。异鲴之置于丹亚科仅依据他们在围眶骨系的形态及排列上的相似性,而它和鲴亚科鱼类具有的一些共同离征表明它们可以形成姐妹群。因此,异鲴属在鲤科中的分类位置应该更加接近鲴亚科。     

叶甲科三亚科十三种叶甲酯酶同工酶的研究(鞘翅目,叶甲总科)

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析研究了叶甲科3亚科13种昆虫的酯酶同工酶.结果显示,其聚类结果与传统分类结果基本相一致,说明以酯酶同工酶作为研究手段来进行叶甲类昆虫亚科以下阶元的分类是可行的,同时也说明了它们酯酶同工酶酶谱的差异和其分类地位是一致的;但跳甲亚科和叶甲亚科先聚为一类,再与萤叶甲亚科聚为一类,与前人的研究有差异,作者认为:酯酶同工酶的编码基因可能是快进化单位,在解决亚科以下阶元的系统关系时是很好的分子标记,而对于研究叶甲科、亚科间的系统关系,就不一定很合适.     

青草鲢鳙四种鱼同工酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰氨垂直板状连续电泳方法,对青草鲢鳙６种组织、１０种同工酶和蛋白质进行了电泳研究,并结合作者以前做的工作,对所研究的共２１种同工酶和蛋白质在４种鱼中的组织分布,位点表达及活性作了分析和总结。结果表明：４种鱼同工酶的种内组织分布差异大于种间差异;ＡＤＨ、ＡＭＹ、ＣＡＴ、ＥＳＴ、ＭＥ、ＰＯＸ、ＳＤＨ存在不同程度的种间差异,可作为种类的遗传标记;４种鱼ＭＤＨ、ＧＯＴ、ＡＬＰ、ＡＯ、ＳＯＤ同工酶谱非常相似,只在活性上略有差异;ＬＤＨ、Ｇ６ＰＤＨ和ＣＯＸ的酶谱特征可作为青草和鲢鳙两个亚科的鉴别标记。     

鲿科八种鱼类同工酶和骨骼特征分析及系统演化的探讨(鲇形目:鲿科)

本文对鲿科Bagridae共4属8种鱼类进行了骨骼系统的研究,并对8种鱼的同工酶谱型进行了分析比较。应用分支系统学原理初步推导出鲿后两者之间。演化趋势表现为身体渐扁,逐渐平展,口渐阔,尾鳍从圆形到叉状进化。对鲿科8种鱼的鳍、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、心脏、眼的晶状体和脑等7种组织4种同工酶（LDHMDHESADH）的谱型分析表明,8种鱼之间的亲缘关系与形态学特征分析结果相吻合,说明了生化分类和经典分类的一致性。     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究——Ⅸ.鳊亚科9种鱼和鲴亚科1种鱼的染色体组型

我们曾报道过分布于湖北省的鳊、鲴亚科鱼类的核型。本文继续报道采自四川和广东省的鳊、鲴亚科另10种鱼的核型考察结果。材料和方法四川半(歺又鱼)由于采集困难,仅分析了一尾雄鱼。其余9种鱼均分析了3—5尾,包括雌雄两种性别(表1)。染色体标本的制备采用体外短期培养肾细胞制片法(采自四川的鱼),或肾细胞直接制片法(采自广东的鱼)。根据我们实验室以前的工作,两种方法的核型分析结果基本上一致。每种鱼计数60—170个细胞确定其2n数。染色体分组按Levan氏的标准,核型分析方法和臂数计算均同以前的报道。核型图中染色体的排列按中部着丝点染色体(m组)、亚中部着丝点染色体(sm组)和亚端部着丝点染色体(st组)的顺序,每一组染色体由大到小依次排列,在双臂染     

鲢鲴混养对水体环境的影响

为评估鱼类混养及其排泄物对水体环境的潜在影响,采用室内受控实验研究了鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）和黄尾鲴（Xenocypris davidi）混养对水体鱼腥藻和水质的影响。实验设置鲢投放组、鲢鲴组合投放组和空白对照组,实验周期14 d。结果发现,鱼类的放养增加了实验水体的营养负荷,有鱼实验组水体中总氮、总磷、氨氮和高锰酸盐指数均高于对照组,且实验后期鲢组的营养盐浓度均高于鲢鲴组;有鱼实验组水体中叶绿素a浓度和藻密度均降低,且鲢鲴组较鲢组降低更为明显;黄尾鲴的加入可以减少水体中鱼类排泄物的积累,鲢鲴组鱼类生物量较鲢组多,但排泄物重量却低于鲢组;鲢鲴组对鱼腥藻的消化率更高,实验结束时达到79.33%,极显著高于鲢组（P<0.01）。即在鲢控藻的基础上,混养黄尾鲴可以减少鲢摄食鱼腥藻后的排泄物重量,减少因鱼类排泄物造成的二次污染。     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究Ⅹ.鲃亚科五种鱼和(鱼句)亚科四种鱼的染色体组型

本文报道了鲤科鲃亚科5种鱼和(鱼句)亚科4种鱼的染色体组型考察结果,并对这两个亚科鱼类的染色体数日和臂数进行了统计分析,讨论了其染色体进化及系统关系等问题。     

Molecular systematics of Xenocyprinae (teleostei: cyprinidae): taxonomy, biogeography, and coevolution of a special group restricted in East Asia

We surveyed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation in the subfamily Xenocyprinae from China and used these data to estimate intraspecific, interspecific, and intergeneric phylogeny and assess biogeographic scenarios underlying the geographic structure of lineages. We sequenced 1140 bp of cytochrome b from 30 individuals of Xenocyprinae and one putative outgroup (Myxocypris asiaticus) and also sequenced 297 bp of ND4L, 1380 bp of ND4, 68 bp of tRNA(His), and 69 bp of tRNA(Ser) from 17 individuals of Xenocyprinae and the outgroup (M. asiaticus). We detected high levels of nucleotide variation among populations, species, and genera. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that Distoechodon hupeinensis might be transferred to the genus Xenocypris, the taxonomic status of the genus Plagiognathops might be preserved, and species of Xenocypris and Plagiognathops form a monophyletic group that is sister to the genus Distoechodon and Pseudobrama. The introgressive hybridization might occur among the populations of X. argentea and X. davidi, causing the two species to not be separated by mtDNA patterns according to their species identification, and the process and direction of hybridization are discussed. The spatial distributions of mtDNA lineages among populations of Xenocypris were compatible with the major geographic region, which indicated that the relationship between Hubei + Hunan and Fujian is closer than that between Hubei + Hunan and Sichuan. From a perspective of parasite investigation, our data suggested that the fauna of Hexamita in Xenocyprinae could be used to infer the phylogeny of their hosts.     

鲴类寄生六鞭毛虫系统发育的研究

利用分支系统学（Ｃｌａｄｉｓｔｉｃｓ）的原理和方法,选取光镜下的２４个性状,对鲴亚科１７种寄生六鞭毛虫进行了系统发育分析,初步阐明了这１７种六鞭毛虫相互间的亲缘关系。结果还表明,鲴亚科寄生六鞭毛虫的分化较晚;一些明显特征：如杆状条纹,是进化适应的结果,具有系统学意义。还通过对寄生六鞭毛虫在鲴亚科鱼类中的区系分布特点分析,探讨了宿主相互间的亲缘关系。结果表明：寄生六鞭毛虫的区系分布能够反映宿主相互间     

蜘蛛听毛的电镜观察

选用新蛛类的9种蜘蛛作为研究的对象,通过听毛的电镜观察探讨听毛在不同类群的差异。研究结果表明：管网蛛科的北京马蹄蛛的毛窝和听毛显然与中纺类,原蛛类和新蛛类中其他科的种类均不相同。拟壁钱科的居室拟壁钱（有筛器蜘蛛）和北国壁钱（无筛器蛛蛛）的毛窝和听毛的结构相差悬殊,很难看出亲缘上的关系,刺瓣似隙蛛和机敏漏斗蛛的毛窝差别大,无法表明它们之间近缘,园蛛科和肖蛸科种类的听毛窝和听毛数目表明两者之间近缘。     

六种鼠组织中过氧化物酶和酯酶变异的比较

本文研究姬鼠属（Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓ）２种鼠和鼠属（Ｒａｔｕｓ）４种鼠的心组织过氧化物酶和肝组织酯酶同工酶等位基因的变异。结果表明,６种鼠心组织过氧化物酶皆为４条区带,其中社鼠和白腹巨鼠的酶带泳动速度略快于褐家鼠和黄毛鼠的酶带;鼠属４种鼠的酶带间距大致相同,而姬鼠属的酶带间距略大于鼠属,这种谱型的区别就所分析的６种鼠而言,可以认为是该同工酶表现的属间区别。肝组织酯酶区带较多,其酶带数和泳动速度的差异具有明显的种间特征;泳动最快的酶带在姬鼠中是２条,在鼠属中是１条,可以认为是属间特征的区别。从９项生化指标的异同作动物配对比较,表明褐家鼠与黄毛鼠亲缘上较近,社鼠与白腹巨鼠亲缘上也较近,而且白腹巨鼠在进化上可能要比其余３种鼠属动物更接近于姬鼠属     

赣东北地区鱼类区系特征及我国东部地区动物地理区划

本文依据赣东北鱼类区系的特征,结合古地史资料,从历史时空的角度分析其区系的形成和演化;进而对我国东部地区淡水鱼类动物地理区划进行了讨论并指出：赣东北以及整个长江中下游地区应隶属于东洋区;南岭──武夷山──天台山──仙霞岭可构成东洋区南东亚亚区内次一级地理区划的分界线,即华东小区和华南小区的分界线;洞庭湖水系、鄱阳湖水系和钱塘江水系应享有相同的区划级别,同处于东洋区南东亚亚区华东小区内。     

PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENCES IN NUMBER OF PLASTID PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE ISOZYMES IN NORTH AMERICAN COREOPSIS (ASTERACEAE: HELIANTHEAE: COREOPSIDINAE)

Enzyme electrophoresis was employed to ascertain the number of loci encoding plastid phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) in species representing all sections of North American Coreopsis. Several species from each of the closely related genera Bidens, Coreocarpus, Cosmos, and Thelesperma were also examined. Species in nine of the 11 sections of North American Coreopsis have two isozymes for plastid PGI, and nearly all species examined in the four other genera also have two (one species has three) isozymes. Since most diploid vascular plants have one plastid PGI isozyme, a gene duplication probably occurred in an ancestor that is common to Coreopsis and the other four genera. That is, two isozymes represent the ancestral number for Coreopsis. The two sections (Electra and Anathysana) apparently lacking the duplication are closely related woody plants restricted largely to Mexico. One gene encoding plastid PGI ostensibly was silenced in a common ancestor of these two sections. This is concordant with other data suggesting a close relationship between the two sections, i.e., they appear to represent a monophyletic group. The electrophoretic data also indicate that 1) the enigmatic monotypic section Silphidium is more closely related to eastern North American sections and not derived from section Electra; and 2) section Anathysana is not ancestral to the three California sections Leptosyne, Pugiopappus, and Tuckermannia; rather, it represents a terminal element closely related to and possibly derived from section Electra.     

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF SCOTUSSA AND LEIOTETTIX (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

Abstract— A cladistic analysis of the South American grasshopper genera Scotussa and Leiotettix was performed in order to test the monophyly of these genera. Eurotettix, Chlorus and the Dichroplus bergi species group were included as terminal taxa. The genus Atrachelacris was used to root the tree. Twenty-nine characters from external morphology, male genitalia and female ovipositor were used in the analysis. In order to test for association between the structural change that occurred in the ovipositor valves of Scotussa and the functional change of the oviposition habits, the data matrix was partitioned and two analyses were performed. Characters from the female ovipositor were excluded from the data set used in the first analysis and another analysis was performed where all the characters were included in the analysis. Information on oviposition habits was then mapped on the cladogram, to determine the transformation for performance. Both analyses yielded only one most parsimonious tree and produced congruent results, confirming the monophyly of Leiotettix and Scotussa and corroborating their close relationship. Characters from the female ovipositor valves were informative not only at the species level but also at higher levels in the cladogram. The results also support the hypothesis of association between the structural change that occurred in the ovipositor valves of Scotussa with the functional change in the oviposition habits. However, this association did not seem to be correlated with the adaptive radiation in the genus.